Miles Lewis the evolution of the timber frame Entramado en Madera, Su Evolucin

Universidad de Chile
November 2007

pillared halls Recintos sobre Pilares

3 Altintepe 2 Hattusas 1 Troy 4 Persepolis

Troy VI, c1800-1200 BC; Hattusas, c 1250 BC; Altintepe; Persepolis

Base plan: Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1967), p 35

Building C, Troy VI (c1800-1200 BC) with central timber columns / con columnas al centro
Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24

Hattusas: remains of building D, Restos del Edificio D Bykkale, c 1250 BC: view & plan Vista y planta
Miles Lewis Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 300

presumed cross-heads

building D, Bykkale, Hattusas, C13th

plan of surviving foundations planta de fundaciones an existentes reconstruction plan with columns Planta reconstruida con columnas reconstructed interior view Reconstruccin de vista interior Kurt Bittel, A Guide to Bogazky (Ankara, no date), p 27

Urartu Temple at Altintepe, Turkey, C8th, reconstruction by M Akok / reconstruccin por M. Akok
Temizer, Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, p 122

Persepolis: aerial view

Stierlin, Monuments de l'Antiquit, no page

Persepolis Plan / planta

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 219

Persepolis construction of a column from the Treasury /

Construccin de una Columna del Tesoro

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 221

Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis, reconstructed view Saln de las Cien Columnas, Perspolis, vista reconstruida
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, pl 186

Persepolis
Hall of the Hundred Columns, reconstruction of a column double-headed bull capital / reconstruccin de una columna con capitel de doble cabeza de toro
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 222 Middle Eastern Studies, no 27

House Mill, Bromley-by-Bow, Newham, London, 1776

C A Hewett, English Historic Carpentry (London 1980), p 255

industrial timber Construction / Construccin Industrial en Madera

square posts / Columnas de Seccin cuadrada chamfer-stopped arrises / aristas chanfleadas spreaders / barras beams (later barrups) / vigas

Portarlington Flour Mill, Australia, by Andrew McWilliams, 1857 detail of chamfer-stopped post, spreader & beam (later wedges) Detalle de poste con capitel chanfleado, barra y viga (cuas posteriores)
Miles Lewis 1987

scarfed and braced joints, USA, 1859 Uniones en ngulo y de machi-hembrado

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (Philadelphia 1859), plate 13

general framing for a heavy barn / Entramado general para un granero

W A Radford, Framing: a Practical Manual (Chicago 1909), p 240

a pioneering example of the shed principle Ejemplo pionero del principio shed
the Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company's cotton mill near Bombay by William Fairbairn, and Sons, before 1863: sections
William Fairbairn, Mills and Mill-Work (4th ed, London 1878 [?c 1860]), pl XV

Dennys Lascelles wool Stores, Geelong, Australia Jacob Pitman's section & roof plan / corte y planta de techo modern view of the show floor Vista actual del rea de exhibicin
Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives Miles Lewis 1984

Dalgety Wool Stores, Gheringhap Street & Western Beach, Geelong: the 1901 portion
Miles Lewis 1985

Dalgety Store, 1901 building, show floor, showing cross-heads, trussed beams (barrups) and a sawtooth roof mostrando capiteles, cerchas y techo en forma de serrucho
Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives

the Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, 1850-1 the roofing system, showing queen post barrups Complejo de Techumbre, mostrando vigas maestras
Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43

trussed beams (barrups) Cerchas

G L Sutcliffe [ed], The Modern Carpenter Joiner and Cabinet-Maker(8 vols, London 1903), IV, pp 396, 387 C F Mitchell, Building Construction and Drawing (5th ed, London 1900), p 87

No 8 wharf Warehouse, Walsh Bay, Sydney: detail of roof framing Detalle del entramado de techo
Balint, Warehouse and Woolstores, p 73

Sunshine Harvester Works, Devonshire Road, Sunshine: view in 1906

Science Museum of Victoria

Sunshine Harvester Works, details of trussed beam and droppers Detalles de cerchas y elementos intermedios
Miles Lewis 1987

