Escolar Documentos
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Cultura Documentos
Abstract - A water distribution network sizing, by Fictitious Section Method, is not an only
solution. The solution found by a planner is different from the solution found by other
planners. All the solutions are valid, however, there will be one that will present the solution
with minimum cost for the water distribution network assisting the existent norms. In function
of the technological progress with faster computers and the easiness of computer programs
application, this work presents a methodology of a water distribution network optimal sizing
by Fictitious Section Method using ..
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1
Companhia de Águas e Esgotos do Rio Grande do Norte – Natal – RN Fone: 0xx84-232 4188 E-mail:
Figueiredo@eol.com.br
2
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – Natal – RN Fone: 0xx84-215 3766 E-mail:
Lucas@ct.ufrn.br
Abstract - This work investigates the use of a model of artificial neural networks (ANN)
aiming at forecasting the hourly water demand in urban water supply systems. The case study
area is located in a branch of the metropolitan area of São Paulo, which is named Alça Leste.
The input data are associated to the Penha station . The model is tested for four seasons, winter,
spring, summer, autumn. The selected optimization algorithm, introduced by Moller in 1993, is
the conjugated gradient method, which is included in the group of the second order algorithms.
The choice of the ANN technique to have an estimate of the hourly water demand, is based on
the superior advantages when compared to the performance of time series modeling (Box-
Jenkins).
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1
Doutoranda em Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Rua Dr. Quirino n o:563
apto 84, Bairro Centro, CEP: 13015-080, Campinas, SP – Brasil. Tel: (019)32363260, email:
carlass@fec.unicamp.br
2
Prof. Adjunto, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6021, CEP: 13084-971,
Campinas, SP – Brasil; email: franco@fec.unicamp.b r
2
ALOCAÇÃO ÓTIMA DE RECURSOS DE ÁGUA ASSOCIADA À OPERAÇÃO
INTEGRADA DE RESERVATÓRIOS DE USOS MÚLTIPLOS – UMA AVALIAÇÃO
DE ALTERNATIVA PARA REFORÇO DO ABASTECIMENTO DE RECIFE
Abstract - The intensive development of the economy and the rapid growth of the cities usually results in
an increased water demand and more pollution of the available water resources. Due to crescent conflicts
among the water demands, it stands out the perception that the water is a very economical patrimony with
high strategic value, and that should be managed in a rational way. The reservoirs, important elements of
the systems of use of water resources, they are used for the space and temporary distribution of the water,
in amount and quality. The optimal allocation of the water stored in the reservoirs it should base in an
operation planning previously studied, with base in a model that defines the physical behavior of the
system, in order to achieve the maximum benefits from the water uses . This work present an application
of the ORNAP optimization software, based on a nonlinear programing, in the analysis of the integrated
operation of two reservoirs of multiple uses, located in the Capibaribe river basin, in Pernambuco state,
Brasil. The obtained results make possible to suggest an alternative for reinforcement of the offer of water
for the provisioning of the city of Recife and they allow to end for the application and viability of the
model as an excellent auxiliary tool to subsidize efficiently the planning of the operation of reservoirs,
considering multiple uses.
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1
Engenheiro Civil; Pesquisador da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA);. Doutorando da
Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882; 58109-970; Campina Grande-PB; Caixa Postal 505;
Fone 83-310.1157; Fax 83-310.1388; e-mail prserrano@yahoo.com.br.
2
Engenheiro Elétrico; Professor Adjunto do Departamento de Física; Universidade Federal da Paraíba. 58109-
970, Campina Grande – PB; Fone 83-310.1195; Fax 83-310.1005; e-mail: wcuri@df.ufpb.br
3
Engenheira Civil; Professora Adjunta do Departamento de Eng. Civil; Universidade Federal da Paraíba. 58109-970,
Campina Grande – PB; Fone 83-310.1157; Fax 83-310.1388; e-mail: rosires@dec.ufpb.br.
3
ANÁLISE DO DESGASTE DE COMPONENTES DE VÁLVULAS DE CONTROLE
AUTOMÁTICAS EM OPERAÇÃO EM SISTEMAS PÚBLICOS DE ABASTECIMENTO DE
ÁGUA –
CASOS OBSERVADOS
Resumo - O crescimento desordenado dos centros urbanos tem tornado os sistemas de abastecimento de
água complexos, devido às distâncias e condições topográficas diversas a serem transpostas, dificultando
seu controle e operação. Essas dificuldades se reverteram em crescentes avanços tecnológicos em
elementos auxiliares de controle, possibilitando uma operação mais segura e confiável. Elementos como:
Válvulas de Controle Automáticas (VCA), Inversores de Freqüência, Controladores Lógicos
Programáveis (CLP), já não são mais um futuro distante, fazendo parte da rotina diária da grande maioria
das empresas de saneamento no Brasil e no mundo. Sendo estes equipamentos hidro-mecânicos e
eletrônicos estão sujeitos ao desgaste de seus componentes resultante das sucessivas etapas de operação,
que se não substituídos ou reparados provocarão desde o mau funcionamento destes equipamentos até
danos ao sistema. Neste artigo analisam-se situações de desgaste dos componentes de Válvulas de
Controle Automáticas (VCA) em operação em sistemas públicos de abastecimento, suas conseqüências e
possíveis danos.
Abstract - The disordered growth of the urban centers gradually made the systems of water supply
complex, due to the distance and diverse topographical conditions to be transposed, making it difficult its
control and operation. The difficulties that were produced caused the increase of technological advances
in auxiliary control elements that resulted in a safer and more reliable operation. Elements such as:
Automatic Control Valves (ACV), Invertors of Frequency, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), are
not a distant future anymore, being now routine of the great majority of the Water Companies in Brazil
and the world. Being hydro-mechanical and electronic equipments, they are likely to have their
components worn out because of the successive and continuous stages of operation, if not substituted or
repaired, these components will provoke the bad functioning of the equipments or even damages to the
system. The aim of this article is to evaluate the situations of consuming of the Automatic Control Valves
(ACV) components in operation in public system of water supply, its consequences and possible
damages.
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1
Sociedade de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento S/A (Sanasa) – Av. da Saudade, nº 500 – Ponte
Preta – Campinas – São Paulo – CEP: 13.041-670 Fone: (0xx19) 3735-5032 Fax: (0xx19) 3735-5070 e-
mail: wlamir@sigmanet.com.br
2
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Fac. Eng. Civil – DRH – Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz” –
Campinas – São Paulo – CEP:13.083-970 Fone: (0xx19) 3788-2314 Fax: (0xx19) 3788-2411 e-mail:
edevar@ fec.unicamp.b r
4
ANÁLISIS DEL MODELO DE DETALLE DE UNA RED PARA
CAUDALES PUNTA
Resumen – Dependiendo del nivel de detalle utilizado, los modelos pueden clasificarse en
modelos estratégicos y modelos de detalle. En el caso de estos últimos, el objetivo perseguido
es en general comprobar la respuesta de la red ante situaciones excepcionales. En general, los
datos utilizados para asignar consumos a los nudos se obtienen de las facturaciones de los
abonados al servicio. Esto hace que la demanda sea una media temporal del consumo que
suaviza los picos de caudal. En otras palabras, estaremos partiendo de datos que siendo ciertos,
no representarán la realidad del consumo en estas situaciones. Aunque no de manera
generalizada, la afirmación anterior sí será cierta, al menos en aquellas conducciones de menor
tamaño, o mejor dicho, que abastecen a un menor número de abonados. En el presente artículo
se propone una metodología para asignar cargas correspondientes a consumos punta en
modelos de detalle. Esta asignación será válidatanto para el caso de que la red sea ramificada
como para el caso de red mallada.
