Learn Quranic Arabic Grammar Class Notes 20110513

.
.,
,|
,|
, .
,,
.|
=
`
,
-

LEARN QURANIC ARABIC CLASS NOTES

Learn Quranic Arabic Class Notes

2

Learn Quranic Arabic was taught by Imam Dr. Yusuf Ziya Kavakci multiple times at Islamic
Association of North Texas (IANT). Through only around 30-40 hours teaching, Imam Yusufs class
helps the students wonderfully to understand the overall picture of Quranic Arabic grammar, and
most of commonly used grammar phenomena appear in the Quran. The teaching is also organized in
a systematical way which helps students to memorize what they learn. Imam Yusufs teaching leads
students to start tasting and enjoying the beauty and accuracy of Quranic Arabic and, more important,
the beauty and profound meaning of the Holly Quran. May Allah (SWT) reward him, his family, and
his teachers the best for his many years efforts and patience to spread Islamic knowledge. Ameen.
You can find related class videos and notes at: http://iant.com/lqindex.php

Copyright 2011 All rights reserved


3

Contents
LEARN QURANIC ARABIC CLASS NOTES ............................................................................................ 1
Chapter 1 Morphology (
`
.
) ............................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Pronouns (
` . ) ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Patterns (
) of Arabic Verbs ........................................................................................................ 6

1.3 Verb Conjugation on Tense ........................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Active Form ............................................................................... 8
1.5 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Passive Form ........................................................................... 11
1.6 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense Active Form ..................................... 13
1.7 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense Passive Form .................................... 16
1.8 Derived Nouns (
) of Three-Letter Verbs ................................................................. 18

1.9 Signs of Feminine Words ............................................................................................................ 19
1.10 Dual Forms of Nouns (
`
) ....................................................................................................... 20
1.11 Plural Forms of Nouns (
~) ..................................................................................................... 20
1.12 Dual Forms (
`
) and Plural Forms (
~) of some Derived Nouns of
................................ 21
1.13 Negation, Prohibition, Imperative, and Others ......................................................................... 22
1.14 Conjugation of Present / Present Continuous Negation (
) ..................................... 23
1.15 Conjugation of Future Negation (
. ) ......................................................................... 24
1.16 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation (
) ................................................................... 26
1.17 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation Emphasis Form ............................................................... 27
(
'
) ............................................................................................................................... 27
1.18 Conjugation of Imperative (
) ......................................................................................... 29
1.19 Conjugation of Prohibition (
.`
) ........................................................................................ 30
1.20 Six groups (
) of Three-Letter Verbs .................................................................................. 32

1.21 Four-Letter (3+1) Verbs (
'
) ..................................................................................... 34
1.22 Five Letter Verbs (3+2) (
'
) ...................................................................................... 35
1.23 Six Letter Verbs (3+3) (
'
) ....................................................................................... 37
1.24 Four-Letter Root Verbs (
) and Their Derivative Groups (
' ) ................................. 38
1.25 Three Sick Letters and Seven Categories (
`
) of the Verbs ....................................... 40
1.26 Sickness Curing of Verbs ( .
) ................................................................................................ 41
Chapter 2 Syntax (
-`
. ) ....................................................................................................................... 45
2.1 Word (
) and Sentence (
) ............................................................................................ 45
2.2 Indefinite Form (
) and Definite Form (
) of a Noun ................................................... 46
2.3 Different Meaning of ,
` . .
.......................................................................................... 47
2.4 Declinable Words (
) and Indeclinable Words (
) ......................................................... 47
2.5 Some Terms Related to Syntax (
-`
) ....................................................................................... 48
2.6 Categories of
(Words in Genitive Case) .......................................................................... 49

2.7 Categories of
(Words in Nominal Case) ........................................................................ 50


4

2.8 Categories of
(Words in Accusative Case) .................................................................... 52

2.9
Maker of Verbs in Present or Present Continuous Tense (
- -
) ............................. 56
2.10 ` .' vs. ` .
.................................................................................................................................... 58
2.11 Auxiliary Verbs ( .
` ) .................................................................................................. 59
2.12 Almost Happened, But Actually did not ( .
) ........................................................ 60
2.13 Categories of Declinable Words (
) ................................................................................... 60
2.14 Putting Harakah on ,
. ...................................................................................... 62
2.15 Declinable Nouns (
'
) and Indeclinable Nouns (
'
) ............................... 62
2.16 Conjunction Letters (
.=
) ............................................................................................ 63
2.17 Phrase
.,
'
. ................................................................................................................... 64
2.18 Phrase
.,
'
. ................................................................................................................... 65
2.19 Followers
........................................................................................................................... 65
2.20 Sun Letters (
`
,
` ) and Moon Letters (
) ............................................... 66
Appendix A: Terminologies and Approximate Translations ................................................................. 68
Appendix B: Abbriviations ................................................................................................................... 71
Appendix C: Examples of Full Conjugation ......................................................................................... 71

................................................................................................... 72

.................................................................................................. 80

..
..................................................................................................... 88

..................................................................................................... 96

'
................................................................................................... 104

'
................................................................................................... 112

.............................................................................................. 120

.................................................................................................... 128

................................................................................................. 136


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Chapter 1 Morphology (
=|
)

1.1 Pronouns (
=|
)

In Arabic, pronouns have two forms:

1. Separate form, which is used as a stand alone word. For example:

.,
-|
- He is the Most High, the Supreme (in glory).
|| I am a student.
2. Attached form, which is attached to another word as a suffix. For example:
,
. on them, upon them

your (plural) Lord

Below table lists pronouns in both Separate form and Attached form

Table 1: Pronouns (Attached form / Separate Form)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

them / they (three
or more masculine)

them / they (two
masculine)

=
him / he
3rd.p.M. (
-|

them / they (three
or more feminine)

them / they (two
feminine)

her / she
3rd.p.M. (
-| )

| |

you / you (three or
more masculine)

| |

you / you (two
masculine)

| | =
you / you
2nd.p.M. (
.|
| |

you / you (three or
more feminine)

| |

you / you (two
feminine)

| |
=
her / she
2nd.p.F. (
,|

us / we (two or more masculine / feminine)

| |

me / I
1st.p. (
.
`
)

To make the memorizing easier for above paradigm, as well as the paradigms in the following lessons,
Imam Yusuf introduced Arabic Grammar Hand:


6

1.2 Patterns (
,) of Arabic Verbs
The conjugation of Arabic verbs is following patterns (
,). Verb
is commonly being taken as a

model to express these different groups of patterns in various context, although as a verb,
has its
own meaning (do, make, etc), and follows only one group (
) of patterns.
Each letter ( .- .= . ) in
is called a radical. Each of these three radicals in
is also given a
name for reference purpose:
= Is called

- Is called
|
. Is called
|


7

The vowels in Arabic are expressed by Harakat (
= ), or vowel marks, which refers to:

,
. .

Maybe more than 99% of Arabic verbs are rooted from three-letter root verbs (
) or derived from
three-letter root verbs, the other 1% are four-letter root verbs or more letters root verbs and their
derivatives. In his Morphology (
, =|
) classes, Imam Yusuf first focused on three-letter verbs and

their derivatives, then discussed four letter root verbs and their derivatives.

1.3 Verb Conjugation on Tense

Below table shows Arabic verb conjugation on tense: past tense, present / present continuous tense,
and imperative (order) mood.
is used as a model to express the patterns.

Table 2 Verb Conjugation on Tense
Imperative
(
.|
-| )
Present/Present Continuous
Tense (
- )
Past Tense (
- )

Active ( ,
- )

Passive ( .,
)

The meaning patterns are:

: he did ..

: he was done upon ..

: he does .. / he is doing ..

: he is done upon .. / he is being done upon ..

- : (You) Do it!

Many Arabic verbs follow above patterns to form their tenses and imperatives. E.g.:

Imperative
(
.|
-| )
Present / Present
Continuous (
- )
Past (
- )

- Active (
-,
- Passive ( .,
)

The meanings are:


8

- : he worshipped ..

- : he was worshipped ..

: he worships / he is worshipping ..

: he is worshipped / he is being worshipped ..

- : (You) Worship!

1.4 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Active Form

How to express in Arabic verbs different persons, 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person? How to
express the numbers, such as singular, plural? In fact in Arabic, dual (two persons) is also
differentiated. How to express the gender, masculine and feminine? Arabic verbs conjugate on persons,
numbers, as well as on gender. These types of conjugation are generally through inflection, which is
end-changing, such as putting suffix. These conjugations are following patterns. The following
paradigm expresses verb conjugation on person, number, and gender for past tense active form.

