INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study:

Bangladesh is a densely populated country. Due to rapid population growth & subsequent growth of industrial & commercial activities, solid waste management is becoming very complex .Khulna is situated in the southwest part of Bangladesh. This is an industrial city. Large amounts of people live in this city & creating approximately 512 ton solid waste every day. The people who have very little idea about environment are dumping their solid waste here & there. As a result environmental pollution is creating. The roads, streets & vacant lands remain dirty & unclean, due to haphazardly dumped solid waste, creating serious environmental pollution. Private sectors are involved for solid waste management in Khulna city. The solid waste management system of Khulna city is not up to the standard required for a modern city. A waste is a material that is thrown away or aside as worthless. It can be define as useless, unwanted and discarded materials coming from production and consumption .The quantity of waste generated in urban areas depends upon a number of factors such as food habit, standard of living, degree of commercial & industrial activity. Of the solid wastes generated at homes, a part is reclaimed by the rag pickers sweepers & unauthorized scavengers during collection & transportation stages & another part is taken away from disposal site by unauthorized persons, leaving only a portion to reach the disposal site. Within a city, the total waste generation could also be different from area to area. There are household waste, city waste, commercial waste & industrial waste. Over many years, Khulna city & its adjoining suburban areas have suffered a low standard of service in respect of street cleaning, collection, disposal of domestic & trade wastes which poses a potential threat to the communitys health & environment. The general lack of resources notwithstanding , the root cause is the lack of effort in the past to develop optimal techniques appropriate to the climate waste characteristics, transport economics, spatial structure of the metropolitan area & socio economic characteristics of the people. In recent times solid waste management is considered to be one of the most emerging & serious problems of environment. There are large numbers of people live in Khulna city. But solid waste management facilities are not satisfactory level in this area. As a result, people dumped their solid waste here & there. This was harmful for environment. Now private organizations are involved for solid waste

management in the study area. Environmental improvement is possible by better solid waste management by private initiatives with the help of Govt. & private organizations

Objective:
1. To understand the solid waste management system of Khulna City. 2. To identify the contribution of salvage shops in solid waste management in Khulna City. 3. To identify the linkage of salvage business and its contribution in solid waste management system in KCC area.

Scope of the study:

Due to the limitation of time and resources, the study has mainly concentrated on different aspects of domestic solid waste management, which is managed by Prism, Protisruti and KCC. Environmental problem has created in the study area. The study has compared the existing management system, financial and human resource management of Prism, Protisruti and KCC in yield of solid waste management system. The study is also identifying the level of satisfaction of the inhabitants for private sector management. But in this study main problems are identified and have some guidelines to solve the problem of the study area and other side of that area. This study would help the local authorities to take necessary steps to maintain the current solid waste management with appropriate policies and programs through coordination between them. It may also serve as guidelines for further studies relevant to the subject.

Limitations:
1. The time and resource for the present study is limited. 2. Due to the shortage of time this study has been conducted in a limited scale.

Methodology
General:
The methodology describes the procedures to organize the scattered ideas and views to conduct the study. A method involves a technique in which various stages or steps of collecting data or information are interpreted. Proper working procedure helps to capture the right things at periods and finally fulfills the objectives of the study. This study also maintains a systematically well arranged methodology for the achievement and successful accomplishment of the dissertation work. , which can give the absolute result of overview of solid waste management of the study area. The approach for the selected study is explained bellow in short.

Conceptualization:
Several things, which are relevant to the present study, have played an incremental role for developing the concept about the study. After finishing a complete course on Basic environmental studies, the concept of the current report has been developed. The several articles from newspapers, conversation with knowledgeable person also helped to formulate concept. Finally, the present situation prevailing in the solid waste management influenced to conceptualize the present work.

Defining the problem and formulation of the objectives:

After conceptualization the problem of the study has been clearly defined. In that context of problem and present situation of solid waste management in KCC area, the necessary objectives have been set up.

Selection of the study area:

Study area has been selected depending on the conceptualization of the problems. Selection of the study area is very important as well as a difficult task also. Success of a study depends mainly on the selection of the study area. Khulna City Corporation area is selected as study area for this study. With a view to understand about solid waste management, we work on solid disposal points and salvage shops in Khulna City Corporation area.

