Code No: RR322104 Set No.

1
III B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Discuss that Computational aerodynamics is also termed numerical experi-

ments in the language of Aerospace Engineering. Justify the statement with
at least one example. What are the specific advantages?
(b) Explain the impact of CFD on the problems of aerodynamics of road vehicles
with one example. [16]

2. The equation of continuity in partial differential equation form is given as ∂ρ

∂t
+
∇.(ρν) =0.Derive it from the first principle. Put this equation in other forms
known in the dynamics of fluid. Present your work. [16]

3. How are the conservation and non-conservation forms of the equations of fluid
dynamics different from each other in application to the problems of C.F.D? Hence
show with examples significance of integral and differential form of these equations.
[16]

4. Bring out the type of partial differential equation given by ∂u ∂

a(x) ∂u


∂t
= ∂x ∂x
,with
a(x) 6= 0. [16]
√
5. The function U satisfies the equation x ∂U ∂x
+ U ∂U
∂y
= −U 2 and the condition U=1
on y = 0, 0 < x < ∞ .Obtain the Cartesian equation of the characteristic through
R( 1.5,0). [16]

6. 
Provethe difference
 approximation for mixedpartial derivatives given as
∂2u 1 u u
= 2∆x i+1,j+1 + O [(∆x)2 , ∆y] [16]
−ui+1,j
− i−1,j+1
−ui−1,j
∂x∂y ∆y ∆y
i,j

2
7. Explain the approximation method of ∂u
∂t
= ∂∂xu2 by an explicit scheme. Also describe
a semi-implicit scheme for its approximation. Where is the difference? Which
scheme is more stable? Consider the utility of the schemes in the numerical solution
of P.D.Es. [16]

8. Describe the necessity of the grid generation in the area of Computational Fluid
Dynamics. Explain with an appropriate illustration that ‘A problem having simple
equations but complex boundary conditions gets transformed in to a problem now
having complex equations and simple boundary conditions’ with the application of
the technique of Grid Generation. [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 2
III B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Comment with one example on the statement that Computational aerody-
namics is also termed numerical experiments in the language of Aerospace
Engineering. What are the specific advantages?
(b) Comment with one example on the impact of CFD on the problems of aero-
dynamics of road vehicles. [16]

2. The X-component of Navier-Stokes equations is given by

∂(ρu)
∂t
+ ∇.(ρuν) = − ∂x ∂ρ
+ ∂τ∂xxx + ∂τ∂yyx + ∂τ∂zzx + ρfx .Identify each component and
explain its significance in creating balance of forces. Explain the occurrence of
shear stress terms in this equation. Complete the full form of this equation in all
the three components. [16]

3. Consider the conservation form of equations of motion in fluid mechanics for ap-
plications in Computational Fluid Dynamics? How do these equations differ from
the non-conservation form of such equations? Hence explain differences between
integral and differential forms of equations. [16]

4. Given is a system of quasi-linear partial differential equations as below,

a1 ∂u
∂x
+ b1 ∂u
∂y
∂v
+ c1 ∂x ∂v
+ d1 ∂y = ∫1 , a2 ∂u
∂x
+ b2 ∂u
∂y
∂v
+ c2 ∂x ∂v
+ d2 ∂y = f21 , where u and v
are the dependent variables, continuous functions of x and y and the coefficients
a,b,c,d and f can be functions of x, y, u, and v. Work out to show the conditions
under which the above system of equations represents Elliptic partial differential
equations. [16]

5. How is an elliptic partial differential equation different from a parabolic and hy-
perbolic type of equations? Comment upon the domain of integration in this case
vis-a′ -vis the other types of equations. Consider the equation ∇2 φ = 0 and explain.
[16]

6. Consider the function φ(x, y) = ex + ey .Consider the point (x,y) =(1,1).Use first
order forward differences, with ∆x=∆y=0.025, to calculate approximate values
of ∂φ
∂x
and ∂φ
∂y
at (1,1).Calculate the percentage difference when compared with the
exact solution at (1,1). [16]

7. (1 + r)Um n+1
− 12 r(Um+1
n+1 n+1
+ Um−1 n
) = (1 − r)Um + 21 r(Um+1
n n
+ Um−1 ) is a finite dif-
∂u ∂2u
ference approximation of ∂t = ∂x2 over a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are
integers,r= hk2 ).where the Taylor series expansion is taken about (mh ,k(n+1/2) .
Obtain this result.This is known as Crank-Nicolson’s semi-implicit scheme. Hence
show that C-N scheme is unconditionally stable. [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 2
8. Consider a 2-D flow in the physical space with independent variables (x, y, t) . The
transformation ξ = ξ(x, y, t), η = η(x, y, t) and ς = ς(t) , maps the variables from
physical space to transformed space. Hence transform the equation of continuity
Dρ
Dt
+ ρ∇ · V = 0 from physical space to the transformed space. Present your work
[16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 3
III B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain that Computational aerodynamics is also termed numerical experi-

