ENGLISH TEXT TYPES (GENRE)

NARRATIVE
The Social Function / Communicative Purpose: To entertain or amuse the readers with fairy tales, actual or vicarious experience. The Generic Structure: Orientation Complication Resolution : introducing the characters or participants of the story, where it happened, and when it happened. : the conflict or problem arises ( the peak of the problem ). : the solution of the problem.

Reorientatation (optional) : - Ending of the story. - Coda / Moral value ( message of the story). Tensis : Simple Past Tense

RECOUNT
The Social Function: To retell past events chronologically (about someones experience). The Generic Structure: Orientation Events Reorientation : introducing the characters or participants of the story, where it happened, and when it happened. : chronological sequence of the events. : - Ending of the story. - There may be some personal comments on the events. Simple Past Tense

Tensis :

SPOOF
The Social Function:

To tell events with a twist (unexpected development in the story). The Generic Structure: Orientation Events Twist : introducing the characters or participants of the story, where it happened, and when it happened. : introducing sequence of the events. : the humorous, strange, or unexpected ending.

Tensis :

Simple Past Tense

DESCRIPTIVE
The Social Function: To describe a particular person, place, animal or thing. The Generic Structure: Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description Tensis : : describing the parts, qualities, or the characteristics of the person, place, animal, thing to be described. Simple Present Tense

REPORT
The Social Function: To describe the way things are / To describe a general person, place, animal, or thing based on the systematic observation. The Generic Structure: General Classification: classifying the fenomenon to be described. Description : describing the parts, qualities, or the behaviours of the Subject to be described. Simple Present Tense

Tensis :

PROCEDURE
The Social Function: To describe how something is accomplished / done through a sequence of steps.

The Generic Structure: Goal : the purpose of doing an activity. Materials (optional) Steps Tensis : : what is needed in doing an activity. : the steps or methods in doing an activity. Simple Present Tense / imperative

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
The Social Function: To persuade the readers that something is the case. The Generic Structure: Thesis : indicating the writers position/opinion about the case. Arguments : developing the main argument or the case. Reiteration(conclution) : restating the writers position/opinion.

Tensis :

Simple Present Tense

HORTATORY EXPOSITION
The Social Function: To persuade the readers that something should be or should not be the case. The Generic Structure: Thesis Arguments Recommendation Tensis : : indicating the issue concerned. : presenting the reasons for concern, leading to the recommendation. : containing the statements of what should or should not happen

Simple Present Tense

DISCUSSION
The Social Function: To present two points of view about an issue. The Generic Structure:

Issue Arguments for

: the topic concerned. : the points of view of the persons who agree with the issue. Argument against : the points of view of the persons who disagree with the Issue. Conclusion or Recommendation: restating, or giving advice / way out about the topic concerned. Tensis : Simple Present Tense

NEWS ITEM
The Social Function: To inform the readers about the events of the day which are important or newsworthy. The Generic Structure: Newsworthy events Background events Source

: the main incidents (telling the events in summary). : the cause of the events, the elaboration of what happened, the persons involved, where the incidents happened, etc. : the comments from the witnesses, participants, or experts on the events.

Tensis :

All Tense

EXPLANATION
The Social Function: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena. The Generic Structure: General Statement Sequenced explanations Tensis : : the phenomena happened in the nature. (introductory paragraph) : the explanations of how or why something occurs.

Simple Present Tense (passive voice)

REVIEW
The Social Function: To critisize or review an art work, such as films/movies, music, plays, books, recordings, operas,etc.

The Generic Structure: Title / Orientation

: identifying an art work, often by comparing it to others of its kind. Interpretative recount : summerizing the plot or providing an account of how the art work came into being. Evaluation : evaluating the art work and its performance or production. Conclusion or recommendation (evaluation summetion): summerizing the assessment of the value of the work and making recommendations of how others regard the work. Tensis : All Tense

EXAMPLES Narrative Text

Orientation Once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and her two step jealousy sisters. They lived in a big castle. Complication One day, Cinderellas family was invited to come to the Princes birthday party. Unfortunately, Cinderella was forbidden to come the party by her step sisters. Luckily, the fairy god mother came to Cinderella secretly and gave her a beautiful gown. Resolution Finally, Cinderella came to the party and danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with Cinderella. Reorientation Cinderella and the prince married and they lived happily.

Recount Text
I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side. At first I thought a tire had gone, but then I saw telegraph poles collapsing like matchsticks. The rocks came tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car. When I got back to town, well, as I said, there wasnt much left.