Class C housing, Sewell, Chile, showing timber pillars and cross-heads Mostrando pilares del entramado y capiteles
ICOMOS recommendations on Sewell, April 2006

square timber pillars

cross-heads

angle braces

earthfast construction Construccin con elementos hincados en suelo

Neolithic buildings in Europe Edificios neolticos en Europa Palisades / Empalizadas stave churches / Iglesias en base a duelas huts in / cabaas en Africa, Bangladesh, Gilbert Islands, South China Sea &c

the forested areas of Northern Europe reas boscosas del norte de Europa
Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562

palisade construction, Denmark Construccin de Empalizadas en Dinamarca

Gorm Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsvrk (Copenhagen 1984), p 19

early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, Sweden Edificio antiguo en base a duelas
MUAS 5,284

palisade construction

earthfast post & wattle construction

reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of KlnLindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC Reconstruccin de una casa alargada tpica
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309

reconstruction of a Neolithic house at Haldon, England

Crossley, Timber Building in England, p 75

house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BC sectional perspective reconstruction by Price & Schwarz (earthfast post and wattle construction) Corte en perspectiva reconstruido
Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82

House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawing

Frank Sear

Takayuka hut, Kyushu South China Sea, AD 200

J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault (Toronto 1972), p 11

Hut / cabaa in the South Camerouns, Africa

MUAS 12,068

initiates' hut, Gilbert Islands, Pacific Ocean

John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p 126

construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Dilshad Ara

a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Dilshad Ara

evolution of the box frame

the mortice & tenon / caja y espiga the ground sill / sobrecimiento the brace / abrazadera fachwerkbau half timbering / media madera

earthfast versus ground sill construction Construccin empotrada vs de solera de asiento

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320

the failure of an unbraced frame: the need for triangulation La falla de un marco no arriostrado: la necesidad de triangulacin

the mortice & tenon joint Unin de caja y espiga

Glastonbury, England, c 200 BC overlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one presumably for a corner post
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320

interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

decay

DECAY

interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

excavation of a structure at Valkenburg,Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21

reconstruction of a structure at Valkenburg, with framing and wattling on sole plates

Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21

the rediscovery of the ground sill conjectural reconstruction of a Saxon Hall, say 10th century El redescubrimiento del sobrecimiento, reconstruccin supuesta de un saln Sajn, s.X
MUAS 15,858

sulehaus frame Denmark

Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsvrk, p 199

building frame, (supposedly Noahs ark) from the Bedford Hours, early C15th Sistema de entramado (supuestamente del Arca de No), extraido de Bedford Hours
Donald Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe (Oxford 1983), p 145

second box frame

jetty (or corbel)

box frame

masonry plinth English box frame house, cutaway view Entramado ingls de una casa, vista interior
MUAS 10,207

English half-timbered box frames half-timbered house in Hildersham, Cambridgeshire; House in Winchester, C16th; Speke Hall, Lancashire Ejemplos de entramado en media madera
MUAS 8,381, 637, 10,949

Compound farmstead/ Conjunto rural from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg, C16th-18th, now in the Bokrijk Museum
Marc Laenen, no 94

Granary/ granero Bokrijk Museum Belgium

Marc Laenen no 71

French half timbered pigeon houses/ Palomares en media madera francs

Midi-Pyrnes region; border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments
Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region (Albi 1994), pp 11, 25

English box frame house, cutaway view Vista interior entramado ingls
MUAS 10,207

eighteenth century timber framing and nineteenth century trussed partition Entramado y cerchas siglo 18 y 19
Francis Price, The British Carpenter (London 1753), plate C R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231

the roles of the brace and the stud in a box frame El rol de la abrazadera y el pilar en el sistema de entramado de cajn
the frame is like a truss, and the diagonals are important members el marco es como una cercha, y las diagonales son elementos importantes the studs merely fill in the panels in between Los pie derechos son elementos intermedios en los paneles the diagonals are at least as large as the studs, often much larger Las diagonales son al menos del mismo largo que los pie derechos, casi siempre ms largos where a diagonal meets a stud, the diagonal is continuous and the stud is cut En el encuentro entre un pie derecho y una diagonal, la diagonal es continua y el pie derecho es el que se corta

