Harvard Divinity School - Andover Library ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit

May 2009

Prepared by:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 1.0 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND.....
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Space Types Occupancy and Use Schedules Recent Building Upgrades Energy Use Index and Benchmarks

1 2

3.0

GENERAL INFORMATION...
3.1 3.2 Audit Team Audit Process

4.0

ENERGY CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS ........

4.1 4.2 4.3 Energy Conservation Recommendation Summary Template Low Cost Energy Conservation Measures (1-16) Capital Grade Measures Requiring Further Analysis (17-21)

5.0

UTILITY INFORMATION..
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Utility Rates CO2 Equivalents for Utilities Annual Degree Days FY06 - FY08 & Regression Curve Energy Performance Summary by Fiscal Year Historical Utility Usage FY 08 Historical Utility Usage FY 07 Historical Utility Usage FY 06 End Use Component Energy Usage Breakdown Energy Use and Cost Indices by Fiscal Year Electrical Demand by Fiscal Year

16

6.0

ANDOVER LIBRARY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 HVAC Systems Electrical Systems Chilled Water System Chilled Water Metering Steam System Condensate System Control System Thermal Scan Air Handling Units Electrical Consumption Trending Air Handling Unit 1 Static Profile Air Handling Unit 2 Static Profile

24

7.0

LEED FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS: O&M.

7.1 7.2 7.3 LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Certification LEED EBOM: EPA Portfolio Manager LEED EBOM Credit Totals

29

APPENDIX..
A. B. C. D. E. F. Electrical Panel Board Size and Locations Measured Electrical Data Thermal Imaging Report Historical Utility Data ASHRAE Level II Report Guidelines Energy Conservation Recommendation Calculations

30

ii

1.0

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

At the request of the Harvard Divinity School, Facilities Maintenance Operations (FMO) and the Office for Sustainability (OFS) jointly performed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit 1 at the Andover Theological Library (Library). The structure includes a basement level and four floors above grade for a combined 58,250 square feet. The Library hosts over 62,000 visitors annually; the public stacks operate 93 hours a week. Electric, steam, chilled water, and city water consumptions were evaluated for potential energy-saving opportunities. In fiscal year 2008, the Library spent $227,573 on all utilities. Sixteen (16) separate Energy Conservation Recommendations (ECRs) were identified with detailed implementation costs and annual savings estimates. The annualized savings of all recommendations totals more than $41,000 (at current energy prices), with the potential to reduce total energy consumption and GHG emissions by 22% from the FY08 baseline. If fully implemented, the payback period from annual energy savings for these ECRs is estimated to be eleven months. Completion of these projects also makes the Library an excellent candidate for certification under the United States Green Buildings Councils LEED for Existing Buildings rating system 2. If submitted before June 1, 2009, there is also $10,388 available to perform the ECRs through NSTARs Enhanced Incentive Program, or $6,856 if submitted afterwards. These reduction opportunities are detailed in section 4.2 of this report. Additionally, five (5) capital grade recommendations have been identified for further investigation and analysis. These items are detailed in section 4.3 of this report. The table below summarizes the recommendations and payback periods.

Andover Library Energy Conservation Recommendations

ECR no. ECR Title Reset hot water valves baseboard in Old Stacks Install insulation on copper piping in old stack Shut down AHU-1 during unoccupied hours Install Water saving bathroom fixtures and fittings Install a VFD on the supply fan on AHU-1 Install VFD on supply and return fans on AHU-2 AHU -1 Replace primary and secondary filters AHU -2 Replace secondary filters Shutdown Computers and Monitors in Basement Modify Old Stack Lighting Controls Install Photocell for wall sconces in staircase Shutdown office equipment at night Install occupancy sensors in 3 floor offices Install occupancy sensors in copy / study rooms Adjust Honeywell thermostats controlling FCUs Insulate Penthouse panel to avoid heat loss
rd

Reason for Evaluation Heating not regulated Pipes not insulated Unit runs 24/7 Water conservation Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Fan operating at higher HP than necessary Computers on 24/7 Lights on 24/7 Lights on during daylight Operating during off-hours Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Leaking building envelope

Approx. Annual Savings $ 5,867 $ 7,143 $ 8,034 $ 1,920 $ 4,983 $ 9,550 $ $ 201 156

Net Costs $ 1,200 $ 3,000 $ 360

Simple Payback Years 0.20 0.42 0.04 0.85 2.41 1.51 2.49 1.60 0.37 4.56 2.58 1.96 1.31 1.07 0.87 4.02

1 2 3* 4 5 6* 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

$ 1,636 $ 12,011 $ 14,461 $ $ $ 500 250 500

$ 1,343 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 496 276 184 67 117 688 50

$ 2,263 $ $ $ $ $ $ 713 360 88 125 600 200

Totals * See ECR detail for implementation efforts already underway by building management.
1 2

$ 41,075

$ 38,266

0.93

American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

2.0

BACKGROUND

The Andover Theological Library (Library) is located at 46 Francis Street on the campus of the Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge. Constructed in 1910, the 58,250 square foot facility includes a variety of space types including library stacks, office space, and a computer lab. In 2005, the building underwent a significant renovation that included upgrades to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems. 2.1 Space Types