Abstract – The models of a water supply network are classified in detailed models and
strategic models depending on its characteristics. In the case of detailed model, the objective
consist of studying the behaviour of the network when extreme situations occurs. Usually,
billing data from customers are used to estimate the demands at the network nodes. This made
that demand an average value of the flow. In other words, we are using true data to obtain
fictitious situations. This is specially true when the network is smaller. In this article, a
methodology to load allocation in detailed models is presented. This load allocation will be
valid for both branched and looped networks.
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1
Grupo Mecánica de Fluidos – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia – Camino de Vera s/n – 46022
Valencia – España. Teléfono: +34 96 387 76 11, Fax: +34 96 387 76 19. E-mail: jmsolano@gmf.upv.
5
ASPECTOS DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DE UM SIG EM PEQUENOS E MÉDIOS
ABASTECIMENTOS DE ÁGUA
Abstract - The Geographical Information System, are a modern and effective form of join
alphanumeric information to a space geographical base (cartographic information), allowing
the most different united analyses. Although SIG is a tool of desirable administration, your
implantation it executes it is onerous and a planning badly fact can take to the failure all the
expectations of benefits that were aimed at with your implantation. The small systems of water
supplies that assist the small ones and averages cities, rule road if they don't have qualified
technical body and resources for the appropriate implantation of a SIG. In this sense the present
work presents a systematic of low cost implantation of SIG, for these systems, based in
tecnhical reports of literature.
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1
Mestrando da Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Fac. Eng. Civil – DRH – Cidade Universitária
“Zeferino Vaz” Campinas – São Paulo Fone: (0xx19) 3788-2314 Fax: (0xx19) 3788-2411 e-mail:
cdorca@fec.unicamp.b r
2
Professores da Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Fac. Eng. Civil – DRH – Cidade Universitária
“Zeferino Vaz” Campinas – São Paulo Fone: (0xx19) 3788-2314 Fax: (0xx19) 3788-2411 e-mail:
6
AVALIAÇÃO DE PERDAS EM SETOR DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA
EM CRUZ DE REBOUÇAS, MUNICÍPIO DE IGARASSU, ESTADO
DE PERNAMBUCO
Resumo - Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa feita cujo objetivo foi identificar, qualificar e
quantificar perdas de água no setor remembrado (105/110) da rede de abastecimento de água
do Distrito de Cruz de Rebouças, Município de Igarassu – PE. Esse setor é alimentado por
poço artesiano e foi hidraulicamente isolado da rede de abastecimento à qual pertence. O
sistema é operado pela COMPESA – Companhia Pernambucana de Saneamento e foi escolhido
como um estudo de caso visando a identificação de metodologias apropriadas à detecção e
quantificação de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água, principais fontes de erro nas
estimativas e dificuldades em geral. Foram instalados dispositivos de medição de vazão,
volume e detecção de vazamentos, e efetuadas consultas aos cadastros técnico e comercial da
concessionária. Com os dados disponíveis foi procedida estimativa de perdas físicas e não
físicas. Estimou-se a perda global em 32,26%. Do total de perdas, estimaram-se 4,65% de
perdas físicas, 53,38% de perdas não físicas e, 41,97% de perdas não classificadas. Finalmente,
são formuladas sugestões para que o sistema opere com taxas mínimas aceitáveis de perda de
água, considerando-se os controles administrativo e operacional integrados e sempre
atualizados.
Abstract - This work presents the development of a research program aimed to identify,
qualify and classify water losses in a sector of the water supply network of the district of Cruz
de Rebouças, Igarassu, Pernambuco. This sector is being supplied by a deep well and has been
isolated from the sistem that is belongs. This sistem is operated by COMPESA-Pernambuco
Water Supply Company and has been chosen as a case study looking at to identify apropriated
methodologies to the detection and quantify of losses in water supply network, the mistakes
take its source from the estimatives and difficulties in general. Some equipaments for measure
of outflaw, capacity and detection of leakages have been installed and analising comertial and
technical date from the water supply company records. The global water loss in the studied
water suply network sector has been estimated as 32.26%. The physical water losses have been
estimated as 4.65%. The non-physical water losses correspond to 53.38% of the total water
losses, and the remaining 41.97% have been classified as others. Final sugestions are
withdrawn with respect to administrative and operational control actions aimed at the condition
for the operation of the system under minimum water losses occurance.
Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva1 ; Luisa Fernanda Ribeiro Reis 2 ; Alexandre Kepler Soares 3
Resumo – As redes de distribuição de água são partes integrantes importantes dos sistemas urbanos de
abastecimento. No sentido de dar suporte às atividades de operação, manutenção e reabilitação de tais
sistemas, a previsão do comportamento hidráulico das redes via computador é fundamental. Entretanto,
previsões realísticas dependem da etapa de calibração que, dada a sua importância, vem recebendo
atenção especial na literatura. Alguns trabalhos sugerem o emprego dos Algoritmos Genéticos (A Gs)
como ferramenta promissora na resolução de problemas combinatoriais complexos como a calibração de
modelos de redes de distribuição de água, apresentando diversas vantagens sobre as técnicas de
otimização convencionais, dentre as quais pode-se destacar a robustez. Este estudo propõe um modelo de
calibração de redes de distribuição de água em termos das rugosidades absolutas e trechos dotados de
singularidades tais como registros, incluindo perdas por vazamento explicitamente no modelo. A
tecnologia dos AGs é utilizada na aplicação realizada para um setor de rede real da Cidade de São Carlos,
S.P. Dois tipos de AGs são utilizados, cujas características são discutidas com base nos resultados
obtidos. As respostas do modelo de calibração mostraram-se consistentes tanto em termos dos valores
simulados para as variáveis de estado quanto para as variáveis de decisão determinadas.
Abstract - The water distribution networks are important parts of the urban water supply systems. In
order to give support to the activities of operation, maintenance and rehabilitation of such systems, the
forecast of their hydraulic behavior through computer is fundamental. However, realistic forecasts depend
on the calibration stage that, given its importance, has received special attention in the literature. Some
works suggest the employment of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) as promising tool for resolution of complex
combinatorial problems like calibration models of water networks, presenting several advantages on the
conventional optimization techniques, amongst which one can point out the robustness. This study
proposes a calibration model for water distribution networks in terms of the absolute roughness and links
endowed of accessories as valves, including the leakage explicitly into the model. GAs technology is used
in the application study for a section of the real network of the City of São Carlos, S.P. Two
types of GAs are used, whose characteristics are discussed with fundaments in the obtained results. The
results of the calibration model are shown consistent in terms of the simulated values for the state
variables and the determined decision variables as well.
