Algebra II End-of-Course Exam Review 2010-2011

Worked Solutions (please email any errors found to leslie.brown@ocps.net)

To which sets of numbers does the number belong? 1. Since this number goes on forever without repeating, its irrational. There are no s (imaginary numbers), so its also real.

Solve the equation for the indicated variable. 2. for t to get t by itself:

Divide both sides by

Since the

terms on the right cancel out, were left with:

Solve for x. State any restrictions on the variables. 3. First, multiply both sides by to get rid of the fraction:

Since the

terms cancel on the right, we have

Next, divide both sides by to get

by itself:

Now the

terms on the left cancel and were left with: 1

In the original form, x cannot equal zero because we cant divide by zero. In the re-arranged form, b cant equal zero because we cant divide by zero. So, the restrictions on the variables are: , 4. We want to get by itself, so first subtract from both sides:

Then divide both sides by b:

In the re-arranged form, b cant equal zero because we cant divide by zero. So the only restriction on the variables is

Write in standard form an equation of the line passing through the given point with the given slope. 5. slope through point (0,-2) where A is positive and A, B, and C are integers (no decimals or fractions)

Standard form is

They give us the slope and y-intercept of the line (we know -2 is the y-intercept because x = 0). So first write the equation in slope-intercept form and then re-arrange:

We dont want a fraction, so multiply both sides by 5 to get rid of it:

We want the equation to look like

, so add

to both sides so

ends up on the right.

Now the equation is in standard form, so were done. 2

6. Write an equation for the line which passes through (8, 3) and is perpendicular to

Our line is perpendicular to so if we find the slope of that line and get the opposite reciprocal, well know our slope. Rearrange so its in slope-intercept form by first adding to both sides:

Next, subtract 8 from both sides:

Then, divide by 2:

So the slope of that line is . The opposite reciprocal of is for the equation

, so our slope is

. We now have no use

. Its purpose in life is over, so ignore it!

We know m = -2 for our line but we dont yet know b. We can use the point that our line goes through to solve for b. Write the halfway done equation

Now plug in the point (8, 3):

So the final equation is

Note that this problem just said an equation, it didnt specify which kind. This equation is in slopeintercept form but you also could have written it in point-slope or standard form. Point slope would have been pretty easy, since and a point that our line goes through is (8, 3). Since the pointis , our equation slope form of a line with slope passing through point would be:

If they wanted it in standard form, like in #5, we could rearrange it to end up with

7. Find the distance between (3, 1) and (1, 6). If necessary, round to the nearest tenth. Use the distance formula:

8. Find the midpoint M of the segment with endpoints C(4, 4) and D(2, 6). Use the midpoint formula = = =

9. For

, find

Use synthetic substitution. Check that the polynomial is in descending order (biggest power to smallest power) and there are no missing terms (youre good). Then write down the number you want to evaluate in a little box, write down the coefficients next to it, and proceed with synthetic substitution. Remember that you always bring the first number down, and that youre adding the columns. The last number you write down is your final answer.

So 816 is your answer. You also could have done this with direct substitution:

But I like using the synthetic substitution trick better.

10. Suppose

and

. Find the value of

Just do the numerator and denominator separately and divide at the end:

11. Let The

and

. Find and .

just tells you that youre supposed to add the functions

Now combine like terms:

12. Let

and

. Find

and

Start with the innermost parentheses. This means you take g(x) and substitute it into f(x) everywhere you see an x.

Now, simplify:

Then, do the same thing but start with f(x) and substitute it into g(x) everywhere you see an x.

Now, simplify:

Remember that if you ever see just written in a different way.

or

those are the same thing as

and

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution set. Describe the solution set using set builder or interval notation. 13. First, distribute:

Subtract

from both sides:

This is never true, so the inequality has no solution.

14. Solve

. Graph the solutions.

You can put a positive or a negative number into the absolute value operator and the result will be a positive. So, this means that either or . Solve both of these inequalities:

or

Divide both sides by -1 to make the left side a positive d. Remember, when you multiply or divide by a negative, you have to switch the inequality sign.

In set builder notation, the answer is

Since this is an or inequality you graph both solutions. The circles are filled in because of the signs (< or > would just be a circle). Remember, as long as the variable is on the left, you can use the trick that

looks like an arrow pointing to the left and which way the arrows point.

looks like an arrow pointing to the right in order to know

Solve the compound inequality. Graph the solution set. 15. and

Solve the first inequality:

Subtract 12 from both sides:

Divide both sides by 10:

Solve the second inequality:

Add 7 to both sides:

Divide both sides by 10:

In set builder notation, the answer is

Since this is an and inequality you graph the overlap of the 2 solutions.