The Library is comprised of stacks, office space, and computer lab space. In total, the stacks and office space comprise close to 99% of the buildings square footage. The table below reflects the square footage by floor of the three primary space types. The stack area of Andover serves a number of functions for the faculty and students of the Divinity School, including: archives for an abundant amount of research material, support space for computer, printing and copying services, and corral space for graduate students. Andover Library Space Types (Sq. Ft.)
Floor Lower Level Ground Level First Floor Second Floor L Second Floor U Third Floor Totals Stacks 6,782 10,866 9,062 8,220 4,440 4,740 44,110 Computer Lab 600 0 0 0 0 0 600 Office 0 2,305 3,975 1,350 0 5,910 13,540 Total 7,386 13,171 13,037 9,573 4,437 10,645 58,250

2.2

Occupancy and Use Schedules

The stack and computer lab spaces operate 93 hours a week, while the office spaces are typical occupied during regular business hours for an average of 50 hours per week. These differences in occupancy across space type are leveraged in several energy conservation strategies included in this report. Andover Library Occupancy Schedules
Space Type Stacks Computer Lab Offices 8 a.m. 6 p.m. Closed Monday through Friday 8:30 a.m. 11 p.m. Sat 9 a.m. 9 p.m. Sun Noon 11 p.m.

Daily occupancy volumes in the Stacks and Computer Lab trend with the academic sessions (averaging about 207 per day), and decline steeply in summer months. Payback calculations for conservation project used the annual visitor average of 180 per day. Average Visitors per Day
July 63 Aug 63 Sept 172 Oct 267 Nov 220 Dec 155 Jan 161 Feb 242 Mar 199 Apr 277 May 175 Jun 85

2.3

Recent Building System Upgrades

The mechanical and lighting systems benefit from a number of energy efficiency measures incorporated as part of the 2005 renovation. For instance, the ventilation in the Old Stack area is modulated based on measured CO2 concentrations. This demand controlled ventilation is designed to ensure the appropriate amount of fresh air is entering the stacks based on occupancy, reducing unnecessary heating and cooling of outside air. A timer scheduled to operate during library hours also controls the lighting system throughout the Old stack area. The energy reductions realized by these recent renovations help the Library to benchmark well against similar buildings 2.4 Energy Use Index

Currently, the Library has an Energy Use Index (EUI1) of 193.3 kBtu per square foot. Based on current utility costs, this equates to $4.02 per square foot. The chart below summarizes the current, as well as the historical energy use indexes and utility costs of the Library. Energy Use Indices for Andover Library
2006 (baseline used for 30% GHG Reduction Goal) Current based on March 2009 Data Equivalent to meet 30% GHG reduction goal

Metric

Annualized with all ECRs

Savings Potential

kBtu per sq. ft. Total Energy Cost per ft2 Benchmark Comparisons (Percentile)
*

207.5* $3.60 46th *

193.3* $4.02^ 52nd *

150.8* $3.13^ 69th *

42.5 $0.89 N/A

145.3* $2.74^ 76th *

EPA ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager

^ Based on FY09 energy costs

The Librarys 2006 baseline EUI of 207.5 kBtu per square foot was developed by averaging energy consumption over three years from January 2004 through the end of December 2006. Since 2006, the Library has realized a 7% reduction in overall energy use.

EUI is a measurement value used to compare one buildings energy consumption to another. When making comparisons between buildings, it is important to ensure their schedule, occupancy, climate, and space types are similar.

While the University-wide 30% reduction in GHG emissions by 2016 is not intended to be interpreted as a strictly school or building-based goal, when applied to Andover Library the buildings EUI target becomes 145.3 kBtu per square foot. Nationwide benchmarking indicates that the Library is operating better than 52% of libraries comparable in size, occupancy, and scheduling. If the building implemented all of the ECRs identified in this report, it would be operating superior to 69% of comparable libraries. If the building was operating at its Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal kBtu per square foot target, it would be functioning better than 76% of comparable libraries. Both of these operational efficiency standards would satisfy the Minimum Energy Performance Prerequisite of LEED for Existing Buildings: Operation and Maintenance Rating System.

3.0
3.1

GENERAL INFORMATION
Audit Team

Harvards Energy Auditing Services is the result of collaboration between Facilities Maintenance Operations (FMO) and the Office for Sustainability (OFS). Tony Ragucci, Associate Director of FMO, served as the program manager. Kevin Sheehan of FMO led the technical equipment review. Kevin Bright of OFS assisted on inspections and drafted all report findings, and Greg Kousidis and John Ritz, both technicians in FMO, provided field support. 3.1 Audit Process

To begin the audit process, the team collected historical energy data and floor plans for the Library. The square footages of various space types were determined for benchmarking purposes and the size and location of pertinent mechanical equipment documented. The audit team visited the Library over the course of three and half weeks in March and April, collecting specific information on the mechanical, lighting, and plumbing systems as well as occupancy, scheduling, and use patterns. Temporary measurement equipment was installed on electrical panels to trend usage and identify specific energy conservation opportunities. A visual inspection of the building envelope, with focus on window and door systems, was performed. The audit team also incorporated the results of a recent infrared thermographic building efficiency report (see Appendix C). Ultimately, each recommendation was priced and energy savings and payback estimates calculated. The submittal prepared by the audit team exceeded ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit standards due to enhanced utility monitoring and greenhouse gas reduction reporting. More information regarding the submittals and data collection necessary for an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit can be found in Appendix E.