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1
Doutorando em Hidráulica e Saneamento - Universidade de São Paulo – EESC – Departamento de Hidráulica
e Saneamento – CEP: 13560-250, Caixa Postal 359, São Carlos, SP; fone:(016)273-9534; fax: (016)273-9550;
fernandos2001@bol.com.br
2
Professora Doutora - Universidade de São Paulo – EESC – Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento –CEP:
13560-250, Caixa Postal 359, São Carlos, SP; fone:(016)273-9534; fax: (016)273-9550; fernanda@sc.usp.br
3
Mestrando em Hidráulica e Saneamento - Universidade de São Paulo – EESC – Departamento de Hidráulica e
Saneamento – CEP: 13560-250, Caixa Postal 359, São Carlos, SP; fone:(016)273-9534; fax: (016)273-9550;
alexandrekepler@yahoo.com.br
8
COMPARAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS DE CALIBRAÇÃO DE REDES HIDRÁULICAS
Abstract - The calibration process applied in water distribution systems is to reduce the
deviation between observed and predicted values. These techniques are divided in two main
groups: techniques that just adjust the pipe resistance coefficients and/or the nodal demands.
Nowadays, with the development of calibration techniques, become necessary a investigation
of the theoretical models used. In this work, two classic methods of calibration were
investigated, implemented and compared in an example network. The methods are the analytic
method and explicit method. The main objective went evaluate to efficiency of these
calibration techniques and compared them to each other. The analytic method presented the
smallest deviations considering the sum of the differences between observed and real values.
The explicit calibration method possesses its differentiated formulation of the previous models
and it presented the largest deviations, even so its formulation allows the flexibility in the sense
of incorporating other variables of calibration decision, operation, project and hydraulic
components.
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1
Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Hidráulica e Saneamento – Universidade de São Paulo -
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento - São Carlos, SP – C.P.
359 – CEP: 13560-250 – Tel: (16) 2739534 Fax: (16) 2739550 - e-mail:peter@sc.usp.b r
2
Professor Adjunto da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – Centro de Ciências Exatas e
Tecnologia – Departamento de Hidráulica e Transportes – Campo Grande, MS - C.P. 549 – CEP: 79070-
900 – Tel: (67) 7873311 – ramal 2207 – Fax: (67) 787-2124 – e-mail: rssouza@nin.ufms.br.
9
CONTROLE DE PERDAS ATRAVÉS DA MICROMEDIÇÃO OTIMIZADA
Abstract – This work presents the results of several continuous measures taken by the
management of the Department of Water Loss Control (" Controle de Perdas") of SANASA, the
Water and Sewage Company of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Campinas has a population of
968,172 (2000 census), and Sanasa is a mixed economy firm ("economia mista"). These
measures resulted in a reduction of water loss from 37.7% in 1994 to 26.6% in 2001. In
particular, the activities of the Micro Measurement Sector (" micromedição") and the Pressure
Reduction Program have had a fundamental role in this reduction of water loss. Also a table
which relates the investment to the benefits (water economy) of these measures, by year, is
given. It shows that the program is auto-sufficient, giving a positive result of R$
52.000.000,00 in eight years, beyond some indirect benefits like continuous service without
rationing.
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1
SANASA CAMPINAS – Sociedade de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento S/A – Diretoria Técnica –
Gerência de Controle de Perdas – Setor de Micromedição – CEP: 13035-590 – Campinas SP
Fone: (19) 3233-6885 Fax: (19) 3233-9335 E-mail: micromed@sanasa.com.br
10
CONTROLE DE VAZAMENTOS EM REDE DE ABASTECIMENTO D’ÁGUA PARA
CAMPINA GRANDE-PB, BRASIL: A OPINIÃO DA SOCIEDADE
Abstract – Leakage control in water distribution networks is proposed as one alternative for
water demand management in urban centres. This paper presents an investigation aiming at
surveying the society’s opinion on the implementation of this alternative, particularly in
Campina Grande City, Brazil, whose water supply currently goes through a severe crisis.
Representatives of three groups – government, water users and civil society – were
interviewed. The results show that leakage control is one of the most desirable water demand
alternatives for most of the interviewees. This high degree of preference shows that
minimisation of leakage in the distribution system is a means of increasing efficiency and
water availability in the system.
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1
Consultora do Proágua/Semi-árido. Secretaria Extraordinária do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos
e Minerais do Estado da Paraíba, R. João da Mata, S/N, Bloco II, 2º andar. Fone/fax (83) 218-4326.
58.019-900, João Pessoa – PB, Brasil. cybelle@semarh.com.br
2
Professora no Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 505,
58.100-970 Campina Grande-PB, Brasil, fone 0XX-83-310 1157, marcia@dec.ufpb.b r
11
DIAGNÓSTICO DA OPERAÇÃO DO SISTEMA ADUTOR TRAIRI, RN
Abstract - The development of hydraulic models for modeling water pipe system operation
and detecting possible vulnerability and weakness is very important and should be applied to
all large water distribution systems. This paper presents a simple mathematical model
developed to study the actual operation of the Trairi pipe system, a very important water
distribution pipeline system of Rio Grande do Norte state. Besides it is presented a diagnose of
the actual system operation.
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1
Mestranda do Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Sanitária da UFRN; Rua Rio de Janeiro nº
156, Neópolis, Natal-RN, 59080-290, email: klelita@bol.com.br, Fone: (84) 217-3414.
2
Professor visitante, bolsista DCR CNPq; LARHISA, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, CT,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Caixa Postal
1524; email: righetto@ct.ufrn.br, Fone: (84) 215-3775
12
DIMENSIONAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO
LOCALIZADA CONSIDERANDO DIFERENTES TARIFAS DE ENERGIA
ELÉTRICA E TEMPOS
DE IRRIGAÇÃO
Abstract - This study performs hydraulic and economic analysis of the design and operation of a trickle
irrigation system, with predefined layout. A non-linear programming model, implemented in MatLab,
was applied to minimise fixed and operational costs, including those of electrical energy. A four sub-unit
system is analysed, with different combinations of operational units and consecutive days of irrigation.
The results show that these two factors impact the costs of the system and the minimum was found for
two operational units and the shorter irrigation time. Fixed costs decrease with the number of operational
units and are not sensitive to the variation of the number of days with irrigation. Operational costs
increase exponentially with the number of operational units and linearly with the number of days of
irrigation. The lateral pipelines, the emitters and the control centre have major influence on the fixed
costs, being the energy tariff the most influential on the operational costs. The minimum-cost sub-unit
presents two-diameter lateral pipelines and a two-diameter manifold pipeline, which utilises the whole
admissible pressure variation.