16.

or

Solve the first inequality:

Add 15 to both sides:

Divide both sides by 10:

Solve the second inequality:

Subtract 4 from both sides:

Divide both sides by 7:

In set builder notation, the answer is

Since this is an or inequality you graph both solutions. The circles are open because of the > < signs.

Graph the inequality. 17.

Put Add to both sides:

in slope intercept form so its easier to graph the boundary:

Now divide both sides by 2 to get y by itself: 8

And split up the fraction so it looks like

Now you can tell that the slope is and the y-intercept is

. Make your first point by going to

on

the y-axis. Then, go up 1 and over 2 to your second point (since the slope is 1 over 2). Connect the dots with a dashed line, because you have rather than That line is your boundary. Finally, plug a test point in to the original inequality to see which side is shaded. The point (0,0) is easy: This is true, so the point (0,0) does get shaded in. That means you will shade above the line since thats where (0,0) is:

Graph the absolute value equation. 18. Absolute value graphs always look like a V. Remember, if you dont know what a graph looks like, make a table. Make sure you plug in enough x values that you see where the graph turns around.

Another (smarter) way to do this would be to set y equal to zero, solve for x to get the y-intercept(s), and observe that the slope of the line will be either 3 or -3, depending on which side of the V youre on.

19. Write the equation that is the translation of

left 3 units and up 8 units.

For a graph of any function f(x), a translation of 3 units to the left means you need to find f(x+3), and a translation of 8 units up means you need to find f(x) + 8. Doing both of these things at the same time gives you

20. A rental car agency charges a flat fee of $32.00 plus $1.75 per day to rent a certain car. Another agency charges a fee of $18.00 plus $3.75 per day to rent the same car. a) Write a system of equations to represent the cost c for renting a car at each agency for d days.

b) Find the number of days for which the costs are the same. Round to the nearest whole day. Ill do this algebraically since not everyone has the same graphing calculator. If you did solve this with a graphing calculator, youd graph both functions and see where they intersect. That value of d is the day for which they cost the same. To solve algebraically, set and equal to each other:

Subtract

from both sides:

10

Subtract 18 from both sides:

Divide both sides by 2:

So, the rental car companies cost the same when youre renting for 7 days.

Solve the systems. 21. Use elimination: we can multiply the entire bottom equation by 2 and add it to the top equation to eliminate x completely:

Adding the 2 equations gives you

Since this is always true, there are an infinite number of solutions. Sometimes this is also described as all real numbers or all reals.

22.

To solve a system of 3 equations, pick 2 sets of 2 equations and eliminate the same variable from each. Then, solve the resulting system of 2 equations. Once you find one variable, the rest become easy to find by plugging back in. Ill pick the first and second equations and add them to eliminate z:

This gives you: 11

Next Ill pick the first and last equations and add them to eliminate z:

This gives you:

So our system of 2 equations is now

Ill multiply the bottom equation by 3 and add them to eliminate y and solve for x

This gives you:

Now plug

back in to one of the 2 equations and get y:

Now we have and use the first one:

and can plug those back into any of the original three equations to solve for z. Ill

Yay, now we have all 3 variables. Go have a cookie.

Solve the system of inequalities by graphing. 12

23. Do this problem just like #17, but graph both equations and youll have to do 2 test points. Its nice that both equations are already in slope-intercept form. The final graph is where the shading overlaps. Remember that the first line will be solid because of the and the second will be dashed because of the sign.

Solve the equation. 24. First, distribute:

Combine like terms on the left:

Subtract 31 from both sides

Finally, divide both sides by

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25. First, divide both sides by :

Now solve this equation just like #14. The absolute value signs mean that either . Solve both of these equations and youll get h = -1 or 15.

or

26. Subtract 25 from both sides

Divide both sides by 36

Take the square root of both sides:

Since

, and

, this becomes:

27. We can either solve this with the quadratic equation or by factoring. Either way, we first need to set the equation equal to zero. First, subtract 36 from both sides:

I like factoring better, so Ill factor this with wrong way / right way. We want factors of 32 with a difference of 4, so 8 and 4 will work. Remember to put the bigger number first:

The zero product property says if equal to zero and solve. First equation:

then either

or has to be 0. So set each of the factors

14

Next equation:

So your answers are -8 and 4. 28. Squaring gets rid of square roots, but first add 7 to both sides (otherwise youd have to foil since the left hand side is a binomial):

Now we can square both sides and the radical will be gone:

29. Everyone hates fractions, so lets get rid of them. We can do that by multiplying both sides by :

In the first term, the terms on the top and the bottom cancel. In the second term, the terms on the top and the bottom cancel. And on the last term, the 2s on the top and the bottom cancel. So, the equation reduces to:

No more fractions, yay. Combine the 5 and 4 on the left and divide both sides by 3:

15

Factor the expression. 30. Using wrong way / right way, we want factors of 9 with a difference of 8. 1 and 9 will work. Remember to put the bigger number first:

31. Do wrong way/right way with JUST the numbers. Multiply 15 by 4 to get 60. You want factors of 60 that have a sum of 16. 10 and 6 will work. Then put your s and s in. So far your answer looks like:

Then you need to get rid of the extra factor (15). Neither factor is divisible by 15, so split it up and divide the left factor by 5 and the right factor by 3 and simplify:

32. Find the inverse of To find an inverse, flip the x and y and then solve for y. Flipping x and y gives you:

Subtract 6 from both sides and divide by 3 to get

by itself:

Finally, take the square root of both sides to get rid of the exponent:

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DO NOT simplify the 6 and the 3 to a 2! If you want to know why, see me to go over simplifying fractions.

33. Graph

and its inverse.

To find an inverse, flip the x and y and then solve for y. Flipping x and y gives you:

Add 2 to both sides and divide by 3 to get

by itself:

Finally, take the square root of both sides to get rid of the exponent:

Now we just have to graph them.

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34. Find the zeros of

. Then graph the equation.

Using the zero product property, set each factor equal to zero and solve.

This one is already solved for x, so move on to the second one: =0

And the last one: =0

So the zeros are

35. Divide

by

Use synthetic division. Check that the polynomial is in descending order (biggest power to smallest power) and there are no missing terms (youre good). Then flip the sign (+2 becomes -2) and put the constant of the term youre dividing by in a box and proceed with synthetic division.

These are the coefficients of your answer. To get the actual answer, reduce each power in the original equation by one, and you end up with with a remainder of -2, which can be written as:

Find the roots of the polynomial equation. 36. Remember that roots/zeros/solutions/answers all pretty much mean the same thing when it comes to polynomials. Also, remember that the number of roots equals the degree of the polynomial (the biggest exponent), which in our case is 3. So we know were going to have 3 roots, we just have to find them. 18

The Rational Root Theorem gives you a list of possible zeros of a polynomial function. The list is given by

where p is a factor of the constant term and q is a factor of the leading coefficient of a polynomial. Once we make the list we can use synthetic substitution to check each possibility till we find one that works. First lets make the list. p (factors of the constant term, 136) = q (factors of the leading coefficient, 1): So our list of possibilities are

which is really just the list

since dividing by 1 doesnt do anything to a number. How fun, we have 16 possibilities to try with synthetic substitution. I would start with the small numbers like +1, -1, +2, -2, +4, -4, etc. and then move on to the bigger ones. If you test those numbers, you will see that -4 works (of course, the last one I listed). Test using synthetic substitution, remembering that if you get a zero as your last number, the number is a root:

Since you got a zero, that means that -4 is a root. To get the other ones, turn the coefficients that you ended up with after synthetic division into a polynomial and solve it. Using the 1, -6, and 34 from above and reducing the original polynomial by one degree, we get:

To solve this polynomial, set it equal to zero:

And use the quadratic formula where a = 1, b = -6, and c = 34:

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Since you have a negative inside a radical, you can take out an since

Also, since

we can rewrite as:

You can factor out a 2 from the numerator:

And then the 2s on the top and the bottom cancel to give you:

Now we have our other 2 answers, with the -4 we got before that makes 3. Our final 3 roots are:

Graph the equation. 37. This is a rational equation because there is an x in the denominator. Most rational equations have vertical asymptotes, and to find them, you set each factor in the denominator equal to zero and solve. For our equation thats easy, because theres only one factor in the denominator. Setting it equal to zero we get:

And we dont even have to solve for x because its already solved for x. So that means we have a vertical asymptote at x = 0. Draw a vertical dashed line up and down at zero to make you asymptote. Then make 20

an (x, y) table, choosing a few x values to the left of the asymptote and a few values to the right (-5, -4, 3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 should be enough). Plug the x values into plugging in -5 gives you smooth curve. to find the y values (for example,

). After your table is filled out sketch in each side of the graph with a

38. Square root functions, when graphed, always look like half of a sideways parabola. You can graph them by making an (x, ) table and plugging in values of x. When filling out the table, go back as far as you can with the x values for this one, the smallest number you can plug in is 0 because anything smaller than that is a negative number, and the square root of a negative number is an imaginary number, which we cant plot on our normal coordinate system. If you had because -5 + 5 = 0. , however, you could start your table at -5

Anyway, the reason you want to start as far back as you can with the x values is that shows you where the graph starts (its like the vertex of the half-parabola). Plugging in about 5 values should be enough for you to sketch the graph I would plug in 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. For example, plugging in 3 gives you:

So you know the point (3, -1.27) is one of your points. Fill out the rest of your table by plugging in and connect the points with a smooth curve. The curve goes on forever on one side but stops at the vertex I was talking about before.