ments in the language of Aerospace Engineering. Justify the statement with
at least one example. What are the specific advantages?
(b) Discuss the impact of CFD on the problems of aerodynamics of road vehicles?
Explain with one example. [16]
2. Given is the motion of a viscous fluid. Obtain the balance of momentum of an
infinitesimal element. Identify the surface forces and body forces. Hence write
down the complete equation of motion in vector and long hand. [16]
3. Consider the non-conservation form of equations of motion in fluid mechanics. How
do these equations differ from the conservation form of these equations? Hence
explain differences between integral and differential forms of equations. [16]
4. Given is a system of quasi-linear partial differential equations as below,
a1 ∂u
∂x
+ b1 ∂u
∂y
∂v
+ c1 ∂x ∂v
+ d1 ∂y = ∫1 , a2 ∂u
∂x
+ b2 ∂u
∂y
∂v
+ c2 ∂x ∂v
+ d2 ∂y = f21 , where u and v
are the dependent variables, continuous functions of x and y and the coefficients
a,b,c,d and f can be functions of x, y, u, and v. Work out to show the conditions
under which the above system of equations represents parabolic partial differential
equations. [16]
5. Given is a hyperbolic partial differential equation a ∂U
∂x
+ b ∂U
y
= c,where a.b.c are
in general functions of x,y and U . The first order derivative occur only to the first
degree. Show that the characteristics of this equations are written as dx
a
= dyb = dU
c
.
[16]
6. Consider the function φ(x, y) = ex + ey .Consider the point (x,y) =(1,1).Use first
order forward differences, with ∆x=∆y=0.1 , to calculate approximate values of
∂φ
∂x
and ∂φ
∂y
at (1,1).Calculate the percentage difference when compared with the exact
solution at (1,1). [16]
7. A solution of p.d.e. ∂u ∂
a(x) ∂u
 
∂t
= ∂x ∂x
, a(x) 6= 0 is desired with finite difference
approximation on a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are integers,r= hk2 ).Obtain
n+1
the approximation Um with an appropriate scheme. [16]
8. Consider the strong conservation form of equations in 2-dimensions as given below;
∂U
∂t
+ ∂F
∂x
+ ∂G
∂y
= 0 .Recast this equation in (ξ, η) space. [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 4
III B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. What is understood by the term SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE. Compare the

method of finite control volume technique and the infinitesimal fluid element ap-
proach for deriving Euler equation of motion. [16]

2. Given is the motion of a viscous fluid. Obtain the balance of momentum of an

infinitesimal element. Identify the surface forces and body forces. Hence write
down the complete equation of motion in vector and long hand. [16]

3. How are the non-conservation and conservation forms of the equations of fluid
dynamics different from each other in application to the problems of C.F.D? Hence
show with examples significance of integral and differential form of these equations.
[16]

4. The boundary layer equations in a compressible flow in 2 -dimensions are given

below
∂(ρu)
Continuity ∂x
+ ∂(ρv)
∂y
=0
 
dpe
x − momentum ρu ∂u ∂x
+ ρv ∂u
∂y
= − dx
+ ∂
∂y
µ ∂u
∂y
∂p
y − momentum ∂y
=0
   2
Energy ρu ∂h
∂x
+ ρv ∂h
∂y
= ∂
∂y
k ∂T
∂y
+ u dp
dx
e
+µ ∂u
∂y

Establish the type of partial differential equations for boundary layer flow. [16]

5. How is an elliptic partial differential equation different from a parabolic and hy-
perbolic type of equations? Comment upon the domain of integration in this case
vis-a-vis the other types of equations. Consider the Poisson’s equation and explain.
[16]

6. Consider the function φ(x, y) = ex + ey .Consider the point (x,y) =(1,1).Use first
order backward differences, with ∆x=∆y=0.05, to calculate approximate values
of ∂φ
∂x
and ∂φ
∂y
at (1,1).Calculate the percentage difference when compared with the
exact solution at (1,1). [16]
2
7. Finite difference approximation of ∂u∂t
= ∂∂xu2 over a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk,
k n+1 n n n
m,n are integers,r= h2 ) is represented by Um = (1 − 2r)Um + r(Um+1 + Um−1 )with
nd n+1 th
2 order terms. Obtain Um with 4 order terms. [16]

8. Describe the necessity of the grid generation in the area of Computational Fluid
Dynamics. Explain with an appropriate illustration that ‘A problem having simple
equations but complex boundary conditions gets transformed in to a problem now

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 4
having complex equations and simple boundary conditions’ with the application of
the technique of Grid Generation. [16]

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