____________________________
1
M.Sc. Engenharia Agrícola. Doutorando em Recursos Naturais, CCT/UFPB. Prof. do CEFET – UNED
Cajazeiras – PB. CEP 58 900 000. (0XX) 83 531 4560. e-mail: kennedyfml@bol.com.br
13
EFEITO DA RESERVAÇÃO INICIAL SOBRE O DESEMPENHO OPERACIONAL
DE SISTEMAS DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA
Abstract – A hydraulic network optimization model has been developed in this work. A large
scale mix non-linear integer programming algorithm is used, addressing the optimal
operational policies for the water distribution system, taking a 24 h horizon planning into
account. The proposed model evaluates the influence of the initial storage conditions into the
electric energy consumption associated to the pump station used in the water distribution
system. Optimal results from this study indicate that savings can reach to 36% on electric
energy consumption as a consequence of the initial storage conditions. Also, the proposed
model can be used as an effective tool for decision making concerning with real-time
operational issues.
___________________________
1
Doutorando em Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil- FEC, Departamento de Recursos
Hídricos - DRH, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einsten, 951, Caixa Postal
6021, Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, CEP 13084-710, Campinas, SP, Brasil, Fone: 0xx14 19 3788-
2359, Fax: 0xx14 19 3788-2411, e-mail: rogerio@fpte.br, home-page: www.fec.unicamp.br/~sishidro
2
Prof. Adjunto, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil- FEC, Departamento de Recursos Hídricos - DRH,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einsten, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Cidade
Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, CEP 13084-710, Campinas, SP, Brasil, Fone: 0xx14 19 3788-2359, Fax:
0xx14 19 3788-2411, e-mail: franco@fec.unicamp.br, home-page: www.fec.unicamp.br/~sishidro
14
ESTADO DEL ARTE EN LA UTILIZACIÓN DE TECNICAS AVANZADAS PARA LA
BUSQUEDA DE INFORMACIÓN NO TRIVIAL A PARTIR DE DATOS EN LOS
SISTEMAS DE ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA POTABLE
Abstract – The applicability of combined heuristic techniques with which generically data
mining has been denominated, is an investigation subject that can provide a great utility in the
search of patterns non-trivial from the data available in the planning, operation and
management of the networks of water supply. It is important to consider that in great
percentage the success in the applicability of these techniques is in the information bases which
it is had, is to say the data (inputs) of entrance. The subject, in spite of the great potential which
it has, has not been still very developed for applications of potable water supply, although in
fields of finances, communications, businesses, pages Web it has been applied for some years.
___________________________
1
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia – Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente –
Grupo Mecánica de Fluidos – Camino de Vera S/N – CP 46022 – Valencia (España) –
Tel: 34 96 3877611 – Fax: 34 96 3877619 E-mail: jodiaar@doctor.upv.es ; rperez@gmf.upv.es
15
INDICADORES DE GESTÃO PARA SISTEMAS DE ABASTECIMENTO
DE ÁGUA
Abstract – The management of a water supply company are based on general data, about
which one generates information (treated data) so that the mechanism of management can be
exercised, in other words, permanent actions may be taken. Informations are normally
expressed in pure indicators, such as number of consumers, the length of the net, produced and
consumed volume , etc. The proper relation of this “pure indicators” can supply valuable
information to examine the system such relation are called “guides” ou performance indicators.
Inspire of being an effective tool for the diagnostic of the water supply company, the lack of a
maintenance culture of a updated informations base, the lack of a rigor in treating these
information allied to one doesn’t know the use of indicators, makes it is few used in Brazil and
in the world, so that after a select critical analysis the effective use of the national and
international management indicators in the water supply systems in Brazil can be established.
___________________________
1
Mestranda - Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Unicamp – FEC Faculdade de Engenharia Civil –
Área de Concentração Recursos Hídricos – Campinas – SP CEP: 13084-971 Cx. Postal 6021 Fone:
0xx19-37882419 Fax: 0xx19-37882411 E-mail: nass@ fec.unicamp.b r ;
2
Professor da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil – Universidade Estadual de Campinas –– Campinas – SP,
CEP: 13084-971 Cx. Postal 6021 Fone: 0xx19-37882419 Fax: 0xx19-37882411 –– E-mail:
edevan@fec.unicamp.b r
16
MEDIÇÃO INDIVIDUAL DE ÁGUA EM APARTAMENTOS
Abstract – This report show an experience with sub-metering in news buildings and olds
apartments buildings. The programme comprised a period of familiarization with local
conditions through practical experience at Pernambuco, Brazil. During both the preparatory
work and detailed investigations a record was maintained of costs involved.
____________________________
1
Cavalcanti Consultoria – Rua Gastão Vilarim, 102 – Jardim Atlântico – Olinda/PE CEP: 53140-330.
Fone/fax: (081) 3432-2688 . Cel.: (081) 9133-1705 e-mail: hidrometric@br.inter.net
17
METODOLOGIA PARA ESTUDO DE PERDAS EM SETOR
DE ABASTECIENTO DE ÁGUA
Abstract – The unnacounted for water in utilities of Brazil and Latin America show numbers
uppers 40% of water distribuition . The present work show development of methodology for
identification the cause of unnacounted for water in distribution system. Was necessary field
studies of distribution system(mains records, pipe locating equipment, simple hydraulics, C –
value determination, pressure measurement end equipment and flow measurement and
equipment) .
____________________________
1
Cavalcanti Consultoria – Rua Gastão Vilarim, 102 – Jardim Atlântico – Olinda/PE CEP: 53140-330.
Fone/fax: (081) 3432-2688 . Cel.: (081) 9133-1705 e-mail: hidrometric@br.inter.net
18
MODELAGEM COMPUTACIONAL DE TRANSIENTES HIDRÁULICOS
EM SISTEMAS DE RECALQUE
Abstract - The main goal of this research is a development of a computer code for the analysis
of the Water Hammer phenomenon in pipelines caused by a failure in the pumping system.
This failure is common in pipelines specially due to cuts in the eletric power supply. The
model developed using the Visual Basic computer language is easy to use and allows the user
to visualize the dynamic waves of over and under pressures in real time. Besides these features,
it allows an input of water hammer relief mechanisms such as air chamber and safety valve.
The final part of this research consists on applying the computer code developed to real
pipeline cases which involved: Water Hammer caused by the failure of the pumping system;
Simulation of the consequences of the introduction of two relief mechanisms: air chamber and
safety valve. Analysis of the influence of the moment of inertia of the rolling masses of the
pumps in water hammer phenomenon.
__________________________
1
Universidade Federal do Ceará; Depto de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental; Campus do PICI Bloco
713, CEP:60000-00; Fortaleza; CE; Brasil; Telefone: (85) 2889623; Fax (85) 2889627; e-mail:
neivarodrigo@hotmail.com
2
Universidade Federal do Ceará; Depto de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental; Campus do PICI Bloco
713, CEP:60000-00; Fortaleza; CE; Brasil; Telefone: (85) 2889623; Fax (85) 2889627; e-mail:
marco@ufc.br
19
MODELO ARHIETE. ANÁLISIS DE TRANSITORIOS HIDRÁULICOS
EN SISTEMAS COMPLEJOS MEDIANTE MODELO ELÁSTICO.