Table 3 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Active Form
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

,

3rd.p.M. (
-|
.
3rd.p.F. (
-|

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|

1st.p. (
.
`
)


: he (masculine, one person) did ..

: they (masculine, two persons) did

,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) did

: she (feminine, one person) did ..
: they (feminine, two persons) did

: they (feminine, three or more persons) did


9

: you (masculine, one person) did
: you (both gender, two persons) did

: you (masculine, three or more persons) did

: you (feminine, one person) did
: you (both gender, two persons) did

: you (feminine, three or more persons) did

: I (both gender, one person) did
: we(both gender, two or more persons) did

For example, below is the paradigm for =,-:

Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
. )

,
-
Absent M. (
-|
=
3rd.p.F. (
-|
=
2nd.p.M. (
.|
=
2nd.p.F. (
,|
=
1st.p. (
.
`
)

The meanings are:

- : he (masculine, one person) worshipped ..
- : they (masculine, two persons) worshipped

,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : she (feminine, one person) worshipped..

: they (feminine, two persons) worshipped

. : they (feminine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : you (masculine, one person) worshipped

: you (both gender, two persons) worshipped

: you (masculine, three or more persons) worshipped


10

= : you (feminine, one person) worshipped

: you (both gender, two persons) worshipped

: you (feminine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : I (both gender, one person) worshipped

: we(both gender, two or more persons) worshipped

The Arabic Grammar Hand for this paradigm is as follows:


11

1.5 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Passive Form

Similarly, the following paradigm expresses verb conjugation on person, number, and gender for past
tense passive form.

Table 4 Verb Conjugation on Past Tense Passive Form
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

3rd.p.M. (
-|
.
3rd.p.F. (
-|
.
2nd.p.M. (
.|
.
2nd.p.F. (
,|
.
1st.p. (
.
`
)


: he (masculine, one person) was done upon ..

: : they (masculine, two persons) were done upon

, : they (masculine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : she (feminine, one person) was done upon ..

: they (feminine, two persons) were done upon

: they (feminine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : you (masculine, one person) were done upon

: you (both gender, two persons) were done upon

: you (masculine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : you (feminine, one person) were done upon

: you (both gender, two persons) were done upon

: you (feminine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : I (both gender, one person) was done upon

: we(both gender, two or more persons) were done upon

For example, below is the paradigm for in past tense passive form:


12

Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

,

3rd.p.M. (
-|
=
3rd.p.F. (
-|
=
2nd.p.M. (
.| )

=
2nd.p.F. (
,|
=
1st.p. (
.
`
)

The meanings are:

: he (masculine, one person) was helped ..
: they (masculine, two persons) were helped

,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) were helped

= : she (feminine, one person) was helped ..

: they (feminine, two persons) were helped

. : they (feminine, three or more persons) were helped

= : you (masculine, one person) were helped

: you (both gender, two persons) were helped

: you (masculine, three or more persons) were helped

= : you (feminine, one person) were helped

: you (both gender, two persons) were helped

: you (feminine, three or more persons) were helped

= : I (both gender, one person) was helped

: we(both gender, two or more persons) were helped



13

1.6 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense
Active Form

Present / Present Continuous Tense (
- ) of Arabic verbs is formed by prefixing and suffixing the

root with specific letters with vowels according to person, number, and gender. Prefix letter can be one
of the four letters: . . = | . Sometimes they are called particles of present tense ( -
=,
- ).
Below paradigm expresses the conjugation for active form:

Table 5 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense Active Form
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
)


14

.,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
- |
1st.p. (
.
`
)


: he (masculine, one person) does / is doing ..

: they (masculine, two persons) do / are doing

.,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) do / are doing

: she (feminine, one person) does / is doing ..

: they (feminine, two persons) do / are doing

: they (feminine, three or more persons) do / are doing

: you (masculine, one person) do / are doing

: you (both gender, two persons) do / are doing

.,
: you (masculine, three or more persons) do / are doing

: you (feminine, one person) do / are doing

: you (both gender, two persons) do / are doing

: you (feminine, three or more persons) do / are doing

- | : I (both gender, one person) do / am doing

: we(both gender, two or more persons) do / are doing

For example, below is the paradigm for ,= in present/present continuous tense active form:

: he (masculine, one person) thanks / is thanking ..

: they (masculine, two persons) thank / are thanking ..

.,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) thank / are thanking ..

: she (feminine, one person) thanks / is thanking ..

: they (feminine, two persons) thank / are thanking ..

: they (feminine, three or more persons) thank / are thanking ..


15

: you (masculine, one person) thank / are thanking ..

: you (both gender, two persons) thank / are thanking ..

.,
: you (masculine, three or more persons) thank / are thanking ..

: you (feminine, one person) thank / are thanking ..

: you (both gender, two persons) thank / are thanking ..

: you (feminine, three or more persons) thank / are thanking ..

|
= : I (both gender, one person) thank / am thanking ..

: we(both gender, two or more persons) thank / are thanking ..



16

1.7 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense
Passive Form

The Passive Form of Present / Present Continuous Tense of Arabic verbs is formed similarly as active
form except that vowels changes. The following paradigm expresses the conjugation for passive form:

Table 6 Verb Conjugation on Present / Present Continuous Tense Passive Form
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

.,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
- )

.,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
- |

1st.p. (
.
`
)


: he (masculine, one person) is done upon / is being done upon ..

: they (masculine, two persons) are done upon / are being done upon

.,
: they (masculine, three or more persons) are done upon / are being done upon

: she (feminine, one person) is done upon / is being done upo ..

: they (feminine, two persons) are done upon / are being done upon

: they (feminine, three or more persons) are done upon / are being done upon

: you (masculine, one person) are done upon / are being done upon

: you (both gender, two persons) are done upon / are being done upon

.,
: you (masculine, three or more persons) are done upon / are being done upon

: you (feminine, one person) are done upon / are being done upon

. : you (both gender, two persons) are done upon / are being done upon

: you (feminine, three or more persons) are done upon / are being done upon

- | : I (both gender, one person) am done upon / am being done upon

: we(both gender, two or more persons) are done upon / are being done upon


17

For example, below is the paradigm for ,= in present/present continuous tense passive form:

, : he (masculine, one person) is thanked / is being thanked ..

, : they (masculine, two persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

.,
, : they (masculine, three or more persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : she (feminine, one person) is thanked / is being thanked ..

, : they (feminine, two persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : they (feminine, three or more persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : you (masculine, one person) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : you (both gender, two persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

.,
, : you (masculine, three or more persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

: you (feminine, one person) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : you (both gender, two persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..

, : you (feminine, three or more persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..
|
, : I (both gender, one person) am thanked / am being thanked ..

, : we(both gender, two or more persons) are thanked / are being thanked ..



18

1.8 Derived Nouns (
) of Three-Letter Verbs

Arabic nouns can be subdivided into two types:
1. _
- the derived, means they are derived from some root words, usually verbs.
2.
- the non-derived, means they are type of isolated, not derived from root verbs.
Derived nouns are formed following certain patterns. These patterns can be many based upon a root
verb, and very commonly, a specific pattern is associated with a specific meaning (pattern). In this
class, Imam Yusuf discussed some popular derived nouns of three-letter verb model:
. The
grammar terms / names of these derived nouns are also provided, which are common even for
four-letter or more letter verbs.

Table 7 Derived Nouns (
=
v
) of verb

Meaning of Example Example Meaning Derived
Noun
Grammar Name


19

Helper

Doer

=
The helped

-
The one who is done
upon
.,
.,
=
The place of helping;

The time of helping;

Helping

-
The place of the
action;
The time of the
action;
Doing (The gerund);

,|
-
The tool to help

-
The tool of the
action

-|v
=
Better helper /
The best helper

|
Better doer /
The Best doer

- |
=
One time helping

One time doing

-
Kind of helping /
Type of helping

Kind of doing /
Type of doing

-
Little helping

Little doing

,,
=|
=
Helping related

What related to
doing

=,
=
Too much helping

Too much doing
.-
-|
=
Helper /
The helped

Doer / The one who
is done upon
(depends on context)

.,
|
Helper /
The helped

Doer / The one who
is done upon
(depends on context)
.,
.,
|

1.9 Signs of Feminine Words

In Arabic, feminine words are usually indicated by some special signs. Below are these signs to
indicate feminine words:

Table 8 Signs of Feminine Words
Examples Signs Grammar Name
.
-|,
- .
- .
- |
.,
= .
.,
||
. ..
||


20

1.10 Dual Forms of Nouns (
-)

Not like English, Arabic differentiates one person, two persons, and more persons. So in addition to
singular, plural, Arabic words have their dual forms also, while the plural is dedicated to three or more
persons. Commonly, this dual form of noun (
-) is formed by adding either suffix of
or
, .

is for nominative case, and
for accusative case and genitive case.