4.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Energy Conservation Recommendation Summary Template
Facility ECR Reporting Template
Measure Type Energy Conservation Measure Electricity kWh

Facility name: Andover Library - Harvard Divinity School

Steam MMBTU Chilled Water Ton/Days Water CCF GHG Reduction MTCDE Total Savings $ Total Costs $ Utility Rebate Net Costs $ Cost ($) / MTCDE Payback

Policy / Operations Insulation Policy / Operations Water Conservation Fixtures Motor/VFD Motor/VFD Policy / Operations Policy / Operations Policy / Operations Lighting Lighting Policy / Operations Lighting Lighting DDC / HVAC Controls Insulation

Resequence hot water valves of baseboard heating in Old Stacks Install insulation on copper piping in Old Stacks Shut down AHU-1 during unoccupied hours Water fixture / fitting upgrade Install a VFD on supply fan of AHU-1 Install a VFD on supply and return fans of AHU-2 Replace primary and secondary filters on AHU-1 Replace secondary filter on AHU-2 Shut down computer and monitors in Basement Old Stack Lighting Controls Install photocell for wall sconce fixtures in staircase Shut down office equipment at night Office Lighting Controls Copy/Study Room Lighting Controls Adjust existing Honeywell thermostats Insulate Penthouse Panel

24,526 1,213 6,043 17,722 1,255 975 8,391 3,100 1,725 1,151 420 730 4,301 -

173 210 103 116 191 1

59 7 22 -

129 -

14 17 20 0.5 12 23 1 0.4 3 1 1 0.4 0.2 0.3 2 0.1

5,867 7,143 8,034 1,920 4,983 9,550 201 156 1,343 496 276 184 67 117 688 50

3,000 360 1,636 15,161 20,911 500 250 500 2,600 825 360 200 350 600 200

0 0 0 0 3,150 6,450 0 0 0 338 113 0 113 225 0 0

1,200 3,000 360 1,636 12,011 14,461 500 250 500 2,263 713 360 88 125 600 200

174 18 3,596 1,001 629 1,000 685 161 1,945 770 835 554 456 300 1,667

0.20 0.42 0.04 0.85 2.41 1.51 2.49 1.60 0.37 4.56 2.58 1.96 1.30 1.07 0.87 4.02

Total Savings from Recommendations Percentage Reduction in Utility Consumption TOTAL FY08 Utility Consumption

71,552 13% 563,927

795 29% 2,704

88 2% 4,341

129 24% 526

96 22% 437.8

41,075 -

47,453 -

10,388 -

38,266 -

144 -

0.93 -

4.2
ECR-1

Low Cost Energy Conservation Recommendations

Existing Condition: Simultaneous Heating and Cooling A number of the Siemens hot water valves located in the Old Stacks area have failed open. The baseboard should only be heating when the space temperature of the stack area falls below 60 F. The audit team visited the stack area when AHU-2 was discharging air at 65 F and 84 F. The baseboard heating was operating in both circumstances. A Siemens representative walked the space and confirmed that the valves were not operating properly. Recommendation: ECR#1 recommends that the existing Siemens hot water perimeter valves be reset to the lowest allowable temperature set point of 60 F. This would operate the hot water system as a backup heating system to AHU-1. According to the operations staff, an ideal temperature for the space is 60 F. For this reason, we recommend using AHU-1 as the primary means to maintain that temperature and only operate the baseboard heating system to meet a supplemental load. The audit team recommends addressing this item before the swing season approaches in order to minimize unnecessary chilled water consumption. Implementation: The pricing for this recommendation assumes the cost to reset the temperature control point of the valves and thermostats to be $1200. The savings analysis assumes that 10 feet of baseboard on each floor is operating continuously 180 days of the year.

ECR-2

Existing Condition: Un-insulated Piping In the Old Stack area there is approximately 590 feet of copper piping ranging from (1/2 4) inch in size that are un-insulated. The heat loss to the conditioned Stack Area is estimated to be 48,706 Btu/hr. Separate visits to the building confirmed hot water flowing through a portion of this piping despite a variety of discharge temperatures from AHU-1. Recommendation: ECR #2 recommends insulating the exposed copper piping throughout the Old Stack area to allow AHU-2 and the baseboard to effectively heat the space. Beyond energy waste, the exposed hot water piping is a safety concern as it could cause injury if touched. Implementation: A materials quote was obtained from a piping insulation company, and FMO provided the quote to complete the install. Project costs and energy savings assumed a 65 F space temperature

within the stacks and heating hot water temperature of 180 F. As a number of hot water valves were operating permanently open, the savings calculation assumes that hot water is flowing through the pipes 24 hours a day, 180 days per year in its current state.

ECR-3

Existing Condition: Equipment Operating During Unoccupied Hours AHU-1 is a 100% outside air unit operating 24/7/365. Electric demand profiles measured by FMO verify this condition. The building is scheduled to be unoccupied 75 hours a week. AHU-1 has a 10 horsepower (HP) supply fan, a steam preheat coil, a chilled water coil, and a steam reheat coil. Attached to the discharge air ductwork are two electric heaters used for reheat when the district steam is not available. Recommendation: The unit should be shut down during unoccupied library hours. This will allow the building to conserve energy by reducing electric, steam, and chilled water consumption during off-hours. Implementation: The cost estimate includes the time it would take to reprogram AHU-1 to shut down during off-hours. The annual energy savings are based on AHU-1 being off during unoccupied hours. Energy and cost savings are based on an average outdoor winter temperature of 39 F and an average outdoor summer temperature of 69 F. The Library is scheduled open 350 days a year for an average of 13.3 hours each day.)

