Soc. Sci.

Personality fairly stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions associated with an individual; a stable trait across situations and time; from Latin word persona means mask; result from ones interaction with different groups in society Goffmans Dramaturgical Approach: people pretend to be someone that they are not to avoid being ridiculed or simply because they are not comfortable with whom they are. Nature vs. Nurture Debate +nature people behave as they do because of genetic make up or human instincts. (Noah Chomsky) +nurture behavior is highly flexible and easily curbed given the appropriate environment (John B. Watson) Stages of Personality Formation +Psychosexual Stages of Development

Sigmund Freud the human personality results from a dynamic struggle between inner psychological drives Id unconscious, illogical and unintegrated; instinctive and centers on the satisfaction of the basic needs (pleasure principle) Ego reasonable, logical and organized way of thinking; curb the appetites of the id; help the person functions effectively in the world; the individual is conscious of his actions

Superego inner chant which dictates an individual to act morally and in accordance to what is valued by the society; formed through identification (process of emulating the generally accepted traditions handed from one to another generation. +Development of Personality McGee and Giddens

Genital Stage (adolescence adult) sexual impulse is active; attracted to opposite sex +Psychosocial Stages of Development

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Oral Stage (birth to 1 yr.) eating is the source of satisfaction Anal Stage (1 3 yrs.) toilet training defines the later personality Phallic Stage (3 6 yrs.) pleasure comes from the sex organs Latency Period (6 adolescence) draw their attention outside their families; erotic impulse starts to felt

Eric Erickson - personality is continuously developing until the individual dies; concerned with social aspect as an influential factor Infancy (birth to 18 mo.) basic conflict: trust vs. mistrust; important events: feeding; development of sense of hope and confidence Early Childhood (2 to 3 yrs.) basic conflict: autonomy vs. shame and doubt; important events: toilet training; learns about self-control and authority Preschool (3 to 5) basic conflict: initiative vs. guilt; important events: exploration; age of expanding mastery and responsibility School Age (6 to 11) basic conflict: industry vs. inferiority; important events: school; reward of perseverance and diligence Adolescence (12 to 18) basic conflict: identity vs. role confusion; important events: social relationships; identity crisis (a crisis involving confusion of roles) Early Adulthood (19 to 40) basic conflict: intimacy vs. isolation; important events: relationships; vulnerable, loving and being close with romances and friends Middle Adulthood (41 to 65) generativity (establishing and guiding the next generation) vs. stagnation; imp. events: work and parenthood; middle life crisis (realization that they did not meet the goals they set for themselves)

Late Adulthood (66 to death) - integrity vs. despair; imp. events: reflection on life; forgetfulness slower reflexes and mandatory retirement Types of Personality +Hippocrates 4 humors of people due to excess of bodily fluids Choleric yellow bile Melancholic black bile Sanguine blood Phlegmatic phlegm +Carl Jung introvert (wants to stay all by himself apart from the crowd) & extrovert (loves to mingle with the crowd, friendly and outgoing)4 basic kinds of mental activity: thinking (ability to make judgments or choice),

feeling (allows his subjectivity to rule over his objectivity), sensing (notices the sensory details), intuition (natural perception or understanding) Socialization lifelong process of learning the different aspects of culture; learning to participate in group life by internalizing the standards of behavior +Harry Harlow showed the effects of the isolation among rhesus monkeys; the monkeys manifested hostility and distress in adulthood. +Frederick II find out if humans would learn how to speak if no one taught them to do so; babies died before they reach the stage where language could be observed +Rene Spitz found out that infants in orphanages were physically, socially, and emotionally retardate compared with other infants +William James introduced the concept of the social self Sociological Theories of Personalities +Charles Horton Cooley self is composed of a basic self feeling that is shaped when given special content through interactions. Looking-Glass Self individuals see themselves as a reflection of the reaction of others +George Herbert Mead Only the opinion of significant others that matters. Role-taking allows people to play the part of someone else and imagine oneself from that point of view 3 stages of self formation:

school age there is more than one player involved in every game or situation +Irvin Goffman life is one big production where each person is an actor and each situation is a scene; impression management (tendency of individuals to present a virtual self in every role and situation they assume so as to get a positive feedback and avoid humiliation; Goffmans Dramaturgical Approach Agents of Socialization: +The Family most important; has the special yet crucial role of taking care of an individual at its most delicate and impressionable stage +The School agency with primary task of teaching the skills that society deems necessary through a formal and impersonal manner +The Peer Group most democratic; bonded by common interest and equality +The Mass Media consist of various forms of communication that reach large audience without any personal contact Deviance and Social Control Deviance a violation of social norm (standards of behavior); harmful to the interest of the society Theories of Deviance +Biological Theories:

age 0-3 - role-taking is spontaneous and disorganized 3-4 progress from simple behavior to certain profession or status

Cesare Lombroso study of the observable and physical traits of prison inmates; concluded that characteristics were typical of people who commit crime. these physical traits are determined by genes therefore deviance is determined by genes

William Sheldon studied the relationship between body physique and personality traits. temperament is related to the size and built of the body; endomorph (soft and round) relaxed social temperament, ectomorph (tall and skinny) restrained, fearful, artistic and introverted character, mesomorph (muscular and agile) energetic, assertive, and courageous +Strain Theory:

Emile Durkhelm anomie (condition of deregulation that was occurring in the society) state of normlessness, a state where norms are confused, unclear or not present

Robert K. Merton strain theory states that society provides people with socially accepted goals and socially approved means of achieving them. If theres a gap bet. the goal and the availability of means to achieve it, anomie exists +Cultural Transmission Theory: deviant behavior is learned +Labeling Theory: (Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker) process of labeling the deviant instead of studying the act itself Crimes most widespread deviant; an act that has been formally prohibited by a political authority, through enactment of law Social Control planned or unplanned process, by which people are taught, persuaded or forced to conform to norms; internal (involve the desire of the individual to conform to the standards that society has established) or external (pressures or sanctions applied to society members by others) Public Temper a feeling shared by members of a group and belonging to no one person in particular.

Defense Mechanism: psychological strategies used by individuals to cope with reality and to maintain self-image intact Levels of Defense Mechanism: Lev.1

1. 2.
Lev.2

denial actual loss of reality contact, one denies the existence of an external threat delusional projection attribute motives or realities to external world that are clearly not there defensive (nondelusional) projection motive that is true of a person at an unconscious level is falsely attributed to others or to the outside world in general; actual loss of reality contact is not involved somatization unconscious emotional issue is turned into a set of physical symptoms that actually have no organic cause passive aggression one finds indirect ways to act out unacceptable impulses while maintaining a veneer of unintended action repression motivated forgetting intellectualization emotional distancing from a painful event by treating it in an abstract manner reaction formation threatening unconscious emotion is reversed and experienced consciously as an exaggerated form of its opposite phantasy defense one escapes into an imaginary world Altruism one develops and expresses compassion for others who are suffering as he suffered sublimation redirects emotion into socially or culturally constructive or desirable activities humor emphasizes the absurd side of the situation; known as self-effacing humor or wit

1. 2. 3.
Lev.3

1. 2. 3. 4.
Lev.4

meaning generation believe that there is a positive/ underlying meaning/ purpose of suffering Culture a system of human behavior and thought; knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by a man as a member of society Components of Culture: +material all tangible materials that are inherited from previous generation +cognitive all body of knowledge aspects includes natural and supernatural, technical and magical knowledge + normative prescription or standards of behavior that serves as shared rules of conduct. Characteristics of Culture: 1. commonly shared 2. learned 3. Cumulative (transmitted to a generation and adding new culture upon the intro. of the new one) 4. dynamic not in constant state 5. diverse 6. whole/integrated Culture Shock situation brought about by unfamiliarity, lack of understanding, and inability to communicate with the society they come in contact with Cultural Lag continuous practice of a cultural goal even if it has no longer any social needs; Stages: harmonial (harmony bet. the desired cultural goal and the social need), conflict (chance in social need but cultural goal remains static) & replacement (cultural goal must be altered in order to be in harmony again with social need Social institutions: organizational system which functions to satisfy basic social needs by providing an ordered framework linking the individual to the larger culture Basic Social Institutions: +married life and the family