Reconnaissance survey:
Reconnaissance survey has been conducted before starting the final work. To know the present condition of the study area this reconnaissance survey has been conducted. After selecting the topic, the study area preparing the working schedule and enlisting data sources, a reconnaissance survey was conducted in the study area. It helped to gain a clear idea of the study area and to make an efficient questionnaire for the dissertation. In reconnaissance survey attention is given on the different aspects of socio-economic life of the Salvors and overall condition of the Salvage activities and it also help to know about the location and condition of solid disposal points.

Questionnaire Preparation:
After performing the observation survey in the study area, a clear and structured questionnaire has been developed. As the study is mainly based on primary source, questionnaire preparation is an important part of this study and special attention has been given during the preparation of questionnaires. At first, draft questionnaire has been developed and it was pre-tested. Then final questionnaire has been developed with the help of the experience of the pre- tested questionnaires.

Data collection procedure:

Primary data collection Primary data are those collected from the field survey. Questionnaire survey has been done to collect primary data through structured questionnaires. In the process of questionnaire survey, the respondents have been requested to answer the questions, carefully and honestly, regarding their socio-economic conditions and the salvage material base etc. Secondary Data collection: Secondary data means the data that were collected from secondary sources such as- relevant book or journal, published and unpublished documents, newspaper and data that are already used for other purposes. Secondary data or information was collected in the following way-

 A relevant book or journal Published and unpublished documents Government and non-government organizations

Data processing:
The primary data collected from the field survey would remain useless unless it is processed for correction, compilation and interpretation. The collected data has been processed for several times in the following three steps: Data compilation Data editing

Data compilation
The collected data has been grouped, categorized and finally compiled systematically according to the objectives.

Data editing
Firstly, the collected data has been edited to ensure that all type of information has been collected from the field survey. In the meantime the associate errors have also been lightened, which is very essential for the proper direction of the field survey.

Data Interpretation and data Analysis:

Data interpretation refers to assembling of collected data on the basis of the object of the study. Before interpretation, data collected from all the sources and direct survey are edited and summarized. Data and information are presented in tabular, graphical and other formats. Available statistical packages like Microsoft Excel or SPSS9.0 and GIS will be used. After interpretation data was analyzed regarding the objective of the study. Data analysis is as such that, it gives a result of the study. Appropriate procedure ensures effective study.

Preparation Draft and Final Report:

Preparation of the report was the last task of the study and very important as well. Just after the completion of the analysis of the study findings a draft report will be produced. Then the draft report will be reformed and final report produced.

Flow Chart of the Methodology

Defining a Problem Primary data survey DataQuestionnaire Secondary Formulation Conclusion Draft Findings Final Interpretation processing Collection Reconnaissance of the Questionnaire and Analysis Data Preparation objectives

STUDY AREA
Location:
The study area is located in the south-west part of Bangladesh. Khulna, the third largest metropolitan

city of Bangladesh, stands on the bank of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers, located in the south-west part of the country, on the middle axis of Jessore. The area is linear in shape. The city covers an area of 47.0 sq. kilometers .This area is divided into 31 wards according to Khulna City Corporation.

Physiographic Characteristics of Khulna City:

The physical shape of Khulna city is controlled by its geo-physical condition. It is linear shaped city, extending from southeast to northeast along the Bhairab-Rupsha River. This is a naturally grown city and its shape is greatly influenced by the rivers (Bhairab-Rupsha) and Khulna-Jessore road. The Physiography of Khulna region can be broadly characterized by the Ganges-tidal flood plain having lower relief and being criss-crossed by innumerable tidal rivers and channels. This physiographic unit is nearly flat and the surface is poorly drained. The city and its surrounding areas are characterized by natural levees, floodplains old meander complex, bar, tidal march and back swamp. Natural levees are well developed along the Bhairab-Rupsha banks and are occupied mainly by the present built-up area of the city. In the delineated study area of ward no. 20 height elevation was found 12.6 feet from PWD datum ( Source: KDA topo sheet ). Average elevation was more than 7.8 feet (from PWD datum) all over the study area. It is most remarkable that the area contains a few tanks and ditches. The topo sheet of KDA reveals that most of these tanks and low lying areas of the study area are more /less than 3.6 feet below/up PWD datum.