Note: Following review of Andover Library Preliminary Audit Report, building manager immediately made the recommended change to the operating schedule for this equipment.
ECR-4

Existing Condition: Obsolete Fixtures and Fittings The Library contains nine 1.6 gallon per flush (GPF) flushometers, eight 2.0 gallon per minute (GPM) aerators, and one 1 GPF urinal throughout six bathrooms located in the New Stack area. These facilities are used by the estimated 20 full-time equivalents at the Library and 180 visitors each day. Domestic hot water is provided by an electric hot water heater located in the basement of the New Stack area.

Recommendation: ECR #4 recommends the conversion of the bathroom fixtures and fittings described above with the following: nine low flow dual flushometers (1.6/1.1 GPF), eight 0.5 GPM aerators, and one ultra low flow 0.125 GPF urinal. Implementation: The budget estimates the price to furnish and install the new flushometers, aerators, and urinal, as well as the disposal of the old fixtures and fittings. Fixture and fitting usage patterns are based on guidelines provided by the USGBCs LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System.

ECR-5

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Controls AHU-1 provides ventilation for nine small FCUs and AHUs throughout the New Stack space. The small FCUs and AHUs operate on the same schedule as the Library, although they serve offices and storage spaces located on floors 2, 3 and 4 that are typically unoccupied after 6 p.m. Recommendation: Install automatic control dampers on the fresh air ducts that ventilate the spaces served by these smaller fan coil and air handling units. Program the thermostats to shut down the fans and their respective outside air dampers during unoccupied hours or as needed to maintain unoccupied setpoints. Reductions in outside air flow will enable AHU-1 to modulate down with the installation of a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) lowering electric, steam, and chilled water costs. There are a total of 43 hours each week where these smaller units are ventilating unoccupied spaces. Implementation: The cost estimate includes the price to furnish and install the VFD, automatic control dampers and wiring as well as the expense to reconfigure the control system. The reduction in electric, steam, and chilled water consumption reflect an assumed 30% reduction in annual air volume from AHU1 when operated with a VFD. Incentives totaling $3,150 are available through NSTARs Enhanced Rebate Program until June 1, 2009.

ECR-6

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Controls AHU-2 is a 13,000 cfm mixed air unit that operates 24/7/365. The unit has a 20 HP supply fan and a 5 HP return fan as well as a chilled water coil, steam reheat coil, and one 60 kilowatt electric discharge air duct heater utilized as reheat when steam is not available. AHU-2 has two main supply ducts: the first ventilates the top two levels of the Old Stack area which contains the rare book collection, while the other ventilates the bottom three floors of commonplace stack space.

Recommendation: Install automatic control dampers for the lower levels of the Old Stack area to allow AHU-2 to ramp down when the library is closed or when its temperature set points are satisfied. This change will save a substantial amount of electricity, steam, and chilled water, as the unit is fairly large, and currently operates year-round. The audit team recognizes the importance of moving air over the rare books for preservation purposes; however, reducing ventilation of the bottom levels of the Old Stack area is also an energy conservation opportunity. Implementation: The cost estimates the price to furnish and install two VFDs, automatic control dampers for the supply ductwork, and wiring, as well as the expense to reconfigure the controls. Installing the VFDs and automatic control dampers is estimated to allow the unit to function 30% less than its current operation. The savings documented in the table above reflect these assumptions. Incentives totaling $6,450 are available through NSTARs Enhanced Rebates Program until June 1, 2009.

Note: Following review of Andover Library Preliminary Audit Report, building manager reported that the location for rare book collection will be studied more comprehensively in the coming year.
ECR-7

Existing Condition: Excessive Static Pressure Drop AHU-1 has a primary and secondary set of filters. The primary filter is a two-inch thick filter with a MERV 8 rating and the secondary filter is 12-inches thick with a MERV-13 rating. Combined, the two filters create a static pressure drop of 0.63 inches. Recommendation: Replace the primary and secondary filters with a single 2-inch thick electro-statically charged filter. This alteration will lower the static pressure drop in the unit by 0.3 inches to 0.33 inches. Lowering the static pressure drop will allow the supply fan in AHU-1 to operate against less resistance, saving electric motor energy. Implementation: The price includes the cost to remove the existing filters, the premium for the replacement filter, and the time needed by operations personnel to change the supply fan motor speed accordingly. There are no NSTAR rebates available for this recommendation. The audit team recommends the electro-static filters be tested on AHU-1 to determine if they perform comparably to the current filters (filter capacity, service life) while successfully lowering the static pressure drop before considering for AHU-2.

ECR-8

Existing Condition: Excessive Static Pressure Drop AHU-2 has a primary and secondary filter bank. The primary filter is a two-inch thick filter with a MERV 8 rating and the second filter is 12 inches thick with a MERV-13 rating. The secondary filter bank has a static pressure drop of 0.37 inches. Recommendation: Replace the secondary filter bank with a comparably-sized 12 inch secondary filter that has a static pressure drop of 0.31 inches. This alteration will lower the static pressure drop in the unit by 0.05 inches. Lowering the static pressure drop will allow the supply and return fans in AHU-2 to operate against less resistance, saving electric motor energy. Implementation: The price accounts for the cost to furnish and install the new filters, as well as perform the mechanical work necessary to change the supply and return fan motor speeds accordingly. There are no NSTAR rebates available for this recommendation. If the electro-static filters perform well in AHU-1, the audit team recommends the operations staff evaluate the possibility of replacing the primary and secondary filter systems with a single electro-statically charged filter bank in AHU-2 to realize further electric savings.

