Lectur

Internal Combustion Engines

Engine
Energy Conversion Device (One Form to the Other)

Heat Engine
Convert Thermal Energy in fuel into Mechanical Energy for motion

Classifying Engines Classification is based on:

The location of the combustion Internal / External The type of combustion Intermittent / Continuous The type of internal motion Reciprocating Rotational
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Internal Combustion Engines

Combustion occurs Inside the engine Internal combustion directly touches the parts that must be moved in order to produce mechanical energy Examples: Lawnmower engines, Motorcycle engines, automotive engines

External Combustion Engines Combustion occurs indirectly on the parts that must be moved Thermal energy heats another fluid (water), turns it into steam, and the steam pushes on a piston or part Example: Steam locomotives, Boilers

External Combustion

Intermittent Combustion Engines Combustion within the engine STARTS and STOPS many times during operation

Continuous Combustion Engine Combustion process that continues constantly without stopping It remains burning continuously Examples:
Turbine engines Rocket engines Jet engines

I C Engines An internal combustion engine is defined as a device in which the chemical energy of the fuel is released inside the engine and used directly for mechanical work,

as opposed to an external combustion engine in which a separate combustor is used to burn the fuel.
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Nikolaus Otto patented the engine when he was only 34! 4-stroke

IC engine is pictured to the right ...Nikolaus Otto (18321891). Otto developed a fourstroke engine in 1876, most often referred to as a Spark Ignition, since a spark is

needed to ignite the fuel air Histor mixture.

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The internal combustion engine was first conceived and developed in the

 Another important cycle is the Diesel cycle developed by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. This cycle is also known as a compression ignition engine. Almost all travel and transportation is powered by the IC engine: trains, automobiles, airplanes are just a few.
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Reciprocating Engines Motion produced from within the fuel (combustion) moves parts up an down Piston or internal parts are moved back and forth Examples: lawn mowers, cars, trucks, etc...

Rotary Engines
Has continuous rotation of the parts that are moving The combustion is pushing an internal part around in a circular path Examples: Wankel engines Turbine engines

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Forms of Kinetic Energy Reciprocation

motion that is defined on a linear path up-and-down; back-and-forth

Rotation
Motion that is defined on a circular path spinning; turning

Kinetic Energy within Intermittent Combustion Engines

Piston Movement
intermittent Reciprocating Not useful enough

Crank shaft
Connected to piston turns linear motion into rotation motion

Thermodynamic Principles
All internal combustion Open cycle, heated engine Gasoline (Otto) engine Spark ignition Compresses air-fuel mixture Diesel engine Compressed ignition Compresses air only
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Parts of an I C Engine

Name as many parts as you can

Your name:_________________
CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE
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Structural Components Cylinder Block Part of engine frame that contains cylinders in which piston moves Supports liners & head
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Structural Components
Cylinder Head/Assembly Serves to admit, confine, and release fuel/air Cover to cylinder block Supports valve train Crankcase Engine frame section that houses the crankshaft Oil sump Reservoir for collecting and

Moving Components
Three Groups according to motion Reciprocating only (pistons and valves) Reciprocation & rotary (connecting rods) Rotary only (crankshafts and camshafts)

Moving Components

Acted on by combustion gases Lightweight but strong/durable Piston Rings Transfer heat from piston to cylinder Seal cylinder & distribute lube oil Piston Pin Pivot point connecting piston to connecting rod Connecting Rod Connects piston & crankshaft reciprocating rotating motion

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Moving Components
Crankshaft
Combines work done by each piston Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.

Flywheel
Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of piston strokes, and smoothens rotation of crankshaft

Moving Components
Valves
Intake: open to admit air to cylinder (with fuel in Otto cycle) Exhaust: open to allow gases to be rejected

Camshaft & Cams

Used to time the addition of intake and exhaust valves Operates valves via pushrods & rocker arms
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Parts of an

Cylinder head Air cleaner Breather cap Rocker arm Valve spring Valve guide Pushrod Sparkplug Combustion chamber Tappet Dipstick Cam Camshaft Water jacket Wet liner Connecting rod bearing