W E N S

r a C K 5 3 7 4 : s e l i M 2 1 0 Khulna Zilla 6 KCC area N Bangladesh in South Asia KCC Khulna Bangladesh Bhutan Sri Lanka Indiaarea Nepal district Pakistan of in Bangladesh Afghanista the study area Location in Khulna district

Demographic Characteristics of Khulna City:

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As stated earlier, the industrialization of the city took place during 1960s. The impact of this industrial development is seen on the demographic features. A sharp rise in population was observed in 1974. Rural to urban migration, due to the deteriorating condition of the rural economy was one of the main causes for such population growth. Nearly a quarter (23.1 percent) of the total population migrated from the greater Khulna District. There were some religious factors; administrative factors behind this growth as well. 53.8 percent are male and 46.2 percent are female of the total working age people (i.e. 10 to 59 years) of Khulna city. The main demographic characteristics of the city areModerately rapid population growth (3.8%) is mainly due to rural-urban migration. Population composition characterized by a preponderance of children and low share of adults and aged population, resulting in a high dependence ratio. An imbalance in the gender ratio at 100 males per 118 females is seen in here. A relatively high literacy rate compared to other cities. Gross population density is very high about 18,000 persons per sq. km. A large proportion of people are engaged in informal activities.

Solid Wastes Characteristics

Characteristics of Solid Waste: Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid in nature and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is a generic term used to describe the things we threw away that includes garbage, refuse, trash, and others. The quantity and general composition of solid wastes generated due to different activities is of crucial importance in the design and operation of solid waste management system. The composition of solid waste may include organic food waste, paper and paper products, wood, metal, glass, plastics including hospital waste, construction waste, industrial waste, dust, firewood etc. Physical composition of solid waste can be analyzed by considering the following factors: Individual components that make up solid wastes Particle sizes Moisture content of wastes Density of solid waste

11

Different sources in total generation of Solid Waste in Khulna City: In Khulna city the main sources of solid waste are the residential areas. A number of kitchen wastes are thrown by the households.

Sources
Residential Commercial Institutional Others Source: Alamgir et al. 2005

Solid Waste (%) 85.87 11.60 1.02 0.96

Generation of MSW in six major cities of Bangladesh: MSW Generation Population (Millions) MSW generation (tons/day) MSW generation rate (kg/capita/day) Source: Alamgir et al. 2005 Composition of municipal solid waste: Solid Waste Composition Food & Vegetables Paper & Paper Products Polythene & Plastics Textile & Woods Rubber & Leathers Metal & Tins Khulna 1.5 520 .346

KCC
78.9 9.5 3.1 1.3 0.5 1.1

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Glass & Ceramics Brick, Concrete & Stone Dust, Ash & Mud Products Others (bone, rope etc.) Source: Alamgir et al. 2005

0.5 0.1 3.7 1.2

These are the main composition of solid waste in KCC areas.

Waste Management System in Khulna City

Solid Waste Management refers all activities pertaining to the control, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of those in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations. It includes all the procedures from the source and final disposal which should not have any harmful effect to the environment or least environmental effect that could be integrate by any physical or technical or social activities. This management also includes all attendant administrative, financial, legal and engineering functions. There are two types of networking system are involved in waste management system of Khulna city. They are1. Informal waste management system. 2. KCC waste management system.

1. Informal Waste Management System

These include the non-govt. waste management system where KCC does not involve. In this informal waste management system a number of people are related and they convert it as a business and making money from this. It starts from a lower stage and ends at a higher stage. Here KCC does not perform any kind of resource recovery activities. Wastes of some market value are being salvaged informally in three stages (Saad 2004). In first stage, the housewives separate those wastes which they can sell to the hawkers such as papers, bottles, fresh containers, old clothes, shoes etc. The second stage of salvaging is carried out by wastes pickers or scavengers (mostly the children of slum dwellers). They collect the refuse and domestic waste of low market value from dustbins and solid waste dumping sites like Moyla pota. The items