ECR-9

Existing Condition: Computer Terminal Stations left on during Unoccupied Hours After completing an audit of the computer lab, 19 of 20 computer terminal stations were found to be on during unoccupied hours. Signage throughout the Library asks visitors to Log off computers when they are done using them. The Andover Library contains a total of 99 desktop computer stations, although only the units in the computer lab were surveyed. Recommendation: Library staff should educate occupants and remind visitors, students, and staff shut down all desktop computers at the close of each day. An additional means to ensure shut down is to install software that automatically places the computers in sleep mode and/or shut down at the end of each day. Implementation: The budgetary estimate includes the cost to create and place new signage throughout the Library as well as purchase a software program to ensure the Librarys computers enter sleep mode or are shut down at the end of each day. The electric savings are calculated based on estimates that CPUs consume 77 watts when left logged on and monitors consume 44 watts in screen saver mode. Wattage savings were calculated by assuming the 19 computer terminals would be shut down on an average of 10.7 hours each day. ERC-9 estimates annual electric savings if the Library verifies the shut down of all computer terminals located in the computer lab. It is not known if other computers throughout the building are also being left logged on each night. If this is happening, there is the potential to save an additional $70 per computer, per year by shutting down every night.

10

ECR-10

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Controls The main corridors of the Old Stacks contain fifty (50) linear fluorescent T8 lamps. The bottom three floors are open to the public and the lighting in these areas is controlled by a time clock set to the library schedule, while the light fixture for each stack aisle is operated by pull chain switch. The top two floors of the Old Stacks are secured and the lamps in the three main corridors are controlled by a wall switch on each floor. Like the lower floors, the light for each stack is operated by pull chain switch. Recommendation: Convert the Old Stack lighting controls from wall switches or time clocks to occupancy sensors. By installing nine hall occupancy sensors, these lamps will turn on only when a person enters the stack area. Implementation: The cost estimate accounts for the price to furnish and install the occupancy sensors, and perform and rewiring necessary in the Old Stack area. The Lamps in the Old Stack area are estimated to be shut off an additional six hours a day. Incentives, totaling $337, are available through NSTARs Enhanced Incentives Program until June 1, 2009. ECR-11

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Controls Thirteen (13) wall sconce fixtures are used to illuminate a south-facing staircase in Andover Library. The lights are controlled by a set of wall switches located on each floor. Each fixture contains two 26-watt compact fluorescent lamps. The staircase itself contains a large area of glazing that extends from the first to the fourth floor. Recommendation: Convert the lighting controls for the wall sconce fixtures from wall switches to a photocell in order to account for daylight in the space. The wall sconce fixtures will only be activated when there is not ample daylight to illuminate the staircase. The stairway also contains a linear fluorescent lamp on each floor that provides enough light to meet minimum foot-candle building code. These linear fluorescent fixtures are not included in the scope of this recommendation. Implementation: The cost estimate includes the price to furnish and install the photocell on the exterior of the Library. The cost-savings analysis assumes this recommendation will turn off the wall sconce fixtures for an average of 7 hours per day. Incentives totaling $112.50, are available through NSTARs Enhanced Rebate Program available until June 1, 2009.

11

ECR-12

Existing Condition: Office Equipment left on during Unoccupied Hours The Library contains 15 large appliances for printing and copying purposes including: 4 large printers, 4 small printers, 6 copiers, and 5 card swipe machines. These pieces of office equipment in sleep mode draw 20 watts, 10 watts, 10 watts, and 17 watts, respectively. Recommendation: Install a timer on these appliances to make sure that they are off when the Library is closed. By plugging these appliances into one power strip and plugging the power strip into a timer, the appliances will shut down during off-hours. Implementation: The cost estimate includes the price to furnish and install six timers and surge protectors in the five copy or printing rooms in the Library. The payback estimate assumes that the office equipment is operating in sleep mode when the library is unoccupied 365 days a year.

ECR-13

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Controls Offices located on the third floor of the New Stack area contain four 32 watt T8 lamps. The lamps are controlled by a light switch nearby each entrance. Each office contains an estimated 40 square foot eastfacing window. Recommendation: Convert the office lighting controls from a wall switch to an occupancy sensor with photocell capability to turn off the lights when a room is unoccupied, or when there is ample daylight to the space. Implementation: The cost estimate includes the price to furnish and install the sensors in the third floor offices of the Library. Payback calculations assume that the lights in each office would be turned off 3 hours per day. Incentives totaling $112.50, are available through NSTARs Enhanced Rebate Program available until June 1, 2009.

12

ECR-14

Existing Condition: Lack of Automatic Daylight Controls Three copy rooms and three study rooms located in the Old Stacks area have wall switch lighting controls. In each copy room there are two 32 watt fluorescent lamp fixtures, while in each study room there is a single 26 watt compact fluorescent lamp fixture. Recommendation: Convert the lighting controls in the copy and study rooms from wall switches to occupancy sensors to shut off the lights in the room when it is unoccupied. Implementation: The budget estimate includes the price to furnish and install six occupancy sensors. The audit team estimated that these sensors will shut these lights off an additional three hours a day. The incentives, totaling $225, are available through NSTARs Enhanced Rebate Program available until June 1, 2009.