Spoof Text
One day, there was a man walking in the park. He came across a penguin. Then he saw a policeman and he asked him, What should I do with this penguin? The policeman replied, Take him to the zoo The next day, the policeman saw the same man in the same park with the penguin. The policeman approached the man and asked, Why didnt you bring the penguin to the zoo? I certainly did., replied the man. It was a great idea and he enjoyed it. However, Im taking him to the movie now.

Descriptive Text
I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie. Brownie is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie does not like bones. Everyday it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at school, Brownie plays with my cat. They get along well and never fight may be because Brownie does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house

gently, and it never eats shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly animal.

Report Text
Whales are sea-living mammals. They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of fish is vertical) and its has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids.

Procedure Text
HOW TO MAKE A CHEESE OMELET Ingredients: 1 egg, 50 g cheese, cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, a pinch of salt and pepper Utensils: Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, and plate Methods: 1. Crack an egg into bowl 2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth 3. Add milk and whisk well 4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir 5. Heat the oil in a frying pan 6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan 7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns 8. Cook both sides 9. Place on a plate: season with salt and pepper 10.Eat while warm

Analytical Exposition Text Cigarette smokers are said to have a good chance of getting various diseases. But, I think that other people's tobacco smoke seems to increase the chances of non-smokers getting a wide range of cancers. First, although passive smokers inhale less tobacco smoke, the researches point out that the smoke they breathe in is richer in many toxin chemicals. There is, for example, three times as much as benzoapyrene, six times as much toluene and more than 50 times as much dimethylnitrosamine. Of course these substances will harm our body in the long run. Secondly, the recent research reported that the risk of getting cancers not normally associated with smoking also rose among passive smokers. The risk of leukemia rose 6-8 times and the risk of cervical cancer increased 3-4 times. Thirdly, past studies have found that by product of cigarette smoke such as colnine and thlocyanate, turn up in the blood, urine and saliva of non-smoking adults and children and fetuses that have been exposed to smokers. These substances are the main causes of various cancers. In short, the effect of exposure to the cigarette smoking of others are greater than has been previously suspected. That is why passive smokers have more chances of contracting cancer than people with no such exposure. Hortatory Exposition Text Television has a great influence on our ideas about what is right and wrong about the way we should behave, and about life in general. Sometimes the values and lifestyles that we get from television are in conflict with those that are taught at home and school. Critics on television point out that crime and western programs often appeal to a taste of violence, while many game shows appeal to greed. Many critics also believe that television should be used for socially constructive purposes as well as for entertainment. Discussion Text In this modern era, technology has developed into such a certain degree that scientists are able to create new forms of life. The debate whether cloning at animals is allowed or not seems never endless.

Those who are agree with cloning at animals usually argue that the seed produced from them can be used to everlasting rare species. They also add that cloning has a purpose to produce high quality of seeds. Many species are becoming rare and rare. Scientists are concerned if they dont do anything to save that species, these animals will be extinct and this means a big loss in the animal kingdom. However, not everyone is excited about cloning at animals. Some people feel that it can have a terrible consequence. For example, if Dinosaurs are cloned, then men will be destroyed. It is clear that the beasts cant live together with humans. In history, these creatures lived several thousand years before men appeared. Can you imagine these giant killing creatures live in the same era and the same planet with us? As the result of this controversy, people still havent got the answer yet for cloning at animals. While some members of scientific community think that the banning of cloning technology will destroy the creativity of science.

News Item Text Moscow A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 soldiers and contaminated an entire town. Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo22 near Vladivostok. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and near by town, but was covered up by officials of the then Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tonnes of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy. A broad of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

Explanation Text Tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling water grows very large. Tsunamis occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the earths crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land. Tsunamis wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and the damage to property.

Review Text Bisa Saja is chosen as the first single of the album and theme song of BROWNIES, since the lyric reflects the story in the movie. When Hanung Bramantyo (the director) and Dewa Budjana of GIGI were chatting, Budjana expressed his interest in making a soundtrack album. Then, he recommended a few of GIGI songs, which the producer accepted because of the chemistry they created with the movie. Since GIGI can provide a variety of colors to add all kinds of musical nuances to enrich the movie, the producer deemed it unnecessary to find other musicians to complete OST (Original Soundtrack) of BROWNIES. GIGI involved in this album. Budjana demonstrated his skills in playing acoustic guitar in Cinta Terakhir. Three other brand new songs: Dilema,Jangan Bilang Pacarku and Semua Orang Berhak Mendapat Rasa Bahagia give supporting nuances to the movie flow as GIGI composed them by imagining how the scenes would look like based on the screenplay. As a result, theyve created perfect blend of movie and songs that makes Brownies tastier. Its always fun to have a piece of brownies in your mouth. But having it in your stereo set is more entertaining. No movie is perfect without musical score and OST of Brownies has proved it excellent.

PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE is the form of verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb. It is a construction which occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence.

Passive Verb Forms

A passive verb has a form of be and a passive participle Active Passive

Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Future

The play the game They have played the game They played the game

The game is played The game has been played The game was played

They are playing the gameThe game is being played

They were playing the The game was being game played They had played the game The game had been played They are going to play the The game is going to be game played

Passives
Write the past participle of each verb under the verb: paint, painted paint first see write discover cause make shoot invent grow build eat destroy assassinate climb manufacture kill

Fill in the blanks using the passive voice:

(1) Romeo and Juliet ______________________Shakespeare. (2) San Francisco _____________________ an earthquake in 1906. (3) More traffic accidents ___________________ drunk drivers than anything else. (4) The Sistine Chapel ___________________ Michelangelo. (5) The Mona Lisa ___________________ Leonardo da Vinci. (6) Rice ___________________ Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese. (7) The light bulb ___________________ Edison. (8) The Law of Gravity ___________________ Newton. (9) The moons of Jupiter ___________________ Galileo. (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Everest ___________________ Sir Edmund Hillary. Lung cancer ___________________ smoking. JFK ___________________ Lee Harvey Oswald. The pyramids ___________________ the pharaohs. The Eiffel Tower ___________________ in the 19th century.

(15) (16)

The Sphinxs nose ___________________ Napoleon. Cars ______________________ in America, Japan, and Korea. www.bogglesworldesl.com

CHANGE INTO PASSIVE ! 1. They have repaired the building. 2. He brings the ink for us. 3. People in Brazil speak Spanish 4. Someone took the book yesterday 5. They met us in the mall last night 6. The farmers will harvest the crops in June 7. I am sure they will call you soon. 8. Will you read the message for me ? 9. We have bought a new house and a new car. 10. They usually close the shop on public holidays 11. Do you invite them? 12. You must send the articles for them 13. He changes the notices on the board everyday 14. We have filled the bag up with the books. 15. No one has used the old bike for years 16. Did the committee elect a new chairman ? 17. Has she bought the jewelry? 18. Does she mop the floor everyday? 19. Have you found the wallet?

20. The wind uprooted the tree during the storm. 21. The gardener has burnt the old newspaper in the garden. 22. They had made the appointment before you called them. 23. Has she donated some money to that society? 24. They will check your luggage before you leave the place 25. Have you tidied up your room ? 26. Do they send out the invitation cards to all of his friends? 27. Have they found the answer to the problem ? 28. Did they lock him in accidentally when they left the room ? 29. She usually pays for everything she buys. 30. What are they talking about ?

CHANGE THE VERBS IN THE BRACKETS INTO THE PASSIVE FORMS! 1. Those machines (work) by electricity 2. The students (punish) by the teacher this morning. 3. English.(speak) all over the world. 4. They..(not tell) the good news yet. 5. The exhibition(hold) once a year. 6. The room .. (clean) soon. 7. This car .. (buy) by the woman just now. 8. These plants (not water) for a long time 9. This new car (already wash) 10. Those files .(lock up) in the cabinet since yesterday. 11. One of the players(injure) just now and. (carry) out of the field. 12. The questions.. (answer) by the girl correctly 13. He is the champion tennis player and(not beat) by anyone for years. 14. We..(not allow) to camp on that land last month 15. The lights in the room.(switch) on soon.

CHANGE INTO PASSIVE/ACTIVE ! 1. The books I order are sent three days later 2. They will publish the book at the end of the year. 3. I am sure she will be promoted soon 4. We didnt know that the plans are changed by the students 5. All the tables were occupied except for those two tables. 6. The mangoes are picked as soon as they are ripe 7. They choose us to play in the school team if we practise hard. 8. He was never given another chance by the woman. 9. She often polishes these ornament carefully. 10. We are offered a lift home by the woman. 11. He gave each of us a new sample of the new product. 12. The teacher made the students do an extra homework. 13. We must write the answers in ink 14. A special discount is always given every month in that shop 15. They didnt do the exercise again

Explanation
Explanation is a type of text which has a communicative purpose to explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena The Generic Structure of Explanation: 1. GENERAL STATEMENT: The subject which will be explained in the text 2. EXPLANATION: Elaborate explanation of why or how something occurs EXAMPLE Tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A

tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling water grows very large. Tsunamis occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the earths crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land. Tsunamis wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and damage to property. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is Tsunami? In what form Tsunami does occur? When does Tsunami occur? What will happen if the displaced rock pushes water above? Can Tsunami be detectable? What will happen if Tsunami does occur?