Choke Throttle Intake manifold Exhaust manifold

Piston rings Piston Wrist pin Cylinder block Connecting rod Oil gallery to piston Oil gallery to head Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft

Main bearing

CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE

Oil pan or sump

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Definitions
Stroke - the number of times the piston travels the length of the cylinder Cycle - composed of 4 parts
Intake - working substance is introduced Compression - working substance is compressed by upward movement of the piston Power - ignition => forcing the piston down Exhaust - removal of exhaust gases

Definitions contd.
Top Dead Center when the piston is at its highest point in the cylinder. The volume of the working fluid is a minimum. Bottom Dead Center when the piston is at its lowest point in the cylinder. The volume of the working fluid is a maximum.
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Some Engine Terms

Bore- diameter of the cylinder Engine Displacement- the volume of air that is displaced by all the pistons during one upward stroke. Compression Ratio- the comparison of the cylinder volume when the piston is at BDC and the volume when the piston is at TDC. Engine stroke

 A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC) 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
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Engine Power
IC engines can deliver power in the range from 0.01 kW to 20 x 103 kW, depending on their displacement Number of Cylinders may vary from 1 to 20 with different geometric configurations.

4 and 2 Stroke Engines

A 4 stroke engine requires 2 full revolutions of

the crankshaft to complete the cycle. While the 2 stroke only requires 1 revolution of the shaft complete the same cycle.

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Operation Increased pressure of combustion gases acts on piston, and is converted to rotary motion Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev

Four Stroke SI Engine Induction Stroke: fill cylinder with fuel and air Compression Stroke: squeeze mixture Power Stroke: burn and extract work Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of

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Induction Stroke
Engine pulls piston out of cylinder Low pressure inside cylinder Atmospheric pressure pushes fuel and air mixture into cylinder Engine does work on the gases during this stroke

Compression Stroke
Engine pushes piston into cylinder Mixture is compressed to high pressure and temperature Engine does work on the gases during this stroke

Power Stroke
Mixture burns to form hot gases Gases push piston out of cylinder Gases expand to lower pressure and temperature Gases do work on engine during this stroke

Exhaust Stroke
Engine pushes piston into cylinder High pressure inside cylinder Pressure pushes burned gases out of cylinder Engine does work on the gases

Ignition System
Car stores energy in an electromagnet Energy is released as a high voltage pulse Electric spark ignites fuel and air mixture Two basic types of ignition Battery Magneto

 Intake

Four-Stroke Diesel

Engine

Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut Air drawn in from TDC to BDC Piston travels Compression Intake and exhaust valves shut Piston travels from BDC to TDC Temperature and pressure of air increase Power stroke Intake and exhaust valves shut Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites Piston forced from TDC to BDC Exhaust stroke Combustion gases exhaust Intake valve shut,

valve open

Piston moves from BDC to TDC

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Summary

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A I R

FUEL Ignition

Fuel/Air Mixture

Combustion Products

S u m m a r y

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

A I R Air Combustion Products Fuel Injector

Intake Stroke

Compressio n Stroke

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine

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References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, (1985), Automotive Engines, DL Tata McGraw Hill. 2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg. Technologists, Addison Wisley. 3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John Wiley & Sons. 4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford and IBH Pub Ltd. 6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers. 7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill. 8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis. 9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, AddisonWesley. 10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in
1.

Internal Combustion Engines, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi. 11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall. 12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, (1992), Engineering YR Thermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.

13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill. 14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The
Macmillan Press Limited, London.

15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
http://www.mne.psu.edu/simp son/courses http://me.queensu.ca/courses http://www.eng.fsu.edu http://www.per sonal.utulsa.edu http://www.glenro seffa.org/ http://www.howstuffworks.com http://www.me.psu.edu http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web %5B1%5D.ppt http://www.osti.gov/ fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf 9. http://www.rmi.org/s itepages/pid457.php 10. http://www.tpub.co m/content/engine/1 4081/css 11. http://webpages.csus.edu 12. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12 13. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engin es.ppt 14. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrot c/academics/180/Lesson 15. %2008%20Diesel.ppt http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/ 16. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge17. parts.ppt http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil 18. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm 19.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ ME_senior_design/2002/ folder14/ccd/Combusti on

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