ECR-15

Existing Condition: Lack of Fan Coil Unit Controls Several Honeywell programmable thermostats had improper time and unoccupied setpoints. Multiple thermostats were operating the fans in unoccupied modes. Recommendation: Program the Honeywell thermostats to turn off the fans during unoccupied periods. By utilizing the Intelligent Fan Function and readjusting the times and setpoints of programmable thermostat, the building will maximize electric savings. Implementation: The budgetary price includes the cost to reprogram the twenty-nine (29) Honeywell thermostats to use the Intelligent Fan Function. Electric savings are estimated using the following assumptions: (1) a typical workday ends at 6 p.m.; (2) the affected offices are closed 2 weeks a year; and (3) the offices are unoccupied on Saturdays and Sundays. There are no NSTAR rebates available for this recommendation.

13

ECR-16

Existing Condition: A thermal imaging scan of the Library revealed that a substantial amount of heat was leaking from a sheet metal panel located in the penthouse of the New Stack area. Recommendation: Insulate the sheet metal panel in order to prevent heating and cooling losses throughout the year. Implementation: The budgetary cost includes the price to furnish and install insulation for the sheet metal panel. There are no NSTAR rebates available for this recommendation.

14

4.3

Capital Grade Measures Requiring Further Analysis:

Install Automatic Control Dampers on fresh air ducts to modulate based on office occupancy and replace programmable thermostats with wireless Siemens control points.

ECR - 17

This recommendation is an alternate to ECR-5 and suggests installing automatic control dampers for the fresh air ducts dedicated to all office spaces, including fan coil units, AHUs, and local ventilation. The ventilation of the spaces will be controlled with motion sensors. AHU-1 will modulate based on system static pressure saving electric, steam and chilled water. The installation of twenty-nine (29) Siemens wireless thermostats is also integrated into this analysis. This recommendation requires further analysis of building occupancy patterns to calculate costs and estimated paybacks. ECR - 18 Evaluate the appropriateness of the Old Stacks area as a depository for rare books

After completing the walk-through of the Old Stacks area, the audit team questioned its suitability as a depository for aged and rare Divinity School documents. The Old Stacks core and shell have not been substantially renovated since its construction in 1910 nor is the HVAC system capable of delivering the environmental conditions needed to preserve the rare book collection. The audit team recommends the Divinity School evaluate the benefits of storing these items on campus against the cost of running AHU-2 year-round to provide a less than ideal environment for the rare books collection. The electric cost of running the supply and return fans of AHU-2 year-round costs the Library over $26,000 annually. ECR 19 Evaluate the operation of the Hot Water and Chilled Water Pumps

The 10 HP chilled water pump has been observed operating continuously at 50 hertz (208 volts / 21 Amps) defeating the value of the variable speed drive. The audit team recommends inspecting the control valves throughout the facility and adjusting both the hot water and chilled water pump controls accordingly. Operating properly, the variable frequency drive will help conserve energy by reducing the pump output when load is low. ECR 20 Review the application of the Electric Heaters on AHU-1 and AHU-2

AHU-1 has two electric heaters in the supply air ductwork and AHU-2 has one 60 kW heater in the discharge air ductwork. AHU-1 has a steam preheat and reheat coil, while AHU-2 has a steam reheat coil in order to temper air delivered to the office and stack spaces. Currently, the electric heaters are in the operational mode and can turn on if the building ever needs supplemental heating. The audit team recommends the electric duct heaters be interlocked with the steam controls and adjusted accordingly. ECR 21 Install a steam meter dedicated to Andover Library

The Library currently shares a steam condensate return meter with Andover Hall. The audit team recommends installing metering dedicated to the Library in order to better track steam usage. It is difficult to quantify the steam usage of each building and challenging to locate the source of a problem when the steam usages for both buildings are combined on a single steam condensate meter. The audit team has made the UOS Engineering & Utilities group aware of this recommendation and they will follow up with the customer.

15

5.0 5.1

UTILITY ANALYSIS Utility Rate Schedules

The table below outlines the current utility rates used to calculate the savings and paybacks of the conservation recommendations included in this report (provided by UOS). Utility Rate Schedule
(July 2008 through June 2009)

Utility Steam Chilled Water Electricity Water

Unit MMBtu Ton-Days kWh CCF

Rate 33.95 10.49 0.16 13.42

5.2

CO2 Equivalents

The table below lists the metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalents for each ton-day of chilled water, MMBtu of steam, and kWh of electricity consumed on campus between fiscal years 2006 and 2008. These factors were used to estimate the greenhouse gas reductions for each energy conservation recommendation at the Library.
Carbon Dioxide Equivalents by Utility Type
Years Chilled Water (MTCDE/Ton-Day) 0.00730 0.00597 0.00567 Steam (MTCDE/MMBtu) 0.09785 0.08576 0.08208 Electricity (MTCDE/kWh) 0.000370 0.000383 0.000375

FY06 FY07 FY08

5.3

Annual Degree Days FY06 - FY08 & Regression Curve

The graphs below provide the number of heating and cooling degree days for Cambridge, Massachusetts for the past three fiscal years. AHU recommendations reporting steam and chilled water savings used the heating and cooling degree day totals to estimate the payback periods.