Abstract – In the present paper an alternative formulation of the equations for transient
analysis phenomena in conductions is undertaken. When a dynamic model is analyzed by
means of model elastic is necessary to present all a contour conditions series. The behaviour of
each one of them by separated requires a large quantity of mathematical formulation and an
important computational development. The method described generalize the formulation of the
different contour conditions of a hydraulic system when is analyzed with the elastic model. The
result is a capable, flexible method of being adapted to the different real conditions of contour
and at same time, for which is not necessary the development of a large quantity of code to
carry out modifications or enlargements. The paper takes like point of departure a prior study
of Izquierdo and Iglesias (1997), that constitutes the base of the model one DYAGATS valid
only for simple systems. In the article the generalization for complex systems is undertaken,
and the formulation obtained constitutes the nucleus of the model one ARhIETE developed by
the Grupo Mecánica de Fluidos of the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
____________________________
1
Grupo Mecánica de Fluidos – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia – Camino de Vera s/n – 46022
Valencia – España. Teléfono: +34 96 387 76 11, Fax: +34 96 387 76 19. E-mail: piglesia@gmf.upv.es
20
MODELOS DE SIMULAÇÃO HIDRÁULICA DIRIGIDOS PELA PRESSÃO (MSHDP)
COM O SUPORTE DO EPANET
Alexandre Kepler Soares 1 ; Luisa Fernanda Ribeiro Reis 2 ; Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva3
____________________________
1
Mestrando em Hidráulica e Saneamento - Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento - Escola de Engenharia
de São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos - SP CEP: 13.560-250, Caixa Postal 359, Fone: 0xx16-
2739534, Fax: 0xx16-2739550, E-mail: alexandrekepler@yahoo.com.br
2
Professora Doutora - Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento - Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos -
Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos - SP CEP: 13.560-250, Caixa Postal 359, Fone: 0xx16-2739534, Fax:
0xx16-2739550, E-mail: fernanda@sc.usp.br
3
Doutorando em Hidráulica e Saneamento - Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento - Escola de Engenharia
de São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos - SP CEP: 13.560-250, Caixa Postal 359, Fone: 0xx16-
2739534, Fax: 0xx16-2739550, E-mail: fernandos2001@bol.com.br
21
O MODELO GRAFO PARA RESOLUÇÃO DE CONFLITOS E
O GERENCIAMENTO DA DEMANDA DE ÁGUA
Abstract – Water demand management involves the adoption of measures in order to reduce
consumption and water supply systems losses. In a shared management, the water demand
management choice process can cause interest conflict between decision makers, which makes
agreement difficult. Conflict Analysis, branch of Game Theory, allows the systematic study of
conflicts, forecasting their possible solutions. This paper describes the Graph Model for
Conflict Resolution, developed by Fang at al (1993) and analyses its application to a water
demand management options choice for Campina Grande city, Paraíba state, Brazil.
___________________________
1
Univeridade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG (antigo campus de Campina Grande da Universidade
Federal da Paraíba) - Departamento de Engenharia Civil - Cursos de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
– Área de Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos - Campina Grande – PB, Brasil – CP: 505 - 58100-970 -
Fone: 55-83-3101157- E-mail: zadvieira@uol.com.r – marcia@dec.ufpb.b r
22
OPERAÇÃO ÓTIMA DE SISTEMA URBANO DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA
Resumo - Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia para se alcançar a
operação ótima de sistemas de distribuição de água, envolvendo parâmetros relacionados com
o consumo de energia, confiabilidade operacional, satisfação quanto ao atendimento da
demanda e controle das pressões nodais. O modelo computacional é composto dos modelos
hidráulico e de otimização. O modelo hidráulico é baseado no das características para
escoamentos transitórios e o modelo de otimização baseado em algoritmo genético. Cinco
parâmetros ou índices foram usados para avaliar a performance das regras operacionais ao
longo de 24 horas de funcionamento do sistema: índice de consumo de energia, índice de nível
d’água de reservatório, índice de atendimento de demanda, índice de adequação da pressão
média e índice de mudanças operacionais. O modelo foi aplicado a um sistema fictício simples
a fim de ilustrar o procedimento proposto para a determinação das regras operacionais
desejadas.
Abstract - The aim of this presentation is to provide insights into the important problem of
operational rules optimisation of real water distribution system by focusing optimal
performance parameters related to the minimal energy consumption, maximum reliability,
maximum demand satisfaction and the minimization of leakage through avoiding high nodal
pressure distribution. To achieve this objective, a combined hydraulic and optimisation model
is developed based on the method of characteristics, genetic algorithm with optimal ranking
fitness, and parameters for obtaining the desirable operation rule, stated in hourly values of
decision variables. The hydraulic model is based on the unsteady flow equations in a
pressurized pipeline and their discretization by the Method of Characteristics. The optimisation
procedure follows the well-established Genetic Algorithm operators. Five distinct parameters
or indices were used to measure the performance of a given operational rule in a 24-hour
period: the total energy expenditure index, the tank water level index, the average delivery
discharge index, the average pressure adequacy index and operating switch index. The
simulation-optimisation model is applied to a relatively simple network to illustrate the
proposed procedures to determine the desirable operational rules.
________________________
23/05/02(1)
Professor Visitante da UFRN, programa de pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento
Ambiental; LARHISA/CT/UFRN CEP 59072-970 Natal, RN. righetto@ct.ufrn.br
23
OPERAÇÃO OTIMIZADA DE PARTE DO SISTEMA ADUTOR DE ÁGUA DE
CAMPINA GRANDE-PB
Juliana Maria do Socorro Gomes Barbosa1 , Carlos Oliveira Galvão1 , Heber Pimentel Gomes 1 ,
Clédson Wagner Souto Santana1
Abstract - The optimization of a water distribution system is usually performed through the
minimization of its operation costs, being one the most important those resulting from pumping
operation. In this paper, simple strategies for pumping operations in water distribution systems
were determined, aiming at minimizing the pumping costs. An actual water pipeline,
comprised of several pumping stations and tanks, was analyzed by means of a hydraulic
network computer simulation model, WADISO. Operation strategies were defined in the form
of tank levels, which determine when each pump should be switched on/off, in a 24-hour
period. The results showed the possibility of reducing water pumping costs through simple
operation strategies, keeping pumping operational constraints as well as minimum and
maximum discharge and pressure constraints.
____________________________
1
Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (antigo Campus de
Campina Grande da Universidade Federal da Paraíba), Caixa Postal 505, Campina Grande, PB, 58100-
970, tel (83) 310-1157, fax (83) 310-1388, julianabarbosa@yahoo.com, galvao@dec.ufpb.b r,
cledsonsouto@yahoo.com.br.