Table 9 Dual Forms of Nouns (
- )
Meaning
Dual (
-)
Suffix
Singular (
-)
Two truthful males, two
truthful females

= .
= . 3
=
Two truthful males, two
truthful females

= .

1.11 Plural Forms of Nouns (
-)

There are three types of plural forms of nouns in Arabic:
1. Sound Masculine Form (
.|
): formed by adding suffix of
.,
or
.,
is for
nominative case, and

2. Sound Feminine Form (
.|
): formed by adding suffix of =
is for
nominative case, and

3. Non Regular Form (
): no rule for this form

Table 10 Plural Forms of Nouns
Plural (
-)
Suffix
Singular (
-)
Type

.,
= .
.,
.,
= .
-
Sound Masculine Form

= .
= .
= .
-
Sound Feminine Form

= .
. .
. .

Non Regular Form


21

1.12 Dual Forms (
-) and Plural Forms (
-) of some
Derived Nouns of

Below table lists the patterns of dual forms and plural forms of some derived nouns of
.
Table 11 Dual Forms (
-) and Plural Forms (
-) of some Derived Nouns

Non Regular Plural
(
- )
Plural (
-) Dual (
-) Singular (
-)

. .-
.,
- ,
.,|
v,
- .,
-
,
| ,
,|

v,
- ,
-|,
v,
- ,
.,
.,
-
-
.,| -
v .-
| -
,|
-
v -
-|-
v-
|


22

.,
- |
- |
- |

- |
- |

1.13 Negation, Prohibition, Imperative, and Others

In Arabic, the present tense negation of a verb is formed based on present / present Continuous
(
- ) form by preceding it particle
- or
v . If we put preceding particle
.| before present (
- )
form, it renders into past tense negation. This
.| also renders the Harakah on radical . into sukun (
).

Present (
- ) form is also being used to construct imperative form, prohibition form, future tense,
etc. Weve learnt, in former class, the imperative of the 2nd person (
.|
-| ) . The imperative of
the 3rd person is formed by preceding present (
- ) form the particle of
. . The Harakah of the

third radical (
| ) is rendered into sukun (
). Preceding particle
v is used to make prohibition

form, while
or
= is used to form future tense.

Below table is an overview of some grammar forms based on present / present Continuous (
- )
form, including negation, prohibition, future tense, imperative, etc. Well learn the detail of some
forms in the following classes.

Table 12 Negation, Prohibition, Imperative, and Others
Meaning Forms Grammar Name
He doesnt do

- -

He doesnt do

v -

He will never ever do

=
He didnt do

.|

He never ever did

=,

He will do (near future)

=
He will do (far future)

= .


23

Let him do

-|
-|
Let him not to do

-|

(you) do!

.|
-|
(you) dont do!

.|

What a wonderful doing

- |
- |
,
What a wonderful doing

-|
- |
.

1.14 Conjugation of Present / Present Continuous Negation
(
)

When present (
- ) form is preceded by particle
- or
v , its meaning becomes negation of present

/ present continuous tense, that is .. doesnt do .. / .. is not doing .. For example:

: he doesnt help / is not helping.
: they (feminine, three or more persons) dont help / are not helping.
: we (two or more persons) dont help / are not helping.

The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of present / present continuous negation form on
person, gender, and number. - is used as a model.

Table 13 Conjugation of Present / Present Continuous Negation ( -
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

.,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
.,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
- |

1st.p. (
.
`
)


24

Simply replace
- with
v in above paradigm, well get the conjugation for using
v .


1.15 Conjugation of Future Negation (
= )
When present (
| , its meaning becomes future negation, that is

.. will never ever do ... For example:

: he will never ever help.

: they (feminine, three or more persons) will never ever help.

: we (two or more persons) shall never ever help.

Note that the ending Harakah of
- following
| renders into Fatha (
) .
The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of future negation form on person, gender, and
number. - is used as a model. Please pay attention to the change of the ending Harakat.


25

Table 14 Conjugation of Future Negation (
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

| ,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
| ,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
- |
1st.p. (
.
`
)



26

1.16 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation (
)
When present (
.|, its meaning becomes past tense negation, that

is .. didnt do ... For example:

.|
: he didnt help.

.|
: they (feminine, three or more persons) didnt help.

.|
: we (two or more persons) didnt help.

Note that the ending Harakah of
- following
.| renders into sukun (
) .
The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of past tense negation form on person, gender, and
number. - is used as a model. Please pay attention to the change of the ending Harakat.

Table 15 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation (
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

.| ,
.|
.|

3rd.p.M. (
-|
.|
.|
.|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
.| ,
.|
.|

2nd.p.M. (
.|
.|
.|
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
.|
.|
- |
1st.p. (
.
`
)



27

1.17 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation Emphasis Form
(
=,
)

When present (
|, it forms the emphsis form of past tense

negation. Its meaning is .. never ever did ... For example:
: he never ever helped.
: they (feminine, three or more persons) never ever helped.
: we (two or more persons) never ever helped.

The ending Harakah of
- following
| renders into sukun ,
. .
The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of emphasis form of past tense negation on person,
gender, and number. - is used as a model. Please pay attention to the change of the ending Harakat.


28

Table 16 Conjugation of Past Tense Negation Emphasis Form (
=,
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

| ,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
| ,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
- |
1st.p. (
.
`
)



29

1.18 Conjugation of Imperative (
)

Weve learnt the imperative of the 2nd person (
.|
-| ) in former classes. The imperative of the

3rd person is formed by preceding present (
. . The Harakah of the third

radical (
| ) is rendered into sukun ,
. . Its meaning is .. let .. do ... For example:

- : let him worship

, : let them (feminine, three or more persons) worship

, : let them (masculine, two persons) worship

The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of imperative form on person, gender, and number.
- is used as a model. Please pay attention to the change of the ending Harakat.

Table 17 Conjugation of Imperative (
,
v
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

| ,
,
3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
-
2nd.p.M. (
.|
-
2nd.p.F. (
,|
)



30

1.19 Conjugation of Prohibition (
, |
)

The prohibition is formed by preceding present (
v . The Harakah of the

third radical (
| ) is rendered into sukun ,
. . Its meaning is .. let .. not do ... For example:

: let him not worship

: let them (feminine, three or more persons) not worship

- , : You (masculine, three or more persons) do not worship

The following paradigm expresses the conjugation of prohibition form on person, gender, and number.
- is used as a model. Please pay attention to the change of the ending Harakat.


31

Table 18 Conjugation of Prohibition (
, |
)
Plural (
- ) Dual (
- ) Singular (
- )

v ,

3rd.p.M. (
-|

3rd.p.F. (
-|
v ,

2nd.p.M. (
.|

2nd.p.F. (
,|
)



32

1.20 Six groups (

In former classes, weve learnt conjugation on tense of three-letter verbs, below is the paradigm:

Imperative
(
.|
-| )
Present/Present Continuous
Tense (
- )
Past Tense (
- )

Active (
-,
Passive ( .,
)

If we pay attention to its active past tense and active present tense, especially to the Harakah of the 2
nd

radical of - (
| ):

We noticed that its harakah is
. in active past tense, and
= . in active present tense, or the

combination is: (
), or ,
= . .
Can the harakat be other combination in active tenses, such as (
)? The answer is yes. In fact,

three-letter Arabic verbs are devided into six groups (
) according to different harakah

combinations of
| in active past tense and active present tense:

Harakah of 2
nd
radical (
| )
Groups
Active Present Tense Active Past Tense

. 1st
. 2nd

. 3rd

. 4th
= . 5th
. 6th


33

The following table illustrates conjugation on tense of these six groups (
) of three-letter verbs:

Table 19 Six groups (
Imperative
(
.|
-| )
Present / Present Continuous
Tense (
- )
Past Tense (
- ) Groups (
| )

. 1st

. 2nd

. 3rd

. 4th

= . 5th

. 6th

-

Meaning of above example verbs:

There are several rules here (please refer to above paradigm, especially pay attention to the red high
lights):
1. Harakat combination of active past tense and active present tense of the 2
nd
radical (
| ) are
changing from group (
) to group (
), which differentiates different groups.

2. For all these six groups, the passive past tense and passive present tense are following the same
pattern, that is: (
), no harakah change from group to group.