1. 2. 3. 4.

monogamy marriage of one man and one woman polygamy marriage of one person to multiple partners polygyny man marries two or more wives polyandry woman have multiple husbands neolocal married couple establishes independent household separate from the in-laws patrilocal wife is moving in to the home of husband matrilocal husband is moving to the home of wife

family basic social institution +education preparation for occupational roles; evaluating and selecting competent individuals; transmits cultures; can be formal or non-formal +religion socially shared belief and rituals towards worship of a supernatural

egalitarian authority both husband and wife have equal say on the decision in the family patriarchal authority males dominate the decision making process and the women marginalized matriarchal women have dominant position and men follows women nuclear family limited to the organic family; father, mother, and children extended family larger; includes relatives both by blood and by law

polytheism worship many gods +economy

animism worship of animals theism worship of the supernatural being monotheism believe in one god

economics - distributing limited resources with an unlimited wants elements: land, capital, and labor capitalism market forces dictate the supply and demand

communism everything is owned and dictated by the people or the government +government make sure that the society operates normally; formulates, enforces and adjudicates law; ensuring peace and order Social Groups collection of humans who share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group and share a common identity

primary groups groups with intimate, in-based relationships secondary groups large groups whose relationships are formal and constitutional in-group group - which an individual feels loyalty toward; sense of identification and belonging out-group the individual feels antagonism toward reference groups - people often based their standards of action xenocentrism believes that his own culture is inferior with the cultures of others ethnocentrism interpreting everything in the world through his own culture as if it is the standard; culture is superior gemeinschaft life carried on the rural areas gesellschaft gained way with urbanization

bureaucracies formal, rationally organized social structure with clearly defined patterns of activity in which ideally, every series of actions is related to the puposes of the organization (Max Webber) Social Interaction: defining and responding to various acts and reactions in social institution Social Process: social interaction becomes recurrent, patterned and stable Basic Social Processes

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

cooperation: working together for a common purpose competition: struggle against other people for a particular value conflict: opponents go beyond the rule

differentiation: realize the detrimental effect of conflict can be removed when each individual will focus on own potentials Derived Social Process: accommodation: adaption of individual in a given environment to maintain peace and harmony Assimilation: blending of attitude, values, beliefs bet. individuals/ group

amalgamation: result of intermarriage of persons coming from different ethnic groups Collecttive behavior: relatively spontaneous and instructed social behavior of the people who are responding to similar stimuli

Types of Collective Behavior

1. -

crowd: temporary collection of people who share a common point of interest casual: least organized, emotional and most temporary conventionalized: gathered because of per-arranged activity institutional: audience; conventionalize interested in one stimulus but their action are more structed than

acting: not merely spectators but involved in creative way expressive: unleash their emotions in a creative way public: collection of people separated/scattered but share a common interest in an issue mass: diffused collectivity

Social Movement: collective effort to change society or in some cases to resist forms of social change Other Forms: Disaster Behavior: diffused crowd; during time of disaster Mass Hysteria or panic: uncertain feeling, usually fear or anxiety Fashion: widely accepted customs in dress, speech, music, art and other Fads: considered deviations from accustomed fashion Social Stratification: institutionalized differentiation of the status and social roles of the members of the society Systems of Social Stratification:

class system: based primarily on the possession of money or material possession Perspective on Social Stratification Karl Marx: the means of production w/c includes the tools, factories land, and capital determines social class Max Webber: socioeconomic status is determined by wealth, power and prestige

1. 2. 3.

slavery: ownership of person who is considered to ba an inmate object of production caste system: status of a person is carried on for a lifetime

wealth: strongly correlated with education, income and occupation power: ability of one to act based on his personal desire prestige: distinction or reputation & refers to How subjectively one evaluate other.