2
Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus Universitário, João Pessoa, PB, 58000-
000, tel (83) 216-7684, heber@lrh.ct.ufpb.br
24
PREVISIÓN DE LAS NECESIDADES DE INFRAESTRUCTURA
DE UN ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA:
APLICACIÓN A LA CIUDAD DE VALENCIA (ESPAÑA)
Abstract - The paper presents the forecast of the needs of infraestructure (pipes) for the city of
Valencia (Spain) in the horizon 2002-2032. To establish the calculation hypotheses on the
increase of the demands of drink water the work has been developed in two ways: on one hand
the population's growth it has been calculated starting from extrapolations of the historical
data, and on the other hand, a forecast of the population's increment has been calculated
starting from the data of the allovable land for building in the city. Starting with the demand
forecasts a strategic hydraulic model has been implemented by means of the program SARA
for designing the new necessary pipes and to check the operation of the existent pipes. It is of
highlighting the strong correlation among the forecasts based on historical data of population
and the forecasts based on the use of the land.
________________________
1
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia – Grupo Mecánica de Fluidos - Dep. De Ingeniería Hidráulica y
Medio Ambiente– Camino de Vera s/n – 46022 – Valencia (España) – Tf. +34 96 387 76 11 – Fax +34
96 387 76 19. E-mail: rperez@gmf.upv.es; jmsolano@gmf.upv.es; piglesia@gmf.upv.es
25
PROJETO OTIMIZADO DE REDES COM MÚLTIPLAS
FONTES DE ABASTECIMENTO
____________________________
1
Professor Substituto do Departamento de Engenharia Civil, CCT/UFPB, Campus I, João Pessoa-Pb.
email: dimitrip_melo@yahoo.com
2
Professor Adjunto do Departamento de Engenharia Civil, CT/UFPB, Campus I, João Pessoa-Pb. email:
heber@lrh.ct.ufpb.br
26
SIMULAÇÃO DE CENÁRIOS DE OPERAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO
DE ÁGUA ATRAVÉS DO MÉTODO PNL2000
Abstract – This work deals with the application of PNL2000 method on simulation of water
supply network operation. The methodology adopted in the research was the Not Linear
Programming from Method PNL2000 (GOMES e FORMIGA 2001) for being a practical
method and with already proven efficiency how much to the economic sizing of pipeline
networks. The edition of Method PNL2000 and the results of the simulations was applied with
the use of the electronic spread sheet Excel of the Microsoft and the optimization Solver tool.
The method was applied the two existing networks of water distribution, one looped and
ramified other: the Great Ring of the Network of Water Distribution of the city of Recife-PE
and the Sector 11 of Senator Nilo Coelho Irrigated Perimeter in Petrolina-PE, respectively. The
results gotten through the use of PNL2000 in the simulation had revealed efficient, supplying
to the end a data set that if adjust with the reality of the used networks of supplying as
application examples.
_____________________________
1
Engenheiro Ambiental. Mestre em Recursos Hídricos, AERH/DEC/CCT/UFPB, Campus II, 58109-970,
Campina Grande-PB. e-mail: marcusccs@yahoo.com
2
Professor Adjunto, Departamento de Tecnologia da Construção Civil, CT/UFPB, Campus I, João
Pessoa-PB. e-mail: heber@lrh.ct.ufpb.b r
27
SUBSÍDIOS À ESCOLHA DE TÉCNICAS DE REABILITAÇÃO
DE REDES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA
Abstract: Due to physical or functional aging, the water supply systems usually require
rehabilitation measures to recovery original efficiency. The inefficiency condition occurs
wherever systems cannot fulfill the original objective design purposes, what means, to supply
the consumers demand assuring appropriate water quantity, water quality, nodal pressures, and
also, high service levels. An inefficient condition also is associated to frequent interruptions of
water supply, thus creating frustration from the end consumers. The importance of
rehabilitation programs is evident when considering the potential for reducing operational
costs, to improve the reliability of the supply service, and also to avoid anticipated expansion
costs. All these factors are extremely relevant for water supply companies since financial
resources are usually limited and sometimes scarce. In this context, this article presents new
rehabilitation techniques addressing the water supply systems.
___________________________
1
Doutoranda em Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6021,
CEP: 13084-971, Campinas, SP – Brasil; email: gouveia@fec.unicamp.b r
2
Prof. Adjunto, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6021, CEP: 13084-971,
Campinas, SP – Brasil; email: franco@fec.unicamp.b r
28
SUSTENTABILIDADE DA OFERTA DE ÁGUA PARA ABASTECIMENTO URBANO
NO SEMI-ÁRIDO BRASILEIRO: O CASO CAMPINA GRANDE
Carlos Oliveira Galvão1 ; Janiro Costa Rêgo1 ; Márcia Maria Rios Ribeiro 1 ;
José do Patrocínio Tomaz Albuquerque2
Abstract – In the Brazilian north-eastern semiarid region, water distribution networks are
supplied, mainly, by surface reservoirs. Since groundwater resources are limited in the region,
water supply is exclusively dependent on rainwater from the short rainy season. Recently many
water distribution systems were submitted to severe shortage, due to: (a) the highly variable
climate; (b) most of the drainage basins are highly impacted by anthropogenic interventions,
such as deforestation and uncontrolled construction of reservoirs; (c) the reservoirs supply
urban areas and irrigated fields, that compete for the stored water; (d) hydrological and water
demand monitoring data are imprecise and in some cases not available; (e) the water
management institutional setting is not yet established or consolidated. However, new
technical, legal, institutional and economic instruments are available for the management of the
water resources and for its sustainability maintenance. These management challenges and
opportunities are analysed in the case of the water supply of Campina Grande City, in the
Brazilian State of Paraíba.
___________________________
1
Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (antigo Campus de
Campina Grande da Universidade Federal da Paraíba), Campina Grande, PB, CEP: 58.109-970 Fone:
0xx83-3101157
Fax: 0xx83-3101388 E-mail: galvao@dec.ufpb.br; janiro@dec.ufpb.b r; marcia@dec.ufpb.br.
2
Professor Aposentado, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, E-mail: patrociniotomaz@uol.com.br.
29
UM ESTUDO DA CONVENIÊNCIA DA CALIBRAÇÃO DAS RUGOSIDADES
ABSOLUTAS E FATORES DE ATRITO DE TUBOS DE UMA REDE DE
DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA
COM DADOS TRANSIENTES
Resumo – Este trabalho estuda a conveniência da estimação das rugosidades absolutas em uma
rede de distribuição de água existente a partir de dados observados de carga hidráulica durante
condições transientes. O Método Transiente Inverso (MTI) com um Algoritmo Genético
emprega o Método das Características (MOC) na solução das equações do movimento para
escoamento transiente em redes de tubos. Uma rede-exemplo simples é usada para estudar
vários problemas de calibração relacionados à estimação das rugosidades absolutas e fatores de
atrito. A rede-exemplo é composta de onze tubos, sete nós, e um reservatório. Vinte segundos
de registro de cargas hidráulicas transientes resultantes da manobra de uma válvula em um dos
nós da rede é usado no processo de calibração. Quatro casos baseados no grau de conhecimento
sobre a rede são estudados: três referentes à estimação das rugosidades absolutas e um em
relação à calibração direta dos fatores de atrito. Foi encontrado que a qualidade da estimação
das rugosidades absolutas é melhorada conforme o aumento do grau de conhecimento dos tipos
de tubos. A calibração das rugosidades absolutas indica ser mais adequada em relação à
estimação direta dos fatores de atrito sobretudo devido a variação dos fatores de atrito durante
o evento transiente.