3. For active past tense and active present tense of these six groups, the Harakah of the1
st
radical (
| ) are following the same pattern, no change from group to group.

4. For active past tense and active present tense of these six groups, the Harakah of the 3
rd
radical (
v


34

| ) are following the same pattern, no change from group to group.

5. For the Imperative (
.|
-| ) of these six groups, all the preceding Hamzah are hamzat ul

wasl (
,|
), the harakah rendered to this hamzat ul wasl depends on the harakah of the 2
nd

radical (
| ) in active present tense: if the the harakah of the 2

nd
radical in active present tense
is
or
, the hamzat ul wasl in its imerative is rendered to harakah
, if the the harakah of the 2

nd

radical in active present tense is
, the hamzat ul wasl in imperative is rendered to harakah
.

1.21 Four-Letter (3+1) Verbs (
,|
)

Weve learnt different groups of 3-letter verbs in Arabic. By adding 1 or more letter(s) before or after
different radicals of a 3-letter verb, or repeating a particular radical, new verb can be derived from this
3-letter verb. For example, if an alif ( |) is added in front of the first radical of
, we get
- | ,
which forms a 4-letter (3+1) verb. The name of this group of verbs is
- . .
is the verbal
noun of this group (
).

Up to 3 letters can be added upon a 3-letter verb, which makes these derived verbs can be of 4 letters,
5 letters, or 6 letters. In this lesson, Imam Yusuf teaches several commonly used Four-Letter (3+1)
(
,|
) verb groups derived from 3-letter verbs:

1.
: it makes intransitive verbs (in original 3-letter
) transitive (
- |
- )
2.
| ,
: it can have two types of meanings:

(a) it makes intransitive verbs transitive (
- |
- )
(b) it means doing something a lot (
,,
)
3.
: it means doing something mutually (
)
The following paradigm shows conjugation on tense of above three derived groups (
| ), also their
verbal noun (
- ), and some derived nouns. For each of these three groups, its passive participle
(
.,
), place noun (
= ), time noun (
,|
= ), and gerund (
- ) are
same. To simplify, well call them Four Nouns in the following sessions.


35

Table 20 Four Letter Verbs (3+1) (
,|
) conjugation and derived nouns

Four Nouns

.,
,|
-
Active
participle
|

Verbal noun
(
- )
Imperative
(
-|

.|
|)
Present /
Present
Continuous
Tense
(
- )
Past Tense
(
- )

- .
-|
- |
Active
(
-,
-|
Passive
( .,
| ,
`
-
`
-
`
-

Active
(
-,
`
-

Passive
( .,
- .
-,
. .

Active
(
-,
-
Passive
(
., )

1.22 Five Letter Verbs (3+2) (
)

In this lesson, Imam Yusuf teaches several commonly used Five-Letter (3+2) (
,|
) verb
groups, which are derived from 3-letter verbs by adding 2 letters in front or after base radicals.

There are five groups (
| ) discussed falling into 3+2 category:

1.
: it means obedience; obedient actions (
,=
| )
2.
: it means obedience; obedient actions (
,=
| )
3.
- : it means something becomes a certain color (red, white, black, etc) (
,|
:
| )
4.
| -
: it means to carry / do something with difficulty / effort (
)


36

5.
: it means to do something mutually with intensity (
| )

Table 21 Five Letter Verbs (3+2) (

Four Nouns

.,
,|
-
Active
participle
|

Verbal noun
(
- )
Imperative
(
-|

.|
|)
Present /
Present
Continuous
Tense
(
- )
Past Tense
(
- )

Active
(
-, )

Passive
( .,

Active
(
-,

Passive
( .,
-
Active
(
-,
-
Passive
( .,
| -
`
-

Active
(
-,
`
-

Passive
( .,

Active
(
-,
-,

Passive
( .,
)


37

1.23 Six Letter Verbs (3+3) ( |
.|
)

In this lesson, Imam Yusuf continues to discuss six-letter (3+3) (
,|
) verb groups, which

are derived from 3-letter verbs by adding 3 letters in front or after base radicals.
There are four groups (
| ) discussed falling into 3+3 category:

1.
= : this
has two meanings:

(a) it makes intransitive verbs transitive (
- |
- )
(b) it means to ask (someone) to do something
2.
:,
- : it means something becomes a certain color (red, white, black, etc) (
,|
:
| ) more
3.
-,
- : it means something becomes intensive by itself (
-|
- )
4.
- : it means something becomes intensive by itself (
-|
- )

Table 22 Six Letter Verbs (3+3) (
.|

Four Nouns

.,
,|
-
Active
participle
|

Verbal noun
(
- )
Imperative
(
-|

.|
|)
Present /
Present
Continuous
Tense
(
- )
Past Tense
(
- )

=
Active
(
-,
=
Passive
( .,
:,
:,
- .
-
`
.

-
Active
(
-,
-
Passive
( .,
-,
-,
-
Active
(
-,
)


38

-,
-
Passive
( .,
v
.
- .
`
,
.
`
,
- .
`
,
-
Active
(
-,
.
`
,
-
Passive
( .,
)

1.24 Four-Letter Root Verbs (
) and Their Derivative

Groups (
| )

Until now, weve discussed about three-letter root verbs and their derivative groups, such as 3+1, 3+2,
3+3. Three-Letter root verbs and their derivatives may cover 99% Arabic verbs, but there is a small
portion of Arabic verbs are rooted from Four-Letter verbs, that is in stead of three letters, the root verb
itself has four letters. This type of verbs are called Four-Letter Root Verbs (
).
Four-Letter Root Verbs (
) can also have derivative groups (
| ) by adding 1 or more
letters into the original radicals. These derivative groups are called
. Most commonly used

groups are Five Letter (4+1) and Six Letter (4+2) Verbs. In this section, Imam Yusuf discussed below
Four-Letter Root Verb group and its derivative groups (
| ):

1.
: it makes intransitive verbs transitive (
- |
- )
2.
: it means to obey to do something (
,=
| )
3.
- : it means to obey to do something (
,=
| )
4.
- : it makes intransitive verbs transitive more

Note: For verbs having more than 3 letters, the following four derivative nouns are of the same form:
Past Participle (The one whom is done upon) (
.,
= );
Place Noun (
= );
Time Noun (
- ,|
= );
The Gerund (
- ).
For example:
- has all four meanings above.


39

Table 23 Four-Letter Root Verbs (
) and their derivative groups (
| )
Four Nouns

.,
,|
-
Active
participle
|

Verbal noun
(
- )
Imperative
(
-|

.|
|)
Present /
Present
Continuous
Tense
(
- )
Past Tense
(
- )

- .

Active
(
-,

Passive
( .,

Active
(
-,

Passive
( .,
-
Active
(
-,
-
Passive
( .,
-
Active
(
-,
-
Passive
( .,
)

We have gone over all these groups (
| ), three-letter root verbs and four-letter root verbs and their

derivatives, as a practice, you can write down their conjugations on person, gender, number, and
tenses in active/passive forms, then put each paradigm on Arabic Grammar Hand and try to
memorize them.


40

1.25 Three Sick Letters and Seven Categories (
.|
- ) of
the Verbs

In this section, another type of categorization of Arabic verbs is introduced. This categorization is
based on if an Arabic verb has so called sick letters, and how it has them.
There are three sick letters (
-|
=,
- ) in Arabic:
1. , , .
,
2. , . .

3. , | .
||
.

According to the way Arabic verbs having sick letters, they are divided into seven categories:
1.
=
2.
.|
-
3.
-
4.
.,
|
5.

6.
-
7. =
-|

More details are following (not in the order above):

1.
= : Healthy verb (
= . )
Verbs in this category have no sick letter (
-|
=,
.,
)
E.g.