16

Heating Degree Days FY06- FY08

Heating Degree Days Historical Information
5400 5390 Heating Degree Days 5380 5370 5360 5350 5340 5330 5320 Heating Degree Days Fiscal Years

5,388
2006

5,369

2007 2008

5,345

Cooling Degree Days FY06 FY08

Cooling Degree Days Historical Information
940 920 Cooling Degree Days 900 880 860 840 820 800 Heating Degree Days Fiscal Years

922
2006 2007

871

2008

852

Regression Curves The curves below evaluates the relationships between steam use and the number of heating degree days, and chilled water use and the number of cooling degree days, for the period FY06 through FY08. The strength of correlation between each set of variables is expressed as a correlation coefficient, R2 (Rsquared). The closer R2 is to 1.00, the higher the confidence level in the curve, and closer the relationship between the variables.

17

The slope of the line in each chart represents the incremental energy consumption for Heating or Cooling Degree Days. The intercepts represent the non-heating/cooling, or weather independent, load in MMBtus (for steam) or Ton-Days (for chilled water.) R2 indicates the confidence level between the two variables in each chart (the relationship between the number of heating degree-days and steam usage or the number of cooling degreedays and chilled water use at the Library.) An R2 value above 0.75 typically indicates consumption is closely related to weather conditions. Clearly, the R2 value of 0.83 for steam use reflects a strong correlation between the Librarys steam use and heating degree-days. However, the extremely low R2 value of 0.11 on the chilled water system for the same period shows that use is not closely correlated to weather conditions. This indicates there may be simultaneous heating and cooling or some other problem and should be investigated further.

Andover Library Regression Chart Steam (MMBTU's)= 600.83 * HDD + 56268

900000 800000 700000 Steam MMBTUs 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 0 500 1,000 1,500 Heating Degree Days HDD y = 600.83x + 56268 R2 = 0.8228 Andover Library HDD vs. Steam Use

Andover Library Regression Chart Chilled Water (Ton - days)= 1.095* CDD + 581.64
1600 1400 1200 Ton - Days 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 100 200 Cooling Degree Days CDD 300 400 y = 1.0951x + 581.64 R2 = 0.1164 Series1 Linear (Series1) Linear (Series1)

18

5.4

Energy Performance Summary by Fiscal Year

Examining the historical energy data of the Library is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II audit. The table below shows the energy performance of the Library from fiscal year 2006 through 2008 with totals highlighted in red. The data shows that while electricity consumption has remained relatively stable, steam and chilled water use have varied considerably over the three-year period. For example, a significant spike in chilled water consumption made FY07 the most expensive of the three years analyzed.

Energy Performance Summary by Fiscal Year

Metric Tons of CO2 Equivale nt 208.65 198.76 30.39 437.80 207.84 156.07 61.24 425.15 206.18 125.73 34.48 366.39 Total Annual Use Thousand BTU (kBtu)

Year

Energy Type

Conversion Multiplier

Total Annual Cost

Electricity (kWh) Steam (MMBtu) FY08 Chilled Water (Ton-Days) Totals Electricity (kWh) Steam (MMBtu) FY07 Chilled Water (Ton-Days) Totals Electricity (kWh) Steam (MMBtu) FY06 Chilled Water (Ton-Days) Totals

563,927 2,704 4,341 561,723 2,123 8,749 557,245 1,711 4,925 -

3.412 288 3.412 288 3.412 288 -

1,924,119 2,704,200 1,250,208 5,878,527 1,916,599 2,123,400 2,519,712 6,559,711 1,901,320 1,710,600 1,418,400 5,030,320

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

90,228 91,808 45,537 227,573 89,876 72,089 91,777 253,742 91,945 58,075 51,663 201,684

19

5.5

Utility Usage FY 08

The Library utilities including electricity, steam, chilled water, and city water in FY08 total $234,632. Since the Library does not have a dedicated steam meter, the combined current and historical steam usage from Andover Hall and the Library was divided proportionally between the two buildings based on square footage. The graphs below provide energy consumption and utility cost data for the Library. In FY08, in terms of thousands of Btus, the Library consumed more steam than any other utility, followed by electricity and chilled water.
Andover Library FY 2008 Utility Data

33% 46% Electric Chilled Water Steam

21%

The graph below shows utility spending for the Library in FY08. The more expensive electricity (on a utility unit basis) almost matches the steam spending, despite the fact that substantially less electricity is consumed on a Btu basis.
Andover Library FY 2008 Utility Cost Data

7058.92 45537.09 90228.32 Electric Cost Steam Chilled Water City Water

91807.59

20

5.6

Utility Usage FY 07

The Librarys FY07 utility bills for electricity, steam, chilled water and water total $260,895. The graph below provides energy consumption and utility cost data for the Library. In FY 2007, utility consumption was more evenly distributed than in FY08. The Library, on a thousand of Btu basis, consumed more chilled water than any other utility with steam and electricity following closely.
Andover Library FY 2007 Utility Data

32%

29% Electric Chilled Water Steam

39%

The graph below shows utility spending for the Library in FY07. Despite increased chilled water consumption in FY07, steam and electric comprised a majority of the utilities budget, with each close to $90,000.
Andover Library FY 2007 Utility Cost Data

7152.86

89875.68 91777.01

Electric Cost Steam Chilled Water City Water

72089.43

21

5.7

Utility Usage FY 06

The Librarys utility bills for electricity, steam, chilled water and water in FY06 totaled $209,857 annually. In FY06, on a thousand of Btus basis, the library consumed more electricity (38%) than any other utility. Steam and chilled water were close behind at 34% and 28%, respectively.
Andover Library FY 2006 Utility Data