13

include broken glass, can, card board, waste paper, plastics, metals and a number of various wastes thrown by households. Waste Generation Khulnacities Recycled Site Markets Dumping Shops in other City Commercial, Households Scavengers Manufacturers in Salvage Hawkers Wholesalers Dustbins Products and Industries Sources

14

Fig1: Informal Waste Management System in Khulna City. The third stage of salvaging is done by the salvers where hawkers and scavengers are selling their materials. There workers in the salvage shops again refuse some materials and separate from the useful materials. Then they recycling and processing the salvages and sell to the whole sellers. Whole sellers are then selling them to the manufacturing companies in other cities like Dhaka and Chittagong. The processed material recycled through market finally goes to users again.

Waste Generation Sources:

Domestic waste: Total population of KCC area is 859906 (Khulna master plan final draft voll.02, 1999). Total 268.23 tons domestic wastes are generated in KCC area per day. (Source: field survey 2000) Office: 19% of domestic wastes are generated from the offices and that is 51 tons/day. (Field survey 2000) Educational institute: 5.13% of domestic wastes are generated from the educational institute per day and that is 13 tons/day. (Source: field survey 2000) Hotels and restaurants: There are 84 restaurants and 30 hotels in KCC area. Per day 2.94 tons wastes are generated from these hotels and restaurants. (Field survey 2000) Bazaars: There are 20 permanent and 10 temporary bazaars in KCC area (KCC). Nirala katcha bazaar and boro bazaar plays a vital role to waste generation. Total 14 tons wastes are generated from the bazaars per day. (An overview of solid waste management scenario of KCC 2000) Stores: There are 492 registered stores in KCC area and per day 0.369 ton wastes are generating from there. (Field survey 2000)
Hawkers: 15

Hawkers are mainly related with the collecting part of the cycle. They collected various salvage materials from households and sell in the salvage shops. Some salvage owners are collecting these materials by ownself.

Dustbins:

Pic: Hawker

Within the KCC area in 31 wards very few dustbins are found there. And most of them are broken. As dustbins are very few in number people use to throw their dumps in drains or in open places. Table: Dustbins of KCC for waste collection Type of dustbin Covered Open Ring Toe or container Number 400 700 100 10 Percentage 33 57.85 8.26 0.83

Source: field survey 2000 & conservancy department

16

Source: Field Survey, 2011

Location of salvage shops in KCC Area

17

18

 Dumping Site:
Direct collection information at the dumping sites began on 16 June 2005 and continued up to 18 June 2005. Active dumping sites where data were collected during survey period are: Rajbond Trenching Ground Site: It is at present the only official dumping site, 25 acres in area situated at a distance of about 10 kms to the west of KCC Headquarter. Rupsha Bus Stand Landfill Site: It is an old Landfill Site, which was in operation in the absence of the main siteRajband Trenching Ground, HoglaDanga. Previously it was one of the important dumping sites of KCC. Its approximate area is two acres. Although it is not an official site now, same trucks were found to dump wastes here. Society Morh, P.C Roy Road:
Pic: Dumping Site

In this temporary station, solid waste comes from the nearby markets and residential areas. Wastes are dumped here at night and are taken away by the trucks of City Corporation during the daytime. GaribeNewazShandha Bazar Waste Collection Station: It is a temporary but one of the major waste collection stations. Wastes from nearby residences come here privately as well as in community arrangement during daytime and the city corporation trucks take these wastes to the central dumping station Rajband Trenching Ground.

Scavengers:
Scavengers are mainly little children. They collect the refuse and domestic waste of low market value from dustbins and sweeping accumulation centers. The items include broken glass, can, card board, waste paper, rag, plastics, metals and miscellaneous wastes discarded by households. The estimated number of scavenger of Khulna city is nearly 600, who are annually saving BDT
Pic: Scavengers

4,500000

(US$ 65000) of KCC by removing 12.06 tons of solid waste (Enayetullah and Sinha 2000). It was identified that majority of the waste scavengers represented the age group 8-10 years

19

(64.4%), where male laborers are in high proportion (90%) than female laborers. Among the involved population, 80% were 6 primary school going students but most of them were irregular in their school. The remaining scavengers were found illiterate or drop out pupils. In most cases, parents of the scavengers were unable to run their family which restrain the children from attending school and push them towards waste picking (Wilson et al. 2006).
Salvage Shops in Khulna City:

Different types of Salvage shops are located in Khulna City. Maximum shops are dependent on local salvage materials such as Iron, paper, plastic bottles, Glass, Battery, Tin etc. These materials are mainly collected from houses. Salvage activities are performed in this area from morning to night every day.