2.
- : Verb with hamzah (
)
Verbs in this category have hamzah.
Hamzah = Alif + Harakah
Hamzah always has harakah.
Different forms of hamzah include:
, .
a .
. .| .
.|
e.g.
, .
a .
. .| .
.|

3. .
- : Head sick verb ( .
)
Verbs in this category have their first letter sick (
)


41

e.g.
,

4. =
-| : Hollow verb ( =
-|
)
Verbs in this category have their second letter sick (
- |
)
e.g. .
, .
. =
-

5.
: End sick verb (
)
Verb in this category have their last letter sick (
- |
)
e.g. , .
- .
-

6.
.,
| : Double sick verb (
.,
| )
Verbs in this category have two sick letters (
-|
=,
- )
There are two sub categories under
.,
| :
1) Mafruq ( 3,
- ): The first and the third letters are sick letters

e.g.
,(to protect),
- (to be aware)

2) Maqrun (
.,
- ): The last two letters are sick letters

e.g.
(to burn, to sear),
,|(to fold, to shut)

7.
- : Verb with repeating letters (
- )
Verbs in this category have a letter repeated, not necessarily sick letters.
e.g. =
-(to prolong),
(to flee, to run away),
-(to be ill), .
, (to love, to be fond)

1.26 Sickness Curing of Verbs ( .
)

When we conjugate a verb with sick letters, those sick letters may need to be omitted or changed to
other letters according to conjugation rules. The process to conjugate sick letters correctly is called
Sickness Curing ( .
). Sickness Curing ( .
) may have many rules related to different scenarios,

in this section, Imam Yusuf overalled some fundamental rules:

1. Amongst Harkat (
. ),
is the heaviest one,
is the next heaviest one, while
is the lightest one.

In some situation, some Harakah need to be put for the purpose of just protecting Harakah, otherwise


42

it will be sukun ,
. , in such a case,
is the one to be put as the protecting Harakah. For example, in

the case of
- (imperative form of the 2nd Person), we need to put some Harakah with Shadda as
protecting Harakah, in this case,
is put, and it becomes =
-.

2.
=
`
,
- . =
`
,
.|

When a letter with sukun ,
. has to be given some Harakah, Kasra (
) is given. So for the above

example, the
. in
- has to be given some Harakah, according to this rule, we can put Kasra
, it
becomes ` =
-. That is why for
- (imperative form of the 2nd Person), we can use either =
- or ` =
-.

3. If the Harakah on the letter before . ., is
, . ., will change to
.
For example: . <- .
,

Below are some examples of Sickness Curing ( .
) process:
a) . <- .
, ; .
<-
<-

b)
<-
<-
|
c) .,<-
., <-
,
d)
<-
<-
,
e)
.| <-
.|
f)
- <-
-
g)
.,
<-
.,

h)
.| <- ,
.| <-
.|
i)
<-

j)
.| <-
.|
k)
3 <-
3 <-
,
l)
, <-
, .
m)
.| <- .
.|
n) =
.| .` =
.| <-
.| <-
.|


43

Table 24 Conjugation of Verbs with sick letter(s)
Meaning Verbal
noun
(
- )
Imperative (
-|

.|
|)
Present / Present
Continuous
Tense (
- )
Past Tense
(
- )

.
- - .
,
promise

, Active (
-,
-,
, Passive ( .,
)
.
- -

make
easy

Active (
-,
=,
Passive ( .,
)
=
-| - .
,
talk, speak
.
.,
. Active (
-,
)
.
Passive ( .,
)
=
-| -

measure,
weigh,
compare

Active (
-,
- )
.
Passive ( .,
- .
,
strive,
invade,
attack

, - ,
- Active (
-,
)
.
- Passive ( .,

cast, throw

Active (
-,
Passive ( .,
.,
| - 3,
-
protect
, Active (
-,
, Passive ( .,
.,
| -
.,
-
burn,
brand,
scorch

, .
Active (
-,
)
.
Passive ( .,
-


44

prolong
=
- ` =
- . =
- =
- Active (
-,
)
=
- Passive ( .,
)

For examples of full conjugation, please see appendix C: Examples of Full Conjugation.


45

Chapter 2 Syntax (
, )
2.1 Word (
) and Sentence (
)

Arabic words can be categorized from different aspects. One aspect is to categorize words into:
1. =
-: Letter, Particle. It is a word that possesses neither independent meaning nor time factor.
2.
= : Noun. It is a word which possesses independent meaning, but no time factor. In fact
is a
wide category in Arabic, which includes the counterpart of noun, adjective, even adverb in English.
3.
: Verb. It is a word which possesses both independent meaning and time factor.

While Arabic sentences can be categorized mainly into two types:
-,
and
-,

1.
-,
= : Nominal sentence. Its structure is:

|
- -
-
Both |
- and
- are nouns or equivalence of nouns. For example:

Zaid stands.

2.
-,
: Verbal sentence. Its structure is:

- .,
is a verb,
is the subject, while .,
- is the object.
For example:

,,
- .
Zaid killed Amr.
Another example:
,, ,
- .
Amr was killed.
Here
,,
- ,
- . is subject grammatically, but from the meaning point of view, it is object. This type
of subject is called
.

In Arabic, both
,,
- ,
- . and
- are popular names. They are same in writing without Harakat. To


46

differentiate them,
- is written as
,,
- usually.

Arabic verbs can be either intransitive (
v ) or transitive (
- ).

2.2 Indefinite Form (
, |
) and Definite Form (
) of a
Noun

Arabic nouns have indefinite form (
, |
) and definite form (
). For example, book has two

forms:

: means a book, this is the indefinite forms;

: means the book, this is the definite form.

The | . within definite form is called
- |
-. When | . comes before a noun, it makes the noun

=
-, or definite form. While the on top of Alif of | . represents
=, means connection. For

example,
`
=
-|

Hamzah (
) has two types:

1.
,|
: Connection Hamzah. Connection Hamzah pronounces when it starts a sentence, for

example, the Hamzah in
| ; it doesnt pronounce when it is proceeded by other letters, for

example,
`
=
-|
2. -=
: Decisive Hamzah. Decisive Hamzah always pronounces. For example, the Hamzah in

.,

So Tanwin (
) is the symbol of indefinite form (
, |
) of nouns; while | . (
- |
- ) is the
symbol of definite form (
) of nouns. They two can neither come into being together nor
disappear together at the same time in a noun. In Arabic, this is called:
- 3

Some categories of definite words
( =
- ) :
1. Definite noun (
):
e.g.:


47

2. Demonstrative Pronoun (
):
e.g.:
. .
.
3. Pronoun (
= ):
e.g.:
| .
| .

4. Relative Pronoun (
.,
= ), which connect sentences together:

e.g.:
..
:|
|

2.3 Different Meaning of ,
- | . .
possesses four types of meanings:

1.
: a type of, a kind of, a category of

e.g.:
, a kind of book
2.
= : including everything, covering all

e.g.:
-|
`
=
, the Cherisher and Sustainer of all the worlds

3.
-: the one just mentioned before

e.g.:
, this is a book, which is new

4.
-: something not mentioned before, but the addressee knows

2.4 Declinable Words (
- ) and Indeclinable Words (
- )

Arabic words can be classified into declinable words (
- ) and indeclinable words (
- ):
1.
-: Declinable words, i.e. words whose end changes to reflect their grammar roles, such as case,
etc. Usually this end changing is reflected in ending Harakat ,
. change;
sometime, it is also reflected in ending letter change accompanied by Harakat change.
e.g.:
is a
- word, based on its case, it can be
or
or
, etc.
2.
-: Indeclinable words, i.e. words whose end (ending harakat or letters) does not change to reflect


48

their grammar roles.
e.g.:
- ,
, etc, their ending harakat will not change based on their cases;
Past tense verbs (
- ) are all
- words.
- will not change its ending Harakah in different

context.

May be around 90% of Arabic words belongs to
, the other 10% belongs to
. In the
following sections, Imam Yusuf teaches the details and categorizations of Declinable words (
- ).

2.5 Some Terms Related to Syntax (
)

Harakah (
- ) refers to the vowel marks ,
. . They are divided into 4 types:

1.
-: it refers to the (
. ) at the end of a word

(a)
-:
- maker, i.e. words or grammar structures that can render another word to
- at its end
(b)
- (plural
- ): words ending with
- . Its approximate counterpart in English is the

genitive case.
2.
: it refers to the (

(a)
(plural
):
maker, i.e. words or grammar structures that can render another

word to
at its end
(b)
=,
- (plural
= ): words ending with
. Its approximate counterpart in English is the

accusative case.
3.
: it refers to the (

(a)
maker, i.e. words or grammar structures that can render another word to
- at its end
(b)
-,
- (plural
-,
- ): words ending with
. Its approximate counterpart in English is the

nominal case, when
is addressed. But well see that
is also addressed in
-,
- .
4.
-: it refers to the Sukun ,
. at the end of a word

(a)
-:
- maker, i.e. words or grammar structures that can make another word to
- at its end
(b)
-,
-: words ending with
-

Generally speacking, in Arabic syntax (
), there are maker (
- ) and taker ( .,
- ) of


49

(
- .
- ). Maker includes
- .
-, who can render another word to

(
- .
- ); while taker includes
-,
- .
-,
- .
=,
- .
-. i.e. they end with

(
- .
- ).

(declension) refers to the process to render proper ending changes, i.e. ending harakat and/or
letters, onto a word based on its case.