English barn design, 1781 Diseo de granero ingls

William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory; containing the Best Methods of Framing Timber Buildings ... with the Plan and Sections of a Barn (London 1781), plates i & iid

timber barn, 1807 Granero en madera

Robert Lugar, The Country Gentleman's Architect (London 1807), plate 20

'Barwon Bank', Riversdale Road, Chilwell (Geelong), by T R Yabsley, 1852-3: detail of hall partition wall / detalle del tabique
Miles Lewis 1981

Australasian Steam Navigation Co, 5 Hickson Road, Sydney, by W W Wardell, 1883: details of a partition on the upper floor Detalle del tabique en el piso superior

Miles Lewis 1991

'Glenown', Glenmaggie, Victoria, c 1871

Miles Lewis 1994

'Glenown', view of rear wall / vista del muro trasero

Miles Lewis 1994

'Glenown', top corner joint in the rear wall, showing the square corner stud and the housing of the brace, compared with a butting joint on display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia
Miles Lewis 1994 & 1992

'Glenown', the bracing of the rear wall, and the base, showing stud and brace descending below floor level
Miles Lewis 1994

house at the Bokrijk Museum, Belgium

Marc Laenen, no 59

'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776 Elevacin de dos cabaas pequeas, con frontones de ladrillo
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263

house at the Bokrijk Museum

'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263

St Mary's Church, Chicago, 1833

Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New Traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345

balloon frame of a 1 storey house, USA, c 1845-1859

sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200] studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100] puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100] corner posts undefined ribbon x x 1 or 6 x 1 [100 x 25 or 150 x 25]

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (1859) , plate 5

Bells balloon frame house

sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200] studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100] puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100]

Kents studd-worke cottages

studs 3 x 5 [77 x 125] puncheons 5 X 6 [235.

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (1859) , plate 5 Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property

balloon frame of a two storey house, USA, c 1845-1859

sills 3 X 10 [75 X 250]

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (1859) , plate 5

ribbon 4 x 1 [100 x 100] or 6 x 1 [150 x 25]

stud 2 x 4 in [50 x 100] puncheon 4 x 4 [100 x 100]

sill 8 x 8 [200 x 200]

? corner post unspecified

Bells balloon frame 1 storey house

characteristics of the US balloon frame from Europe Caractersticas europeas existentes en el Balloon-frame de USA
close studding / pie derechos prximos entre s the horizontal girt / el trabe horizontal

new industrial characteristics nuevas caractersticas industriales

smaller sizes of timber / dimensiones menores de la madera standardised sizes of timber / piezas estandarizadas simplified timber joints / uniones simplificadas extensive use of nails / abundante uso de clavos

balloon frame, USA

I.C.S. Reference Library, 'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in [vol 14] Carpentry Joinery Stair Building &c (Scranton [Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72

factors responsible for the balloon frame in the USA Factores de la aparicin del Balloon Frame en USA.
high cost of labour / altos costos de mano de obra makes complicated joints and shapes impractical efficient sawmills / aserraderos eficientes make smaller and standardised timber sizes more economic than larger and more varied ones cheap cut and wire nails / clavos a bajo costo make nailed joints cheaper than traditional ones the social acceptability of timber / aceptacin de la construccin en madera makes two storey timber houses common

details of an American balloon frame (simplified joints and skew nailing)

R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), pp 90, 91

the American balloon frame & Haddons illustration of the Australian stud frame, 1908
G E Woodward, Woodward's Country Homes, 1869 reproduced in Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New Tradition (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345 Robert Haddon, Australian Archi-tecture (Melbourne, no date [1908]), p 327