Mga Dagdag sa Kulang na Reviewer Goffmans Dramaturgical Approach: people pretend to be someone that they are not to avoid being ridiculed or simply because they are not comfortable with whom they are. - impression management (tendency of individuals to present a virtual self in every role and situation they assume so as to get a positive feedback and avoid humiliation; Goffmans Dramaturgical Approach Nature vs. Nurture Debate +nature people behave as they do because of genetic make up or human instincts. (Noah Chomsky) +nurture behavior is highly flexible and easily curbed given the appropriate environment (John B. Watson) +Psychosocial Stages of Development Eric Erickson personality is continuously developing until the individual dies; concerned with social aspect as an influential factor 9. Infancy (birth to 18 mo.) basic conflict: trust vs. mistrust; important events: feeding; development of sense of hope and confidence 10. Early Childhood (2 to 3 yrs.) basic conflict: autonomy vs. shame and doubt; important events: toilet training; learns about self-control and authority 11. Preschool (3 to 5) basic conflict: initiative vs. guilt; important events: exploration; age of expanding mastery and responsibility

12. School Age (6 to 11) basic conflict: industry vs. inferiority; important events:
school; reward of perseverance and diligence 13. Adolescence (12 to 18) basic conflict: identity vs. role confusion; important events: social relationships; identity crisis (a crisis involving confusion of roles) 14. Early Adulthood (19 to 40) basic conflict: intimacy vs. isolation; important events: relationships; vulnerable, loving and being close with romances and friends 15. Middle Adulthood (41 to 65) generativity (establishing and guiding the next generation) vs. stagnation; imp. events: work and parenthood; middle life crisis (realization that they did not meet the goals they set for themselves) 16. Late Adulthood (66 to death) - integrity vs. despair; imp. events: reflection on life; forgetfulness slower reflexes and mandatory retirement Types of Personality +Hippocrates 4 humors of people due to excess of bodily fluids - Choleric yellow bile - Melancholic black bile - Sanguine blood - Phlegmatic phlegm +Carl Jung 4 basic kinds of mental activity: thinking (ability to make judgments or choice), feeling (allows his subjectivity to rule over his objectivity), sensing (notices the sensory details), intuition (natural perception or understanding) Socialization +Frederick II find out if humans would learn how to speak if no one taught them to do so; babies died before they reach the stage where language could be observed +Rene Spitz found out that infants in orphanages were physically, socially, and emotionally retardate compared with other infants +George Herbert Mead Role-taking allows people to play the part of someone else and imagine oneself from that point of view 3 stages of self formation: - age 0-3 - role-taking is spontaneous and disorganized - 3-4 progress from simple behavior to certain profession or status - school age there is more than one player involved in every game or situation Levels of Defense Mechanism: Lev.1 3. denial actual loss of reality contact, one denies the existence of an external threat 4. delusional projection attribute motives or realities to external world that are clearly not there Lev.2 4. defensive (nondelusional) projection motive that is true of a person at an unconscious level is falsely attributed to others or to the outside world in general; actual loss of reality contact is not involved 5. somatization unconscious emotional issue is turned into a set of physical symptoms that actually have no organic cause 6. passive aggression one finds indirect ways to act out unacceptable impulses while maintaining a veneer of unintended action

Lev.3

5. repression motivated forgetting 6. intellectualization emotional distancing from a painful event by treating it in an
abstract manner 7. reaction formation threatening unconscious emotion is reversed and experienced consciously as an exaggerated form of its opposite 8. phantasy defense one escapes into an imaginary world Lev.4 5. Altruism one develops and expresses compassion for others who are suffering as he suffered 6. sublimation redirects emotion into socially or culturally constructive or desirable activities 7. humor emphasizes the absurd side of the situation; known as self-effacing humor or wit 8. meaning generation believe that there is a positive/ underlying meaning/ purpose of suffering Stages of Culture Lag: harmonial (harmony bet. the desired cultural goal and the social need), conflict (chance in social need but cultural goal remains static) & replacement (cultural goal must be altered in order to be in harmony again with social need +Marriage: Polygyny man marries two or more wives Polyandry woman have multiple husbands +Religion: Animism worship of animals Theism worship of the supernatural being Monotheism believe in one god Polytheism worship many gods +economy - economics - distributing limited resources with an unlimited wants - elements: land, capital, and labor - capitalism market forces dictate the supply and demand - communism everything is owned and dictated by the people or the government