2.6 Categories of
- (Words in Genitive Case)

There are two categories of
-:
1.
-: Words end with
- because they are following one of a special group of letters

(particales). These group of letters (particles) are called
`
,
=,
- , which are:

- .
- .
, .
v .|
- .
- .
. .
-| .
,| .
- .
- .
- . =
. =
- .
- . = .
.
The meaning of these letters is as follows:
(1)
: with, to
(2)
, ,
, . : by (Allah). It is used when taking oath

(3)
. . : by (Allah). It is used when taking oath

(4)
-: from
(5)
-: from (=
- )
(6)
-: on, upon
(7)
-: until, till
(8) |
: until, till (=
- )
(9)
.: belong to, for, to

(10)
: at, in, inside

(11) =: as, like
(12)
-: since, from that time

(13) =
-: since, from that time (=
- )
(14) =
: how many, how much

(15)
-: except, excluding, but


50

(16)

(17)

(18)
,|: maybe (most likely it is impossible)

(19) |
- : maybe (likely it is possible)

Notes: it is debatable, or not agreed unanimously, whether or not
-| .
,| should be categorized as

`
,
=,
- or not.

When a word follows one of above letters (particles), it becomes
- . For example:

- : from a clot of blood;

,`|
, : by the fig (swear by the fig);

-,|
: in the night of Qadr;

2.
-: in
grammar structure,
,|
- is
= means attach to, ascribe to.
is a type of phrase structure in Arabic which includes two

parts:
=
- -
,|
-
While
,|
- is
-
For example:

is =
-, while
is
,|
-. Since
,|
- is
-, so it is
.
Another example:

= .,

, here .,
is =
-, while
= is
,|
-. That is why it takes
- at its end.

2.7 Categories of
-,
- (Words in Nominal Case)

As said, nominal case refers to those categoires when
is addressed. But
is also included
into
-,
- categories.


51

Before going over categories of
-,
-, lets first review sentence structures (
) in Arabic.
There are two types of sentence structures in Arabic:
-,
and
-,

1.
-,
: Nominal sentence. Its structure is:

|
- -
-
Both |
- and
- are nouns or equivalence of nouns. For example:

Zaid stands.

2.
-,
: Verbal sentence. Its structure is:

- .,
is a verb,
is the subject, while .,
- is the object.
For example:

,,
- .
Zaid killed Amr.
Another example:

,,
- .
Amr was killed.
Here
,,
- ,
- . is subject grammatically, but from the meaning point of view, it is object. This type
of subject is called
.

There are 10 categories of
-,
-, while categories 7-10 can be considered as special cases of

category 1 and 2:
1. |
(in
-,
= ):
For example,
in the sentence:
.
2.
(in
-,
= ):
For example,
in the sentence:
.
3.
(in
-,
):
For example,
in the sentence:
,,
- . .
4.
(in
-,
) :
For example,
,,
- in the sentence:
,,
- . .
5.
:


52

For example,

6.
| .
: the one who is called upon when it is a single word.

For example:

=,
.,

Hei Yusuf, Ya Ibrahim
In these examples,
=,
.,
are called
| , the one who is called upon (
means to
call). Both
=,
and
.,
are a single word, so they are
-,
- .

While
, together with another one
.| , are called
=`|
=,
- .
7.
. :
For example:
, here,
= is
.
8.
-:
For example:
, here,
is
- .
9.
-:
For example: .,
v (no deed with showing off is acceptable), here, .,
- is
| .
10.
= : when
v .
-, like
,|, is used with the meaning not

For example:
v, here,
| is
.

2.8 Categories of
- (Words in Accusative Case)

There are 8 categories of
- :
1. ,
=
2.

3.
.,
| and its sub-categories in verbal sentence (
-,
)
4.
-
5. .
-
6.
,
7. ,
-


53

8.
| .
: the one who is called upon when it is phrase, or not a single word

The following is some detail explanation of these 8 categories:

1. ,
= : They are a group of particles which render the |
into
=,
-
when any of these particle comes before a norminal sentence (
-,
).
There are 8 particles in
= , they are:
| .
v .
-| .
,| .
| .
.|
.
(1)
: no doubt, of course, definitely

(2)
.|: no doubt, of course, definitely

(3)
.|
: as if
(4)
|: but
(5)
,|: I wish had (this is an impossible wish situation)

(6)
-|: maybe (this is a possible situation)

(7)
: but, except
(8)
v: no, not (negation for a whole category)

Some examples:

-|

The arrogant will not succeed, but the knowledgeable is the successful.

-|
-
Maybe Allah will forgive my sin.

`
,
=
Evil doer will never succeed.

2.
: They are a group of particles which render the
| into
=,
- when any of these

particle comes before a norminal sentence (
-,
).
There are 5 particles in
, the are:

v .
- .
,| .
= .

(1)
: to be, to exist
(2)
=: to be, to exist, to be changed / turned to be


54

(3)
,|: was not, is not

(4)
-: was not, is not

(5)
v: was not, is not

Some examples:

=
Surely Allah is the All mighty.

-
Zaid became a scholar.

,||

Isnt Allah sufficient for His servant?

3. .,
and its sub-categories in verbal sentence (
-,
) : .,
of
-,
is

=,
- , .,
has several sub-categories:

(a)
.,
: to
For example:
,,
-
(b)
- .,
- : from
(c)
-| .,
: for
(d)
-,
.,
: inside, at
(e)
- .,
: together with
(f)
_=
| .,
: it is the
of the verb of a verbal sentence (
-,
). =
| .,
_
usually is used for emphasis, and it is
=,
- .

For example:

,|
I did saw Zaid in the school, coming from home to study.
Here,

is
.,
= Is
-,
.,
,|
- Is
- .,
| Is
-| .,
Is
_=
| .,
;


55

Is .
- (another category of
- );

4. -
: They are a group of particles, when any of them comes before a
- , it renders
the
| to
=,
- . This group of particles includes:

. .
| .
.| - ,
.| . .
The following are some details about these particles:
(1)
.|: on (doing..)
e.g.:
.,
.,
.|

Are you going to kill a person just because his saying my Lord is Allah?
(2)
|: never ever, at all (future negation)

e.g.:
, ,
|
And you will never be able to do.
(3)
: for
e.g.:
`
,
,,
c
For that we may exalt you much.
(4)
: that time, then

(5)
. - ,
.| . : for

Conjugation of a present / present continuous tense verb (
- ) following any of

. .
| .
.| - ,
.| . is same. As an example, please see section 1.14 for the conjugation of a

- following
| .

5. .
-: It is a word to describe the way in which a subject / object is doing / acting. .
- is
=,
- .
For example:

- |

Zaid came walking / driving.
Here,
- |
is .
-, used to describe how
came.

6.
,,
: It is used to discriminate / differentiate something, or make the meaning complete.
,,
is

=,
- .
For example:

.,
c|
v,
.
You own me 20 Dollars.


56

v,
. is
,,
, used to make the meaning complete.

7. ,
- : As
- ,
means except, excluding. Word comes after ,
v is called
, which is
=,
.
For example:

People came except Zaid.
Here,
is
, while
| is called

This category has two sub-categories:
(a)
: in this case,
and
| belong to the same category, like in above example.

(b)
: in this case,
and
belong to different categories, like in the following

example:

-
People came except donkey.

- and
| are from different categories.

8.
| .
: .
(the one who is called upon) will take
=,
- form, if it is a phrase, not a

single word. For example:

.,
=
Ya, Allahs messenger!
Notes, when .
is a single word, it takes
form. For example:
=,

2.9
Maker of Verbs in Present or Present Continuous

Tense (
- )

- makers is a group of particles, when any of them comes before a
- , it renders the
| to

-,
-. This group of particles ( -
- ) can be subdivided into two sub-categories:

1. Single
- maker (
,| -
- )
2. Double
- maker ( |
)


57

The following discusses some more details about thses two sub-categories.

1. Single
- maker (
,| -
- ): Which renders the
| following it to
-,
-. There
are 4 particles belong to this sub-category:

. .
| .
.| ,
-
v
v .
v .
(1)
.|: didnt (past tense negation)

e.g.:
.|
=|,
.|
,
He didnt beget, nor was He begotten.
(2)
|: never ever did (past tense negation with emphasis)

e.g.:

He never ever appreciated.
(3)
. ,
-
v
v . : do! (imperative)
e.g.:
,
Let him be thankful.
(4)
v: not to do! (prohibition)

e.g.:
v ,
.=
, =|
(You) Do not worship satan!