Location of the salvage shops: After questionnaire survey total 377 salvage shops are found from 31 wards in the KCC area. Table: Total salvage shops located in the KCC area according to the ward no.: Ward

1
No. Total 2 Shops Ward

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

19

13

13

17
No. Total 7 Shops

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

14

10

131 28

14

10

15

11

According to the table a number of salvage shops are found in the ward no. 20. This is the main area where salvage activities are mainly found. All the shops in ward no. 20 mainly are adjacent

20

to four major roads of Shekh Para; B.K Roy Road, KDA Avenue, Shekh Para Bagan Bari Road and Shekh Para Main Road.

Location of salvage shops in KCC Area

21

Source: Field Survey, 2011.

Types of salvage materials:
Major Salvage input materials collected area:
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Name of the area

Salvage input materials

Within Khulna City Old battery of vehicle, Old wooden materials and Old Corporation plank, Parts of old battery, Broken glass, Broken bottle, Bottle without cork, Bottle with cork, Old iron rods, Rejected iron goods parts, Old iron wire, Empty milk container, Broken aluminum goods, Old tin, Plastic bottle, Broken plastic goods, Old electric wire etc. Surrounding Khulna Old battery of vehicle, Old wooden materials and Old City Corporation plank, Parts of old battery, Broken glass, Broken bottle, Bottle without cork, Bottle with cork, Old iron rods, Rejected iron goods parts, Old iron wire, Empty milk container, Broken aluminum goods, Old tin, Plastic bottle, Broken plastic goods, Old electric wire etc. Different place of Bagerhat, Khulna, Jessore and Satkhira district Old battery of vehicle, Old wooden materials and Old plank, Parts of old battery, Broken glass, Broken bottle, Bottle without cork, Bottle with cork, Old iron rods, Rejected iron goods parts, Old iron wire, Empty milk container, Broken aluminum goods, Old tin, Plastic bottle, Broken plastic goods, Old electric wire etc. Shitakunda Upazila of Chittagong
Source: Field Survey, 2003. (Bivash, 1999)

Iron sheet and Iron pipe

Waste processing in salvage shop: Scavengers play the primary role in the market chain who sells the wastes to the salvage shops within the city. The salvage shops also buy recovered wastes from the street hawkers. These shops perform necessary processing works for sending them to manufacturing industries, which are mostly located in Dhaka region (the capital city of Bangladesh). It has been identified that 40% of the salvage shops in Khulna city perform cleaning and washing tasks. In addition, few shops carry out resizing and compacting of collected materials. Again, processing tasks are done by under aged workers in an unhealthy environment.
Pic: Salvage Shop

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 Wholesaler:
Wholesaling, jobbing, or distributing is defined as the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services. In general, it is the sale of goods to anyone other than a standard consumer. Wholesalers buy recovered wastes from the salvage shops. Then they sell to the manufacturing industries.
Manufacturers in other cities:

The whole sellers then sell their materials to the other manufacturing companies in Dhaka and Chittagong city. At the heart of recycling is the Dhakas buy-back center. The buyback center purchases recyclables from individuals, processes them to meet industrial requirements, and sells them to industry. Because buy-back activity could lead to significant reductions in the quantity of waste that the govt. has to collect.

Recycled Product:
From the manufacturing company after the recycling of the products like bottle, tin, box, iron etc are then sold by the households. This recycling of the product is made by the various buyback companies.