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39. Graph This is an inequality, but lets just deal with graphing the boundary of the inequality first. The function

Is a quadratic, which means its graph will look like a parabola. To graph a parabola, remember that the x-coordinate of the vertex is given by

Since for our equation a = 3 and b = -4, the x-coordinate of our vertex is

To find the y-coordinate of the vertex, plug

into the equation:

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Reducing the fraction 12/9 to 4/3 and making a common denominator for with the 2 gives us:

So plot the vertex on your coordinate system and make an (x, y) table with the vertex in the middle. Pick a few values on one side of the vertex (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 should be enough) and plug them in to the original equation to fill out the y side of the table. For example, plugging in x = 1 gives you:

So you know one of your points is (1, -3). Do this with all the x-values you picked, plot the points, and connect them with a smooth curve made of a solid line (because we have rather than ) . You know that a parabola is symmetric across the vertical line through its vertex, so make the mirror image on the side you didnt have points for. Now you have the boundary of the inequality. Finally, we need to deal with the fact that we are graphing an inequality, not just a parabola. We need to create a test point just like we did in #17 to see which part of the graph gets shaded in. Pick (0, 0) again because its easy to plug in to the original inequality:

This is NOT true (zero isnt less than or equal to -2, its greater than -2). That means that we do NOT shade the area where (0,0) is. The only other choice is to shade the region that doesnt contain (0,0), which is the outside of the parabola. Shade it in and youre done.

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40. Find the domain and range of each relation and determine whether it is a function. First lets take care of domain and range. Remember that domain is basically all of the valid x values and range is all of the valid y values. Looking at the parabola, you can plug in ANY value of x and youll get a y value, so the domain of the parabola is all real numbers. But for the y values, its different. There are no points on that parabola that are below 1. This means that the range for the parabola is .

Looking at the second graph, we can see that the x values are only from -4 to 4. There are no points on the graph anywhere outside of those values. So, the domain is . The y values of the points on the graph are only between -2 and 2. There are no points on the graph with a y value anywhere outside of that region. So, the range is

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The third graph is of a line. The line goes on forever to both the left and the right, so every x value is included. This means, again, that the domain is all real numbers. The range is also all real numbers because the line goes on forever both up and down.

Now lets decide whether each one is a function. Remember that for a relation to be called a function, there has to be ONE y value for every x value. That means you arent allowed to have something like (1,2) and (1,3) because there would be 2 values (2 and 3) for the x value of 1. Another way to determine if something is a function or not is to use the vertical line test if you already have the graph of the function. If theres anywhere on the graph where you can draw a vertical line and it crosses the graph more than once, its not a function. Looking at the first graph, you could draw a vertical line anywhere and it would just cross the parabola once. So, this is a function.

Looking at the second graph, if you draw a vertical line it will cross the graph more than once in some places. So this is not a function.

Finally, looking at the third graph, if you draw a vertical line anywhere it would just cross the line once. So, this is a function. 25

Determine whether y varies directly with x. If so, find the constant of variation . 41. A direct variation is of the form where is the constant of variation.

Get the y by itself by dividing both sides by

Which is the same thing as:

So this is in the form

, and

is

because thats the coefficient in front of x when x and y are on

opposite sides of the equal sign. Find the value of y for a given value of x, if y varies directly with x. 42. If y = 64 when x = 320, what is y when x = 140? If y varies directly with x, then .

First, use the information that they give us, which is that y = 64 when x = 320. This allows us to solve for the constant of variation, :

Divide both sides by 320 to get

by itself:

26

So our equation is

. Plugging in x = 140 will get us the value of y that we want:

43. Suppose that y varies directly with x and inversely with z, and y = 30 when x = 9, and z = 3. Write the equation that models the relationship. Then find y when x = 4 and z = 2. Suppose that y varies directly with x and inversely with z means that

because y and x are both in the numerator when theyre on opposite sides of the equal sign, and z is in the denominator when y and z are on opposite sides of the equal sign. First, use the information that they give us, which is that y = 30 when x = 9, and z = 3. This allows us to solve for the constant of variation, :

Divide both sides by 9:

So our equation is:

Now we can plug in the values they give us to solve for the new value of y when x = 4 and z = 2:

27

Simplify. 44. We can simplify by first converting it from an exponential expression to a radical expression using the following rule:

So

can be rewritten as

Now, evaluate:

45. can be rewritten as Replacing in the original expression with gives us which equals

46. Write

in radical form.

Again, using the rule

Where

, and

gives us:

A power to a power means you multiply exponents, so we end up with:

Simplify the radical expression. 47. 28

We cant do anything until we simplify the radicals enough so that we have some like terms.