Abstract – This paper studies the adequacy of estimation of absolute roughness of pipes in an
existing water distribution network on the basis of hydraulic heads observed during transient
condition. The Inverse Transient Method of estimation using genetic algorithms employs the
Method of Caracteristics in the solution of equations of motion for water flow in the pipes. An
example network is used to study various calibration problems related to the determination of
absolute roughness and friction factor. The network is composed of 11 pipes, 7 nodes and 1
reservoir. A twenty seconds record of transient hydraulic heads resulting from the operation a
valvue in one of the nodes is used to effect the calibration. Four cases based on the degree of
knowledge about the network are studied: three are related to the estimation of absolute
roughness and the other calibrating flow-independent friction factors directly. It is found that
the quality of estimation of the absolute roughness is improved as the knowledge about the
kind of pipes is augmented. The calibration of absolute roughness shows itself to be more
apropriate than the direct estimation of friction factor as the former considers the variation of
friction factors during the transient event.
___________________________
1
Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos – USP, Caixa Postal
359, CEP: 13560-970, São Carlos – SP. Fone:0xx16-2739552. E-mail: kenedy@sc.usp.br;
fazal@sc.usp.b r
30
UM ESTUDO DE CASO DA OPERAÇÃO INTEGRADA ÓTIMA DE TRÊS
RESERVATÓRIOS PARA O REFORÇO DO ABASTECIMENTO DA RMR
Abstract: This work presents an optimal operation analysis study for three parallel reservoirs
system, Tapacurá, Goitá and Várzea do Una, within the Capibaribe river basin, PE, subject to
multiple uses. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of the system under
the assumption of: 1) The reservoirs´ water release are regulated and 2) they are decision
variables of the problem. The objective function was net profit attained from irrigation of
three cropfields and fishing activities while attending the required water urban demand,
minimum regulated flow and flood control. The ORNAP model, which is a software based on
nonlinear programming technique and works on a monthly basis, has been used. The time span
for the solution procedure is one year using monthly average set of hydro-climate data. The
results have shown that this system of reservoirs in parallel is able to attend the requirements of
urban water demands, regulated flow and flood control while generating estimated profits of
R$112.596,00 and R$112.892,00 for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. The ORNAP has shown
to be able to solve this class of problems.
___________________________
1
Profª do DEC-CCT-UFPB, Campus II, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande. CEP:
58109-970. Telefone: 83 310- 1290, e-mail: rosires@dec.ufpb.b r
2
Prof. do DF-CCT-UFPB, Campus-II, C. Grande-PB, fone:83-9312-5807, e-mail: wcuri@df.ufpb.b r
3
Mestre em Eng. Recursos Hídricos, DEC-CCT-UFPB, Campus II, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882,
Bodocongó, C. Grande-PB. Cep: 58109-970, Telefone: (83) 310-1157, e-mail: dayseluna@yahoo.com.br
31
UM MÉTODO DE DIMENSIONAMENTO ÓTIMO DE REDES PRESSURIZADAS
MALHADAS VIA PROGRAMAÇÕES NÃO
LINEAR E LINEAR.
Abstract - This work presents a method for optimal economic design of looped water
distribution network, whose solution is achieved in two steps. At the first step, nonlinear
programming technique is applied to solve the problem, in which the decision variables are the
pipes´ segment flows and diameters. The maximum and minimum velocities, energy and mass
conservation and the minimum head requirement at each node are the constraints for the
problem. At a second step, two diameters, which are upper and lower nominal diameters of the
results attained at the first step, are chosen for each pipe segment. Then a linear programming
technique is applied to attain the length of each pipe segment while keeping the flows and
headlosses constant for each segment. This method was applied to an example used by several
authors in the literature. This method presented a result which is 1,48% more expensive than
the best result found in the literature. Attention should be paid at the satisfaction of the
maximum velocity requirement
___________________________
1
Professor do Depto. Física da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CCT, Campus II, Rua Aprígio Veloso,
882, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB, email: wcuri@df.ufpb.b r , fone: (83) 310-1195, fax: (83)310-
1011
2
Aluno de Iniciação Científica do Curso de Física da UFPB, CCT, Campus II.
32
UMA INTERFACE GRÁFICA PARA O EPANET E PARA O LINGO
Marco Aurélio Holanda de Castro 1 (Professor) , Felipe Fernandes Viana de Araújo 1 (Bolsista);
João Mateus da Rocha Furlani1 (Bolsista)
Resumo – O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um ferramenta gráfica para facilitar o uso do
EPANET e do LINGO. Os programas que estão sendo utilizados no processo de otimização de
redes são: AutoCAD, AutoLISP, Epanet e Lingo. A entrada de dados é feita a partir de um
programa desenvolvido em AutoLISP, dentro do ambiente AutoCAD, onde o usuário deve
fornecer as informações básicas do problema (população, índices, consumo per capita, arquivo
com as curvas de nível, traçado da tubulação, reservatórios...), a partir das quais é gerado um
desenho da rede e dois arquivos com os dados do problema. O primeiro arquivo gerado é usado
por um compilador em Visual Basic, que gera um arquivo interpretável pelo LINGO,
modelador matemático usado para otimizar o diâmetro das tubulações. O segundo arquivo
gerado é usado pelo Epanet, que permite fazer simulações de comportamento hidráulico e
qualidade da água em redes pressurizadas. Obtivemos como resultado uma poderosa
ferramenta capaz de otimizar o dimensionamento, realizar simulações e automatizar a
elaboração de projetos de redes de abastecimento d’água.
Abstract - The main goal of this work is to present a graphical interface to the Softwares
EPANET and LINGO. The programs used in the process of network optimization are:
AutoCAD, AutoLISP, Epanet and Lingo. Running under AutoCAD, the AutoLISP.The
developed software provides an integrated environment for editing network input data,
generating a complete network drawing and two data files. The first data file is used by a VB
compiler, that generates another file in the format of LINGO, a mathematical software used to
calculate the optimal solution of piping diameters. The second data file runs in Epanet, a
software that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior
within pressurized pipe networks. The resualt is a powerful tool able to optimize water
distribution networks, perform simulations and automate the elaboration of projects in water
supply networks.