HOW A STAR IS FORMED AND DIES As you watch the sky at night you must be astonished with its miraculous sparkling things which light the earth at night. What are those sparkling things? The answers are stars. And this passage will mainly tell you about how stars are formed and die. The first stage is called the early stellar formation. It begins with the gravitational collapse of giant molecular clouds which span several dozen cubic light years of space and contain a huge amount of matter. As the gravity collapses, the clouds create the heat and break up into smaller pieces where each of the pieces centered on a concentration of matter. The concentration increases in mass and gravitation that makes the entire process accelerates. After the clouds break up into smaller pieces, the pieces will concentrate under the heat and pressure then formed into gaseous spheres called protostars, which also known as newborn stars. Protostars or newborn stars are not the real stars or mature stars. They are still baby since they occur in the very first stage- the early stellar formation. The second stage is the changing from protostar to star. At this stage, protostars will most likely change into the real or mature stars, but everything depends on the size of the protostars. Small protostars will not have enough energy for nuclear fusion to become anything but a brown warf a sub-stellar object that can't maintain high enough temperature to perpetuate hydrogen fusion to helium. Small protostar doesn't

concentrate enough mass so that it never achieves the pressure and heat necessary for nuclear fusion while the most important thing in nuclear fusion is hydrogen. So we can conclude that small protostars which have not enough energy for nuclear fusion will collapse. Medium to large protostars which are able to maintain high enough temperature to perpetuate hydrogen fusion to helium can be mentioned as mature stars or real stars. As what is written in the previous paragraph, hydrogen is the most important part in nuclear fusion. But what will happen when stars are running out of gas (hydrogen)? Since hydrogen fuels the basic fusion, the answer is that those stars will collapse. This process, where the collapse puts enough pressure on the core that makes a new round of fusion is possible to burn heavier element-helium- is called stellar death. When a mid-sized star begins fusing in the core, the energy increases, and the increasing in size happened. Helium fusion is relatively unstable. And this instability can cause pulsations which leads to nova explosion. The same thing also happened to the supermassive stars. But the explosion is no longer recognized as nova explosion but supernova for its size (the size of the star) is extremely huge. An important consideration in the death of a super massive star is the Chandrasekhar limit. This is the limit of degenerate electron pressure's ability to overcome gravity. A star with more mass than this will collapse into a neutron star, or if the mass is great enough, into a black hole.

ESSAY A. The answer is that new food is being formed as fast as old food is used up. It is the green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals that have eaten plants. B. Thus, plants use sunlight to form food and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water again. Plants change the suns radiant energy into chemical energy into kinetic and heat energy. C. All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all animals. Perhaps, you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why doesnt the food all get used up? D. The green substance in plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight. Chlorophyll is used to combine carbon dioxide in the air with water from the soil. Starch and other energy obtained from the sunlight chlorophyll. They make up the

food from which mankind and all other animals live. In the process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis. 1. Read these paragraphs and arrange them into a coherent text! 2. a. What kind of text is that? b. What is the purpose of the text? 3. a. Find the main idea of each paragraphs! b. Find 3 passive sentences in that text! 4. What is chlorophyll? 5. Why wasnt the food eaten by all human beings and animals get used up?

B ESSAY A. They proved that it sends out energy equal produced by 10 thousand million tons of coal every second and the earth only receives one two billionth part. It is estimated that the energy which falls on one square meter of the earth surface per second be used to keep about seven 100 watt lamps burning. The sun energy is really abundant but people have used only a limited amount. Another use of the sun as a source of fuel for power plants is still experimental stage. The scientists believe these will lead the way to a wider use of solar energy to run machine. The scientists also say that the solar energy can be used in telephone lines. Solar batteries are used to power instruments of space vehicles. Scientists do not stop. They develop solar pumps to raise water for irrigation. B. Anyhow, to change the abundant sunlight into energy is a problem. The necessary instrument to catch the energy is still expensive. If the scientists have succeeded

to produce the cheap instruments, nobody worry about running out of fossil or uranium ore. It lies in the hands of the scientists to make this dream come true. C. People worry about fossil fuels, which will run out soon, then they create nuclear fuel. But, this will run out too because uranium ores, which produce uranium ore will run out as well. The scientists never stop thinking about other fuels to substitute oil, gas, coal, and nuclear. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ! 1. Read these paragraphs and arrange them into a coherent text 2. a. What kind of text is that? b. What is the purpose of the text? 3. a. Find the main idea of each paragraph! b. Find 3 passive sentences in the text! 4. Give 3 examples of fossil fuels! 5. Can we use the sun as a source of fuel for power plants? Explain it!