With the radicals simplified, the original expression looks like:

Now we have like terms (all the terms have a

in them), so we can combine to:

Which becomes

48. Write The

in simplest form.

exponent applies to everything inside the parentheses:

A power to a power means you multiply exponents:

Using the rule

We get

29

Multiply. 49. Since you have two binomials, FOIL (remember that )

Combine like terms (the middle 2 terms both have a

50. Squaring something is the same as multiplying something by itself, so rewrite as:

Now FOIL (remember that

):

Combine like terms:

Rationalize the denominator of the expression. Assume that all variables are positive. 51. To rationalize a denominator, multiply the top and bottom of the expression by the conjugate of the denominator. To get the conjugate you just flip the sign in between. So the conjugate of . is

30

Since youre multiplying fractions, just multiply across the top and bottom. Since each is a binomial youre going to FOIL (remember that ):

Combine like terms and simplify:

can be simplified as

. So with the simplified

, our expression looks like:

You can factor out a 3 from the top:

Now you can cancel out the 3s on the top and the bottom, so youre left with:

Which simplifies to

52. Simplify Since =

using the imaginary number and , we can rewrite as:

Also,

can be simplified as

So our final answer is

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Simplify the expression. Review all operations with complex numbers. 53. Just treat like any old variable and combine like terms:

54. First, FOIL since you have 2 binomials:

The

terms cancel out:

Remember that

Simplifying again gives you:

Write the equation in logarithmic form. 55. Remember that if , . Using this rule, where a = 2, b = 8, and x = 256, you get:

If only all problems were this simple.

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56. Write the equation Remember that if ,

in exponential form. . Using this rule, where a = 32, b = 8, and x = , you get:

Write the expression as a single logarithm. 57. We can compress the original equation using the log rules. First, bring the multipliers 4 and 6 into the exponents using the following rule:

So,

and

Now we have

We can compress that by using the following log rule:

So we end up with:

Evaluate the logarithm. 58. Since and are inverses,

So the final answer is just 12. 33

59. First set the expression equal to .

Next, use the rule that if

to rewrite the equation in exponential form:

Rewrite the left hand side of the equation as 32 so that the left and right sides have the same base:

Since the left and the right hand sides have the same base, we can just set the exponents equal to each other and solve for x.

60. Solve

Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.

Remember that if there is no index written, the base on log is 10.

Divide both sides by 3:

Rewrite in exponential form using the rule that if

61. Solve Since and

. Round to the nearest thousandth. are inverses,

Use this trick to rewrite the equation with both sides as exponents of :

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Simplify the rational expression. State any restrictions on the variable. 62. First of all lets take care of restrictions on the variable. Since we cant divide by zero, allowed to be 0. Set this expression equal to zero and solve: is not

So the restriction on the variable is that a isnt allowed to be -1, which can be written as:

Now lets actually simplify. Any time youre simplifying a rational expression you want to FACTOR FIRST! That way, some variables might cancel. First lets factor the numerator with wrong way / right way:

We want factors of 6 with a difference of 5, so 6 and 1 will work, and remember to put the bigger number first:

Now lets rewrite the original rational expression with the numerator factored:

Lo and behold, the

terms cancel, so were just left with:

Notice that if we didnt take care of the restrictions on the variables first, we wouldnt find any restrictions because the simplified version doesnt have a denominator. So always do that first if youre asked for restrictions on variables. 35

Multiply or divide. State any restrictions on the variables. 63. First well factor everything. Lets start with can be rewritten as This equation is a difference of squares, because it

A difference of squares can be factored with the following pattern:

For our expression,

and

, so the factored version looks like:

Now lets factor factored version looks like:

We want factors of 6 with a sum of 5, so 2 and 3 will work, and the

Next lets factor . We want factors of 4 with a sum of 5, so 4 and 1 will work, and the factored version looks like:

Finally, well factor . We want factors of 8 with a difference of 2, so 4 and 2 will work, and (remembering to put the bigger number first), the factored version looks like:

Now that weve factored everything, lets rewrite the original expression with the factored versions of things.

Since were dividing fractions, we use keep it, switch it, flip it:

And since were multiplying fractions, we just multiply across the top and the bottom:

36

Now, before we start happily canceling things, lets take care of the excluded values. We cant divide by zero, so if we set each factor equal to zero and solve, well get our excluded values: If If If If then then then then

So that means our excluded values are -3, -2, -4, and -1, which can be written as

NOW we can cancel things out in pairs. In the expression

The

terms on the top and bottom cancel. So do the

terms. So were left with

Which can be written as

Finally doneseriously, too bad all questions cant be like #55.