Please see section 1.15 1.18 for the conjugation of a present / present continuous tense verb (
- )
following
. .
| .
.| ,
-
v
v .
v . .

2.
-: This group of particles is usually used to form conditional sentences which have
two clauses. Both
- in the two clauses will be rendered to
-,
-. There are 12 particles belong to

this sub-category:
- .
- .
| .
.| .| .
- .
| .
- .
- .
- .

(1)
: if
For example:

If you study hard, youll be successful.
(2)
-: whatever
For example:
.|
-
Whatever you do, youll be questioned.
(3)
-: whatever
For example:


58

Whatever good a person does, Allah will reward him.
Here,
is from
, according to sickness curing ( .
)
(4)
-: who, whoever
(5)
|: where, wherever
For example:
c
Wherever you are, death will come to you.
(6)
-: when, whenever
(7) |: whenever
(8)
.|: what, which, whoever, anyone

(9)
|: whenever, wherever
(10)
-: whenever, wherever
(11)
- .
: whenever
(12)
: whenever
For example: |

Whenever you do and act upon your knowledge, you become the good one from human being.

2.10
.| vs.
.| and
have the same meaning, of course, surely, question is when we should use which.
Generally speaking,
1.
is used at the beginning (
) of a sentence:
e.g.:

2.
is also used after .
, as well as its different forms (
- ) of conjugation
e.g.:
=,
- .
3.
.| is used when in the middle of a sentence:

e.g.:
.|


59

2.11 Auxiliary Verbs (
| .
| .
-
v
is similar as auxiliary verbs in English, they dont have the full functionality as a
regular verb has.
| .
-
v
is used before a nominal sentence (
-,
= ), and they are all

belonging to
, no matter what tense they are of.

The most famous example from
| .
-
v
is
, so these auxiliary verbs are also called

and its brothers (
, ). Please refer to section 2.8 for
as
. Below is
a list of auxiliary verbs:

1.
: was
2.
=: became to be, turned to be, came to be

3.
=|: became morning

4.
-|: became evening

5.
=|: became Duha time

6.
=: happened
7. ,
: night time happened

8.
: happened, took place

9.
-: happened, turned to
10.
-: morning turned to happen

11.
: happened, departed
12. .
-: continued, didnt disappear, didnt cease

13.
: it was there, didnt depart, didnt cease

14.
-: didnt leave
15.
- ,
-: didnt leave, didnt go

16.
-: didnt continue
17.
,|: didnt happen, did not


60

2.12 Almost Happened, But Actually did not (
| .
)

Verbs in
| .
-
v
category have the meaning of Almost happened, nearly happened, but

didnt happen really. Below is a list of
| .
-
v
:

1.
- : Almost happened. This verb doesnt have
.
e.g.
.|
-
Zaid almost came out (but he didnt really).

2. ,
: Almost happened. This verb has
.
3.
| : Almost happened
4.
, : Almost happened
5.
- : Made happened
6.
,| : Nearly happened

2.13 Categories of Declinable Words (
- )

As discussed in section 2.4, Arabic words can be classified into declinable words (
- ) and
indeclinable words (
- ). Imam Yusuf discussed further in this section about declinable words.

Declinable words (
- ) can be categorized into two groups:

1.
.|
-: Declension through ending Harakat ,
. . We already discussed
this category in former sections (sections about .
- .
-,
- )
2.
=,
: Declension through some special letters. Usually these letters are:

, is used to represent
is used to represent
or
|| is used to represent
- ,
= can be subcategoried into below sub-categoires:


61

(a) 6 special words (
-
`
.|
=
v
):
i.
=|: father
ii.
-|: brother
iii.
-: aunt
iv.
: aunt
v.
: mouth
vi. ,
.: owner

These 6 words form their
. through changing their end letters. Use
=| as an example:

-,
- :
- ,
- :
- ;

=,
- :
;

Below table presents their
- for these 6 words:

Table 25
- of 6 special words (
-
`
.|
=
v
)
owner mouth aunt aunt brother father
,
-|
=|

,
. ,
- ,
-| ,
-,
-|
=,
-
.
- |
-

(b) Dual form of a noun (
- ):
Dual form of a noun forms their
-,
- by suffix
; while
- and
=,
- by suffix
, For
example:

-,
- :
- and
=,
- :
;

(c) Healthy masculine plural nouns (
- ):
This type of plural nouns form their
-,
- by suffix
.,
; while
- and
=,
- by suffix
, For
example:


62

-,
- :
.,
-|
- and
=,
- :
-|
;

(d) Healthy feminine plural nouns (
- ):
This type of plural nouns form their
-,
- by suffix
; while
- and
=,
- by suffix
(no

from for
- ), For example:

-,
- :
= ;

- and
=,
- :
= ; (no such a form of
= )

2.14 Putting Harakah on , .
. .
-

First the meaning of word
: to call
.
- : the one who is called upon

=`|
=,
- includes
.| .

Below are rules to put Harakah on .
-:
1.
-,
| .
: when .
- is a single word, it takes
-,
-. For example:

=,
.,

Ha! Yusuf; Ya! Ibrahim
2. ,
| .
= : when .
- is a phrase (
.,
), not a single word, it takes
=,
-. For
example:

= .,

Ya, Allahs messenger!

2.15 Declinable Nouns ( =
=| ) and Indeclinable Nouns

(
=| )

Declinable Nouns ( =
=| ) are nouns whose end changes to reflect their grammar roles, such


63

as case. Indeclinable Nouns (
=| ) are nouns whose end does not change to reflect their

grammar roles, such as case.

Maybe around 99% nouns are Declinable Nouns, while the other 1% nouns are Indeclinable Nouns.
Declinable Nouns discussion has been covered in some of former sections. This section discusses
different categories of Indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns (
=|
, ) include the following subcategories:

1. Non Arabic words (
- ):
e.g.:
. (Dallas),
,| (Los Angeles)
2. When two words come together to form a noun:
e.g.: c
, it comes from
- c

3. Verbs used as nouns (
):
4.
= :
e.g.:
-|, the meaning is the one who praises most

Notes:
1. Indeclinable nouns (
=| ) doesnt take

2. Indeclinable nouns (
=| ) doesnt take
-, instead, it takes
.
e.g.: c
-|
- .

But there is an exception, when Indeclinable nouns (
=| ) is used as =
-, it takes
-:
e.g.:
-|
.
(Compare:
- (Healthy feminine plural nouns) take no
, instead, they take
- )

2.16 Conjunction Letters (
.=
-|
=,
- )

Conjunction Letters (
.=
-|
=,
- ) are used to connect two peer parts in grammar, for example:

-|
-| is called
=,=
- (the one who is connected by something)

,
, is called
-|
- or
-
, while
- is called =,=
- (the one connecting to something)


64

So, the general structure related to
.=
-|
=,
- is as follows:

=,=
- -
.=
-|
=,
- - =,=
-
Below are some commonly used
.=
-|
=,
-:
1.
, : when
, is used to connect two things, no order is applied, that means we dont know which one
is the first, which one is the second.
2.
= : when
= is used to connect two things, order is applied, that means
=,=
- is the first,
while =,=
- is the second.
3.
: after
4.
- : after
5.
,| : or
6.
: either
7.
-| : or, usually used in question sentence started with | or

8.
v : no, opposite
9.
: no, opposite
10.
| : but

2.17 Phrase
.,
, |
.,
, |
is a type of phrase structure in Arabic, its structure is as follows:

=
- -
,|
-
Some examples:

is =
-, while
is
,|
- )

-|
is =
-, while
-| is
,|
- )

Some rules related to
.,
, |
:
1. =
- and
,|
- forms a unit
2. =
- takes no ,
. .

3.
,|
- is something known


65

4.
,|
- always takes
- at its end

2.18 Phrase
,|
.,
, |
, means to describe, to qualify.

,|
.,
, |
is a type of phrase structure in Arabic, its structure is as follows:

=,
- -
=
For example:

is =,
-, while
- is
= )
There is a rule that is:
=,
=|

It means that:
=|
follows
=,
in definitivity (
- ), gender (
.,
,,
), number
(
- ), case (ending Harakah (
)).

This is also called
(corresponding) of
= to =,
-.

2.19 Followers

In this section, Imam Yusuf discussed about following phenomena in some Arabic grammar
structures, such as case (ending Harakah) following.