Table: Total recycling process and output materials:

Input materials
Old battery of vehicle

Recycling process

Output materials

Assembling, Cleaning and Clean old battery

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Separation Old wooden materials Parts of old battery Broken glass Broken bottle Old iron rods Separation and Making Sized old wooden parts and size plank Assembling Separation and Parts of old battery Clean and Separated broken glass Clean and Separated broken bottle

Cleaning and Separation Cleaning and Separation

Cleaning, Separation and Sized iron rods Making size Separated iron goods parts

Rejected iron goods Cleaning and Separation parts Old iron wire Broken goods Old tin Plastic bottle Broken plastic goods

Cleaning, Separation and Sized iron wire Making size Broken aluminum goods Old tin Plastic bottle Broken plastic goods

aluminum Cleaning and Assembling Cleaning and Assembling Cleaning Cleaning and Assembling

2. KCC Waste Management System

Stages of waste management:
Khulna City Corporation (KCC) is the only formal public sector organization of the government responsible for Solid waste management in KCC area. The stages of solid waste management by the KCC are as follows:

25

26

Generation

Domestic/urban waste, agriculture waste, commercial waste, Market waste, institutional waste and hospital/clinical waste

On-site handling or Storage Collection Transport Processing recovery Final dumping and

On the road side dustbin, vacant lot, river side, the drain, road side and other site etc.

Wastes are collect from these on-site handling or storage by the hand cart, rickshaw van, nonmotorized van etc.

By the truck, lorry, trolley and other powered vehicle.

The wastes start in process from the household. The managerial body less involve in the activities for processing and recovery.

The collected solid wastes by the KCC are finally dumped at the Rajbandh of Khulna Satkhira Road.

Manpower for solid waste management in KCC:

At present, there are 379 workers are engaged in conservancy department for collection and disposal of waste (Rahman, 1999). There are 356 no. of worker among them are engaged in field level. The category and no. of field level worker are as follows:
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Table : Field level conservancy worker of KCC

Type Drain cleaner Truck labor Spray man Abnormal dog killer Doom Street sweeper Methor Total No. 157 61 31 3 3 34 34 356

Source: Developing A Sustainable Community Based Solid Waste Management System as an Alternative Option
for Urban Communities, 2000, p-31

Generation and on-site handling or storage: The estimated SW in KCC area is 411 tones/day for the year of 2000 (KDA Master Plan, 2001). About 29% of the households in the KCC area store their SW in the dustbin provided by the KCC and remaining 71% have no any fixed place for waste storing facilities. There are 550 no. of dustbin are provided by the KCC to store the waste (KDA Master Plan, 2001). Collection of solid waste by KCC: At present, communal collection system is being practiced in Khulna City. For collection of waste from households or any other premises, KCC provides three type of dustbin in Khulna City; these are covered dustbin, open dustbin and ring dustbin. The daily collection efficiency is only 23% of the volume of the generated waste in the KCC area. There are 62 no. of hand cart and 61 no. of rickshaw are involved to collect the waste (KDA Master Plan, 2001). And average capacity of this hand cart and rickshaw are 25 kg and 60kg respectively. Transportation facilities of KCC: For removal of the waste from dustbins and other collection points to the disposal site KCC has various type of vehicle with its capacity. The capacity and types of vehicle are as follows: Chart : Type of vehicle with capacity, trips and its no.
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Source: Developing A Sustainable Community Based Solid Waste Management System as an Alternative Option for Urban Communities, 2000.

Treatment and disposal of solid waste: There is a routine disposal of solid waste by KCC. But KCC does nothing regarding treatment of solid waste.

Solid waste dumping station of KCC: Rajbandh is the main dumping station of Khulna City Corporation. It is at the western side of Khulna City and its distance is 9 km. from the CBD. The area of Rajbandh is of about 25 acres. Now it is situated near Kaia Bazar in Batiaghata thana. The waste truck of Khulna City Corporation is reported to dump their waste in many illegal places such as near Tabalig Mosque beside Sher-E Bangla road, near Gallamary Bridge and beside the Batiaghata road. This is due to lack of skilled manpower and knowledge. These places are filled up by illegal dumping of garbage. Drivers take only Tk. 100 for every truck of garbage. This money is distributed between truck driver and laborers but the officials do not any share of this money and neither City Corporation gets anything to its revenue (Rahman, 1999).