Perform the indicated operation. Simplify if possible. 64. Since were adding, we need to find a common denominator. But, remember to FACTOR FIRST! We want things to cancel because that makes our life easier. First, lets factor . We want factors of 24 with a sum of 10, so 6 and 4 will work. So, the factored version looks like:

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Next lets factor

. We want factors of 28 with a sum of 11, so 7 and 4 will work. We get:

Nothing in the term on the right can be factored, so lets just rewrite the original expression in its factored form:

How convenient, the pair of

terms on the top and the bottom of the left hand expression cancel!

Now we have a common denominator and we can add the expressions. The denominator stays the same since its common (think about it, to combine like terms in the numerator: , not b/c that just simplifies back to ) we just have

Since nothing else can be factored or simplified, were done. DONT YOU DARE CANCEL THE 14 AND THE 7! If you want to know why, see me to go over simplifying fractions.

Solve the equation. Check the solution. 65. Again, everyone hates fractions so lets get rid of them. We can do this by multiplying both sides by and .

On the left hand side, the terms cancel. On the right hand side, the terms cancel. That was the whole point of multiplying both sides by and . Cancelling them gives us:

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No more fractions, yay! Now we just solve like were back in Algebra 1. First, distribute:

Add

to both sides:

Add 20 to both sides:

Divide by 6:

To check the solution, plug the value back into the original equation:

The answer checks out.

66. We will do this one in a similar way to #65. We want to get rid of the fractions. But, first lets factor This is a difference of squares, because it can be rewritten as

A difference of squares can be factored with the following pattern:

For our expression,

and

, so the factored version looks like:

So the original equation, with

rewritten in its factored form, looks like:

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Now, in order to cancel the fractions, we can multiply both sides of the equation by

and

The and on the top and the bottom of the far left term cancel, and the top and the bottom of the second term cancel, so were left with:

on the

Now combine like terms (distribute the negative!) on the left and FOIL the right:

The

and

cancel. Subtract 3 from both sides:

And add x to both sides:

Now that the equation is set equal to zero, we can solve it either by using the quadratic equation or by factoring. Ill use the quadratic equation since I used factoring earlier. If , then

For our equation, a = 1, b = 1, and c = -12. Plugging in these numbers gives us:

Be careful with your negatives inside the radical! The double negative becomes a positive:

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or

Now we have to plug both numbers back in to check our solution. Lets start with

We cant divide by zero. So

isnt allowed to be a solution. Lets check the other one,

This checks out, so

is our only solution.

67. Find the 50th term of the sequence 5, 2, 9, 16, ... First we need to see if this is an arithmetic or a geometric sequence. Remember that arithmetic sequences have a common difference and geometric sequences have a common ratio. Lets check to see if theres a common difference by finding the difference between each successive number: 2 5 = 7 9 2 = 7 16 9 = 7

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Looks like this is an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of 7. The equation to find the th term of an arithmetic sequence is:

You want to find the 50th term, so = 50. The common difference, , is 7. The first term, we just plug in, remembering order of operations!

, is 5. Now

68. Find the arithmetic mean In a sequence,

of and

, . To find the arithmetic mean,

is right between

Substitute in your values of

and

Lets just add the fractions first.

We need a common denominator. We can use 28:

Now that weve added the fractions, we have to divide them by 2:

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Which is the same thing as:

Which gives us

69. The sequence 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, ..., 45 has 11 terms. Evaluate the related series. First we need to see if this is an arithmetic or a geometric sequence. Looking at this sequence of numbers you can see that they have a common difference of 3, so this is an arithmetic sequence. The equation for the sum of an arithmetic series is:

Where is the number of terms youre going up to, is the first term, and is the th term. For our series, = 11 (they tell you there are 11 terms). The common difference, , is 3. The first term, , is 15. which for us is , is 45. Now we just plug in: The th term,

70. Evaluate the series 6 24 + 96 384 + ... to First we need to see if this is an arithmetic or a geometric series. It doesnt look like theres a common difference between the numbers because the difference between -24 and 6 isnt the same as the

43

difference between 96 and -24. So, its a geometric series, which means we need to find the common ratio. We do this by picking a term and dividing it by the previous term. Ill pick 96:

So the common ratio, , is

. The equation for the sum,

, of a geometric series is

Where is the first term, is the common ratio, and n is the number of terms youre going up to. For our series, , , and n = 7 (you know that because they asked for ). Now just plug in:

Be very careful with the negatives! double negative.

but its being subtracted. So you end up with a

71. Graph each line as described: a) through (2, 5) and parallel to the line whose slope is 0.4. Plot your first point at (2, 5). Since your line is parallel to a line whose slope is 0.4, or 2/5 as fraction, your line has the same slope. This means that you go up 2 and over to the right 5 to get to your next point and then connect the points with a line. On the following graph there isnt enough room for that, so Im going to go backwards instead. If you go up 2 when you go over to the right 5, that means you must go down 2 when you go back over to the left 5. So Ill do that since it will fit on the graph.