1.
=: Describing

, means to describe

= structure in Arabic is as follows:

=,
- -
=
e.g.:
,|
. (a good man)
,
is called =,
-, while
,|
. is called
=
Rule:
=,
` =|
, or
= follows =,
- in below aspects:
(a)
: case (Ending Harakah)

(b)
.,
,,
: Gender (Masculine / Feminine)


66

(c) ,
- .
- .
, .
- : Number (singular, dual, plural)

(d)
,,
: Definite /Indefinite

For example:
- (two Muslim females)

2. =,=
-: the one connecting to something

e.g.:
-|
- (Ahmed and Hasan came)

,
-| is called
=,=
- (the one who is connected by something)

,
, is called
-|
- or
-
, while
- is called =,=
- (the one connecting to something)

Rule: =,=
- follows
=,=
, in
(case (ending Harakah)).

3. .
: Something takes the place to explain or complete the meaning

e.g.:
-|
-
,
-| is called .
, while
| is called
- .
-.
Rule: .
takes the same
(case (ending Harkah)) as
- .
- takes.

4.
.=
- : to explain something
e.g.:
-|
`
=
-|
`
=
is called
.=
-, which explain
| (
| ) in front of it.
Rule:
.= follows the word it explains.

2.20 Sun Letters (
=|
=,
) and Moon Letters (
=,
| )

Arabic letters are divided into two groups:
1. Sun Letters (
-,
=|
=,
):


67

. . . .. .. .= .= . .. .= .= . . .
2. Moon Letters (
=,
):
. ., .= .- .= .3 .= .- .- .- .- .- .= .|
, to remember them easily:
- -
|

Shadda (
) need to be put above Sun Letters (
-,
=|
=,
) when they are following ., in such

a case, . (in . ) is not pronounced; while no need to put Shadda (
) above Moon Letters (
=,
| ) when they are following ., in such a case, . (in . ) need to be pronounced. For example:
.
=|
-|
`
=

All praises be to Allah! The Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds!


68

Appendix A: Terminologies and Approximate Translations

Terminology Approximate English Translation (Counterpart)
=
-|
Hollow Verb

v
Future Tense

,|

Time Noun, The Time Of An Action

Active Participle

.,

Passive Participle

Place Noun, The Place Of An Action

=|
Indeclinable Nouns
=
=|
Declinable Nouns

Declension
.

Sickness Curing (Of Verbs)

=
v

Derived Nouns

| .
-
v

Auxiliary Verbs

-
v
,
v

Imperative, Command, Order

.,
, |
Phrase

- |

Transitive

,,

Doing Something Extensive (A Lot)

Sentence

-,
=|
=,

Sun Letters

=,

Moon Letters

Five-Letter (3+2) Verbs

,|
Four-Letter (3+1) Verbs

.|

Six-Letter (3+3) Verbs

, =|

Morphology

=|

Pronouns

-|

The Third Person (The Absent) Masculine


69

-|

The Third Person (The Absent) Feminine

|
Word

-|
|
Doing Something Intensively, Intensive Form

.
`

The First Person (The Addresser)

Doing Something Mutually
.,

Passive Form

.|

The Second Person (The Addressed) Masculine

,|

The Second Person (The Addressed) Feminine

Definite Form

-,

Active Form

Syntax

, |

Indefinite Form

, |

Prohibition

|
(Verb) Groups

=,

Emphasis

Followers

-
Maker, I.E. Words Or Grammar Structures That Can Render Another
Word To At Its End

Maker, I.E. Words Or Grammar Structures That Can Make Another

Word To
At Its End

-
Genitive Case

-
Sukun

Plural Form

=
Vowel Marks

.=
-|
=,
-
Conjunction Letters

-|
=,
-
Sick Letter

Maker, I.E. Words Or Grammar Structures That Can Render Another

Word To
At Its End

Four-Letter Root Verbs

Nominal Case (When Noun Is Addressed)


70

=
Healthy Verb

.,
|
Double Sick Verb (Verbs Having Two Sick Letters)

,|
:
|
Becomes A Certain Color

|
Do Something With Difficulty

|
Do Something Mutually With Intensity

,=
|
Obedience
-
Past Tense

-|
-
Something Becomes Intensive By Itself

-
Indeclinable Words
.
-
Head Sick Verb
-
Dual Form

-
Absolute, Pure, Not Derived

-
-
,
Words Ending With . Its Approximate Counterpart In English Is
Genitive Case.

-,
-
Words Ending With
-,
-
-
-,
-
Words Ending With
. Its Approximate Counterpart In English Is

Nominal Case, When
Is Addressed

-
Verbal Noun

-
Gerund

-
Present/Present Continuous Tense

-
Verb With Repeating Letters

-
Declinable Words

-
Singular
.
-
The Called, The One Who Is Called

=,
-
-
-
Words Ending With . Its Approximate Counterpart In English Is
Accusative Case.

-
Verb With Hamzah

Maker, I.E. Words Or Grammar Structures That Can Render
Another Word To At Its End

End Sick Verb

Accusative Case


71

Negation
-=

Decisive Hamzah

,|

Connection Hamzah

,
Patterns

Appendix B: Abbriviations

Abbreviation Stands For
m. Masculine
f. Feminine
1st. First
2nd. Second
3rd. Third
p. Person
pl. Plural

Appendix C: Examples of Full Conjugation

Example words and their conjugations in this appendix are taken and edited from the book of:

-|

ARAPA
FL VE SM
EKM
KTABI
HAZIRLIK VE KONTROL
AL RIZA KAEL

SARMAIK YAYINLARI
Manyaszade Caddes, No:45/A
ARAMBA FATH / STANBUL
TEL: (0-212) 533 48 70


72

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73

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74

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75

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76

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77

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78

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79

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80

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81

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82

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83

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84

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85

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86

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87

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88

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89

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90

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91

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92

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

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100

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101

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102

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103

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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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109

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110

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111

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112

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113

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114

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115

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116

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117

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118

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119

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120

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121

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122

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123

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124

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125

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126

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127

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128

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129

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130

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131

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132

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133

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134

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135

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136

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137

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138

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139

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140

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141

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142

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-|
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.|
,|
.
`
- |
-|
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.|
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.
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143

,
-|
=,
.,
.,

.,
v,
.,|,
.,
.,,
:,
.,,
- -
-
.,
-|
.,
,

=
-

|,
,|,
,|,
-|,
|,
v,
-,
=,
-,
:,
,
-

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- .
,

|

:,
:,
- -- --
:,
:,
- -- --
-
,,
=|
,

|

--

|

--

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.

) of Arabic Verbs ........................................................................................................ 6

) of Three-Letter Verbs ................................................................. 18

) and Plural Forms (

~) of some Derived Nouns of

) of Three-Letter Verbs .................................................................................. 32

) and Their Derivative Groups (

) and Definite Form (

) and Indeclinable Words (

(Words in Genitive Case) .......................................................................... 49

(Words in Nominal Case) ........................................................................ 50

(Words in Accusative Case) .................................................................... 52

Maker of Verbs in Present or Present Continuous Tense (

) and Indeclinable Nouns (

` ) and Moon Letters (

- He is the Most High, the Supreme (in glory).

. on them, upon them

your (plural) Lord

is commonly being taken as a

is called a radical. Each of these three radicals in

= ), or vowel marks, which refers to:

) classes, Imam Yusuf first focused on three-letter verbs and

is used as a model to express the patterns.

: he was done upon ..

: he is done upon .. / he is being done upon ..

: he is worshipped / he is being worshipped ..

: he (masculine, one person) did ..

: they (masculine, two persons) did

: they (masculine, three or more persons) did

: she (feminine, one person) did ..

: they (feminine, two persons) did

: they (feminine, three or more persons) did

: you (masculine, one person) did

: you (both gender, two persons) did

: you (masculine, three or more persons) did

: you (feminine, one person) did

: you (both gender, two persons) did

: you (feminine, three or more persons) did

: I (both gender, one person) did

: we(both gender, two or more persons) did

- : he (masculine, one person) worshipped ..

- : they (masculine, two persons) worshipped

: they (masculine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : she (feminine, one person) worshipped..

: they (feminine, two persons) worshipped

. : they (feminine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : you (masculine, one person) worshipped

: you (both gender, two persons) worshipped

: you (masculine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : you (feminine, one person) worshipped

: you (both gender, two persons) worshipped

: you (feminine, three or more persons) worshipped

= : I (both gender, one person) worshipped

: we(both gender, two or more persons) worshipped

: he (masculine, one person) was done upon ..

: : they (masculine, two persons) were done upon

, : they (masculine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : she (feminine, one person) was done upon ..

: they (feminine, two persons) were done upon

: they (feminine, three or more persons) were done upon

. : you (masculine, one person) were done upon

: you (both gender, two persons) were done upon

: you (masculine, three or more persons) were done upon