Analysis

Projection of attendant waste generation (2001-2015) of KCC Area: The projection has been done by the time series analysis. Below table shows the projection of future waste generation of KCC area

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Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Waste/day/capita(kg) 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.53

Total waste/day (tones)

604

Total waste/yr (tones)

220460

636 672 710 765 800 846 907 950 1000 1071

232140 245280 259150 279225 292000 308790 331055 346750 365000 390915

Figure-3: Projected growth of per capita waste generation

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Main Sources of Solid Waste Generation:

Fig: Different sources of solid waste generation Fig shows the main source of the solid waste generation. Residential area that means households are the main sources of solid waste generation. Next to it waste in generated by various commercial and industrial areas.

Wastes and work: In the past, wastes recovery and sanitation works were performed by a particular social groups or traditional outcaste groups in Indian sub-continent. Today, it is not restricted to only those groups rather many poor people are engaged in this profession for extra earnings. Scavenging is not a favorable job for the scavengers. But so many children are engaged in this job. There are various reasons for choosing the job such as extra earning for their family, investment free business, inheritability, availability of the solid waste and so other factors.

Source: Field Survey, 2011 Figure represents that about 40% of the scavengers engaged the occupation for extra earning. Among urban poor, most of the families cannot maintain their family with7 the income of household head. That is why; other family members are forced to engage themselves to earn money in order to fulfill their basic need. Then about 30% scavenger choose the occupation for the investment free business, which primarily attracts unemployed poor people who cannot afford investing in small scale business. A group of people inheritably take this profession whose forefathers were engaged in wastes recovery and sanitation works for a long time. Informal waste recovery sector accommodates a large number of poor communities and provide a steady, reliable supply of secondary raw materials for local manufacturing industry which can replace more expensive imported raw materials. This also stimulates the manufacture of low cost,
31

affordable products made from recycled materials (Haan et al. 1998; Scheinberg2 001; Wilson et al. 2006).

Findings of the Study

1. A number of urban populations in Khulna city has no service for solid waste disposal.

2. In the Khulna administrative division, estimated solid waste generation rate was 0.5 Kg/cap/day and estimated solid waste generation was 805 ton/day in the urban area in 1991. A small proportion of 380 tons of solid wastes generated each day is transported to the disposal site.
3. The projected amount of solid waste that is generated in Khulna City Corporation is 411

ton/day.

4. The solid wastes of the areas are managed by the concern industry. The industries have the unit of Welfare. Welfare are the concern unit for solid waste management for the self industrial residency.
5. According to the physical composition of the waste, food and vegetable waste has its

position in first and proportion of this wastes are 76.80%. And lowest proportions of this waste are rubber that is 0.47%. 6. There are 39.3% responses on the dustbin, 35.5% response on the road and drain side and 21.8% response for storing their waste on the vacant lot and river side. And the rest of responses of the respondents about dont know where wastes are stored (table no. 5.16).
7. There are 300 dustbins in the study area. 47 are permanent dustbin with 160 and 240

capacity (Kg/dustbin) and rest of the dustbin of dram with capacity of 40 (Kg/dustbin).

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Conclusion
Solid waste management is a crucial feature for the aesthetic view of a city. Sometimes its existence and overall living standard can be ruined by the improper solid waste management system. Present solid waste management system is an acute problem in Khulna. The study indicates and highlights on a point that if the present practice and management system goes on for long, it will a threat for environment. Some steps have to be taken for the needs and demands of waste management and waste disposal point of view. It can be conclude that the present system of solid waste management of the study area is neither satisfactory nor adequate. Insufficient vehicle, lack of manpower and complex maintenance procedures obstruct proper solid waste management. So, management body should take prime role for the management of solid waste. Another issues that must be considered to the involvement and participation community and creation of public awareness about adverse effect on environment and health due to the improper storage of solid waste. Municipal and community based organizations participation need for solid waste management and overall environment improve in the study area. From the waste management point of view in Khulna city it has been identified from this study that private organizations operated area are managed better than KCC operated area. It has also been proved that the private organizations have good performance in their credit. As each and every man in the society is involved with the waste created every day, so every part of the society is incorporated along with the government and non-government sector.

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Referrences:
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