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b) through (-1, 4) and perpendicular to the line whose slope is 0.2. Plot your first point at (-1,4). Since your line is perpendicular to a line whose slope is -0.2, or -1/5 as fraction, your lines slope is the opposite reciprocal, which is 5/1. This means that you go up 5 and over to the right 1 to get to your next point and then connect the points with a line. Again, on the following graph there isnt enough room for that, so Im going to go backwards instead. If you go up 5 when you go over to the right 1, that means you must go down 5 when you go back over to the left 1. So Ill do that since it will fit on the graph.

72. Evaluate each expression. Express the result in scientific notation. a)

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First lets take care of just the plain old numbers:

So our expression can be written as

When you divide things with the same base, you subtract exponents, so

So we can rewrite the expression as:

Were almost in scientific notation, but in scientific notation we have one digit and then the decimal place (like 1.1 x 105 , not 11.0 x 105). If want to change 18.32 into 1.832, remember that

So, put

in the place of

and we get:

Which becomes

b) Because of the associative property, this is the same thing as doing

Remember that when you multiply terms with the same base, you add the exponents

This is in scientific notation, so were done.

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through the point

73. Write an equation for a parabola with a vertical axis of symmetry whose vertex is . is

and passes

The equation for a parabola with vertex

Since we know the vertex is

that means

and

. Substitute these values in:

The double negative becomes a positive:

Now we need to figure out what is. Since we know the parabola goes through the point can substitute those values in for and in the above equation and solve for a:

, we

Subtract 5 from both sides:

Divide both sides by 9:

Now we know that

so our final equation in vertex form is:

74. Write an equation for the parabola in vertex form. Identify the vertex, axis of symmetry and direction of opening: . Remember that the x-coordinate of the vertex is given by

For our parabola,

and

. Substituting these values in:

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So the x-value of our vertex is 4. The y-value can be obtained by plugging the x-value back into the original equation:

So the vertex of our parabola is The equation for a parabola with vertex is

Since we know our vertex is

, we can plug these in and get:

We still need , but we already know it because it doesnt matter which form the parabola is in, . So our from before goes in and we end up with:

is still

Finally, the equation for the axis of symmetry of a parabola is:

So for our function, the axis of symmetry is the equation

Finally, since

is negative, the parabola opens down (remember + , -

).

75. y varies jointly as x and z. y = 60, x= 2 and z = 3. Write the function that models the relationship. Find y when x = 4 and z = 9. For a joint variation, the equation is .

First, use the information that they give us, which is that y = 60 when x = 2 and z = 3. This allows us to solve for the constant of variation, :

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Divide both sides by 6:

Now we have the constant of variation so we know that our equation is:

We know that they want us to find y when x = 4 and z = 9. So plug in those values of x and z to find y:

76. Factor completely: First, figure out the biggest number is that goes evenly into both 24 and 40, which is 8. So you can factor out an 8 to the front:

Next, look at the terms. The highest exponent that both terms have in common is 3, so we can factor out a to the front:

Finally, look at the terms. The highest exponent that both terms have in common is a 4, so we can factor out a to the front:

The terms in the parentheses have nothing else in common, so theres nothing else we can factor out. That means were done.

77. Factor completely: Before you do anything, see if theres anything that you can factor out from all the terms. This will make your life easier. All the terms are divisible by 3, so factor out a 3:

So just leave that 3 off to the side for now and factor difference of 1, so 5 and 4 will work. The factored version of

. We need factors of 20 with a looks like:

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Now put that 3 back on the outside:

78. The Martins bought a condo for $85,000. Assuming that the value of the condo will appreciate at most 5% a year, how much will the condo be worth in 5 years? The equation for exponential growth is

Where is the initial amount, amount of time passed. For our problem, ,

is the new amount, is the rate of growth in decimal form, and is the

, and

. Substituting these values in:

Remember the order of operations:

So at most, in 5 years the condo will be worth $108,483.93

79. Find

for the given geometric series.

, is given by:

, and

For a geometric series, the formula for

Where

is the number of terms youre going up to, , , and

is the first term, and is the common ratio. . Plug in our values:

For this problem,

, and were solving for

Notice that is the only unknown, so to find it we just need to simplify and rearrange the equation to get by itself. Remember order of operations!