____________________________
1
Universidade Federal do Ceará – Campus do Pici – Centro de Tecnologia – Departamento de Engenharia
Hidráulica e Ambiental – Fortaleza - CE - Fone: 0xx85-288-9770 E-mail: marco@ufc.br ;
afelipe@zipmail.com.br, mateusfurlani@ ig.com.br
33
UMA PROPOSTA PARA A UTILIZAÇÃO DO CONTROLE ESTATÍSTICO
DO PROCESSO (CEP) ATRAVÉS DA CARTA "X" COMO UMA FERRAMENTA
GERENCIAL PARA A AVALIAÇÃO DA VAZÃO
MÍNIMA NOTURNA DE UM SETOR
Resumo - Uma das principais metodologias para avaliar o controle de perdas de água em
sistemas de distribuição é através da análise da vazão mínima noturna. Com o uso desse
procedimento, é possível monitorar o comportamento da distribuição em um setor de estudo,
analisando os consumos mínimos noturnos existentes. Através desta informação, é possível
estimar os principais componentes das perdas existentes. O uso do controle estatístico do
processo (CEP) pode auxiliar na utilização dessa metodologia. Nesse caso, utiliza-se a carta
"x". Através dessa ferramenta estatística, pode-se analisar esta variável física (vazão) da
seguinte forma: estabelecendo os limites de controles de acompanhamento da variável;
detectando graficamente se está ocorrendo piora ou melhora do processo; avaliando e
acompanhando o processo da vazão mínima noturna e verificando padrões gráficos de
ocorrência que podem estar associados a anormalidades.
Abstract - One of the main methodologies to evaluate the water's losses control in distribution
systems is through the analysis of the nocturnal minimum flow. With the use of this procedure
is possible to evaluate the behavior of the distribution in a sector’s study analyzing the
nocturnal minimum consumption existings. Through this information is possible to esteem the
main components of the existing losses. The use of the statistical process control (SPC) can
assist in the utilization of this methodology. In this case it uses the X’s letter. Through this
statistical tool we can analyze this physical variable (flow) of the following form: establishing
accompaniment controls limits of the variable; evaluating and accompanying the process of the
nocturnal minimum flow; detecting graphically if it is occurring a worsening or an
improvement of the process and verifying occurrence graphics standards that can be associate
to the abnormalities.
Palavras chave: controle estatístico do processo (CEP), vazão mínima noturna, carta x, perdas
de água.
____________________________
1
Engenheiro civil pela UFG e mestre em engenharia de produção pela UFSC. Trabalha na empresa Saneamento
de Goiás S/A na supervisão de pitometria e macromedição. Filiação: Sadanobu Kurokawa e Keiko Higashitani
Kurokawa. Endereço residencial: rua 236, n.º 375 apto. 703, Ed. Júlio Verne; setor Universitário. CEP 74.610-
090 Goiânia – GO. Endereço comercial: avenida Vereador José Monteiro, 1957, setor Negrão de Lima. CEP
74.650-250 Goiânia – GO
Telefone residencial: 55 (0xx62) 202-35-47 e telefone comercial: 55 (0xx62) 202-40-60 r.206.
e-mail: edsonkurokawa@uol.com.br e kurokawa@saneago.com.br
2
Engenheiro mecânico pela UFPR, mestre e doutor em engenharia de produção pela UFSC. Professor adjunto
da UFSC. Endereço: UFSC- CTC – EPS, Caixa Postal 5192, Trindade. CEP 88.040-970 Florianópolis – SC.
Telefone: 55 (0xx 48) 331-71-10 e-mail: cezar@ufsc.com.br
34
UTILIZAÇÃO DE ALGORITMOS EVOLUCIONÁRIOS MULTIOBJETIVOS NO
DIMENSIONAMENTO DE REDES DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA
Abstract – The critical problem in design of water supply networks relates to determination
of pipe diameters. Several authors have focused on the methods capable of sizing the
network considering uncertainty and other important aspects. This study presents an
application of multiobjective decision making using evolutionary algorithms to generate a
series of nondominated solutions. The three objectives functions considered here include
investment costs, leakage losses and system demand supply ratio. In order to determine the
Pareto frontier the public domain toolbox MOEA developed to MATLAB coupled with a
hybrid hydraulic simulator based on the method of Nielsen. This technique is found to be
quite promising, the nondominated region being identified in reasonably small number of
iterations.
___________________________
1
Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Hidráulica e Saneamento. Universidade de São Paulo –
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos– São Carlos - SP CEP: 13.560-250 Fone: 0xx16-3376-4386 Fax:
0xx16-273-9550 e-mail: klebberformiga@uol.com.br
2
Professor Titular do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Hidráulica e Saneamento. Universidade de São
Paulo – Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos – São Carlos - SP CEP: 13.560-250 Fone: 0xx16-273-9534
Fax: 0xx16-273-9550 e-mail: fazal@sc.usp.br.
35
UTILIZANDO A CARTA X PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE DADOS DIÁRIOS DA
MACROMEDIÇÃO DE UM SETOR DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA TRATADA DA
CIDADE DE GOIÂNIA (CASO JARDIM AMÉRICA).
Resumo - Uma das principais formas de controle setorial da distribuição usada nas empresas
de saneamento é através da macromedição instalada na entrada desta região. Os dados gerados
através desse processo podem ser avaliados com o uso do controle estatístico do processo
(CEP). Nesse caso, é usada a carta x. Esse modelo de carta é utilizado nas situações nas quais
se trabalha com variáveis físicas e medidas individuais. O objetivo desse artigo é mostrar uma
aplicação da carta x para análise de dados gerados através da macromedição setorial e suas
possíveis aplicações no controle de perdas de água tratada de regiões de controle.
Abstract - One of the main forms to sectorial control of distribution used in the water company
supply is through the macromeasurement installed in entrance of a region. The data generated
through this process can be evaluated by the Statistical Process Control (SPC). In this case is
used the chart x. This model of letter is used for situations where it works with physical
variables and individual measurements. The objective of this article is to show an application
of chart x for analysis of the data generated in the macromeasurement of a sector and its
possibilities to application of sectorial control water's losses.
___________________________
1
Engenheiro civil pela UFG e mestre em engenharia de produção pela UFSC. Trabalha na empresa
Saneamento de Goiás S/A na supervisão de pitometria e macromedição. Filiação: Sadanobu Kurokawa e
Keiko Higashitani Kurokawa. Endereço residencial: rua 236, n.º 375, apto. 703, Ed. Júlio Verne, setor
Universitário. CEP 74.610-090 Goiânia – GO Endereço comercial: avenida Vereador José Monteiro,
1957, setor Negrão de Lima. CEP 74.650-250 Goiânia – GO. Telefone residencial: 55 (0xx62) 202-35-47
e telefone comercial: 55 (0xx62) 202-40-60 r.206. e-mail: edsonkurokawa@uol.com.br e
kurokawa@saneago.com.br
2
Engenheiro mecânico pela UFPR, mestre e doutor em engenharia de produção pela UFSC. Professor
adjunto da UFSC. Endereço: UFSC- CTC – EPS. Caixa Postal 5192, Trindade. Florianópolis – SC CEP
88.040-970 Telefone: 55( 0xx 48) 331-71-10 e-mail: cezar@ufsc.com.br
36