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Multiply both sides by 0.5:

Divide both sides by

80. A child will receive $5 on his 5th birthday from his Grandmother. On his 6th, he will receive $8 and on his 7th , $11. On his 21st birthday, how much will he receive? There are lots of ways to solve this problem. This is just one way. If you look at the numbers, you can see that each year the amount hes getting increases by $3. This means we can write a linear equation to solve. If we call y the amount of money and x the year, we have three (x, y) points: (5, 5), (6, 8), and (7, 11). Im going to make an equation in form and then plug in x = 21 to find out how much st money he gets on his 21 birthday. I know that m (the slope) is 3 because for every 1 year he gets an increase of $3. You could also pick 2 points and use the formula for slope to figure that out). So Ill write the halfway done equation:

And I just have to pick one of my (x, y) values to plug in and find b. Ill pick (5,5):

Subtract 15 from both sides:

So our linear equation is

Where x is the year and y is the amount of money. Plug in 21 for the year:

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So he gets $53 on his 21st birthday, with which he can buy a fancy bottle of wine.

81. Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies the following condition: passes through (1, 9) and (6, 2). An equation in slope-intercept form is in the form find the slope, . The formula for slope is: . We dont know either m or b. First, lets

Using our points,

, and

. Plug these values in:

So now we have our slope and we can write the halfway done equation:

Pick one of the points (it doesnt matter which), and plug in to find b. Ill use (1, 9):

Add to both sides:

We need a common denominator to add the to the 9. 5 will work:

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So our final equation is:

82. Graph the given relation or equation. Find the domain and range. Determine whether the relation or equation is a function: .

This is a linear equation, so look back to #17 to see how to graph the line and back to #40 to determine whether its a function or not. You will see that it is a function, with domain and range of all real numbers, and the graph looks like this:

83. Simplify the radical: First, remember that if there is no index on the radical, it defaults to 2.

We can split up radicals because

Next, remember that

So we can rewrite

as 53

Which simplifies to

We can also rewrite

as

Which simplifies to

Replacing these in the split-up original expression gives us:

Now we need to simplify

. It can be rewritten as:

And since

and

, we can rewrite again:

So our final simplified expression is

And since we usually rewrite with the radical last, the answer is:

84. Determine whether the given function has a maximum or a minimum value. Then, find the maximum or minimum value of the function. Find the y-intercept and the equation of the axis of symmetry. This is a quadratic equation, which means that its graph is a parabola. Remember that for a quadratic equation in the form , if a is positive then the parabola opens up, and if a is negative then the parabola opens down ( + , - ). If a parabola opens up then it has a minimum, and if it opens down then it has a maximum. 54

For our function, a = -2. Since thats negative, the parabola opens down which means it has a maximum. The maximum or minimum of a parabola is at the y value at its vertex. Remember that the x-coordinate of the vertex is given by

For our function, a = -2 and b = 10. Plug these values in:

So the x-coordinate of our vertex is at 2.5. To find the y coordinate of the vertex, which will give us the actual value of the max (not just where it is), plug in x=2.5: Remember PEMDAS!

So the function has a maximum at x = 2.5, and the maximum is 19.5. To find the y-intercept, plug in x=0: Finally, the equation for the axis of symmetry of a parabola is:

So for our function, the axis of symmetry is the equation

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85. Given a polynomial of the polynomial.

and one of its factors

, find the remaining factors

If youre given one of the factors, that makes finding the remaining factors easy. Divide the polynomial by the factor youre given using synthetic division, and then factor the polynomial that you end up with after synthetic division. In synthetic division, you change the sign of the constant when you put it in the box, so the +3 becomes -3:

A factor of something means when you divide it you get no remainder. Since they tell you x+3 is a factor, you better get a zero remainder! And you did, so you know youre on the right track. Using the coefficients you end up with (3, 1, and -4), and reducing the power of the original polynomial by 1, you get:

Now we just have to factor that polynomial. Using wrong way right way, we want factors of 12 with a sum of 1, so 4 and 3 will work:

Now we have to get rid of the extra factor (3), so divide the factor on the right by 3:

Since the factor on the right reduces, we end up with :

So the remaining factors are

and

86. A bricklayer can build a wall of a certain size in 5 hours. Another bricklayer can do the same job in 4 hours. Write an equation that can be used to find how long it will take them working together to build the wall. How many hours will it take them to build the wall? If necessary, round your answer to the nearest hundredth. Bricklayer 1:

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Bricklayer 2: We cant just add the 2 rates that wouldnt make sense because it would

mean they take longer to build the wall together than they would individually. The rule for combining rates is:

So for us, if we call x the combined rate,

Multiply both sides by :

Divide both sides by 0.45:

So, with their powers combined, they can make 1 wall in about 2.22 hours.

87. Find

for the given geometric series. is:

For a geometric series, the equation for

Where

is the number of terms youre going up to,

is the first term, and is the common ratio. is. So, . Now its just a matter of

Remember that the subscript on the is telling you what substituting in the variables and evaluating:

Remember to follow the order of operations: 57

DONE!

Good luck on the final

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