34%

38% Electric Chilled Water Steam

28%

The graph below shows utility spending for the Library. As documented in the graph above, the Library consumed more electricity than any other utility. Steam and chilled water costs combined represented roughly half of the utility spending of the Library.
Andover Library FY 2006 Utility Cost Data

8172.78 51663.25 89159.2 Electric Cost Steam Chilled Water City Water

58054.5

22

5.8

End Use Component Energy Usage Breakdown

The table below provides energy consumption and cost breakdowns for the Library, including comparisons by end use components. Since there are no sub-meters to continuously measure electrical loads within the Library, the Audit Team used portable electrical data loggers to record actual usage over time periods ranging up to one week and used these results to extrapolate annual distribution loads (rather than simply estimating internal electrical loads based on square footage or some other reference).

Annual Energy Consumption by End Use Components FY 2008

Electricity End Use kWh
Heating and Cooling

Steam Mbtu 2,704,200 -

Chilled Water Mbtu 1,250,208 -

Total Mbtu 3,954,408 340,611 289,856 552,949 156,099 615,840 5,909,764

Mbtu 340,611 289,856 552,949 156,099 615,840 1,955,356

% of Total Use 67% 6% 5% 9% 3% 10% 100%

Total Cost ($) 137,345 15,972 13,592 25,930 7,320 28,879 229,038

% of Total Cost 60% 7% 6% 11% 3% 12% 100%

99,828 84,952 162,060 45,750 180,493 573,082

Lighting Plug Load AHUs Pumps

All other Mechanical Equipment*

TOTAL

* Includes: PP1, PP2, PP3, PP4, PP5, net of the load from the AHUs and Pumps.

23

5. 9

Energy Use and Cost Indices by Fiscal Year

Calculating historical energy usage on a square footage basis is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II audit. The table below displays the energy performance data in consumption and cost per square foot. Similar to the data above, there is a considerable variation in the utility costs at the Library in each fiscal year. Between 2006 and 2007, utility costs increased by $0.88 per square foot, and from 2007 to 2008 dropped by $0.45 per square foot. As documented in the table above, this is largely due to the fluctuating steam and chilled water usage over this period. These variations are not correlated to historical weather conditions (see Heating and Cooling Degree Day Charts). The absence of any utility submeters in the Library makes it difficult to determine the precise cause for these fluctuations. However, the Regression Curves included in Section 5.3 of this report point to the possibility of simultaneous heating and cooling taking place. The annual cost indices for the Library, in dollars per square foot, are highlighted in red.

Energy Use and Cost Indices by Fiscal Year

Year Metric Energy Utilization Index (kBtu/ft2/year) Cost Index ($/ft2/year) FY 08 Water Used (CCF) Total Water Cost ($/year) Cost Index, Including Water ($/ft2/year) Energy Utilization Index (kBtu/ft2/year) Cost Index ($/ft2/year) FY 07 Water Used (CCF) Total Water Cost ($/year) Cost Index, Including Water ($/ft2/year) Energy Utilization Index (kBtu/ft2/year) Cost Index ($/ft2/year) FY 06 Water Used (CCF) Total Water Cost ($/year) Cost Index, Including Water ($/ft2/year) Utility Data 100.92 3.91 526 7,059 4.03 113 4.36 533 7,153 4.48 86.36 3.46 609 8,173 3.60

24

5.10

Electrical Demand by FY06 through FY08

Review of electrical demand data is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II audit. The table illustrates that the maximum and minimum electrical demands are unchanged over three years. The data shows that there are approximately 37 kW of base electrical load at the Library. Many of the energy conservation recommendations focused on reducing this base load. Electrical Demand FY06 through FY08
Years Metric Maximum Demand (kW) Maximum Demand (watts/ft2) FY06 FY08 Minimum Demand (kW) Minimum Demand (watts/ft2) 37 0.64 Electrical Data 102 1.75

6.0 6.1

ANDOVER LIBRARY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS HVAC Systems

The Library is ventilated with two air-handling units (AHUs). AHU-1 is located in the attic of the New Stacks area. The unit delivers 100% outdoor air at the rate of 6300 cfm to the New Stack area and typically operates 93 hours a week. It has a 10 HP motor that operates the supply fan. This unit also has a face and bypass arrangement containing a steam preheat coil, chilled water coil, and steam reheat coil as well as two discharge air electric reheats. It contains a 2 Aerostar prefilter, and a 12 Durafil ES secondary filter. AHU-2 serves the Old Stack area, delivering 13,000 cfm 24/7/365. It has 20 HP supply fan motor and a 5 HP return air fan. The unit has mixed air control, a chilled water coil, and a steam reheat coil as well as one 60 kW electric discharge air duct heater. It contains a 2 Aerostar pre-filter and a 12 Durafil ES secondary filter.

6.2

Electrical System

The electrical system is equipped with a 1600 amp 3-phase service with a main breaker and one meter. The main breaker supplies one piece of switchgear with several distribution breakers. Appendix A details the location and size of the main breakers located at the Library.

6.3

Chilled Water System

The chilled water system is supplied from the Harvard distribution network. This building is fed through two 6chilled water lines. The system is equipped with a flow meter and a supply and return temperature meter, used primarily for billing purposes. Chilled water is circulated throughout the Library with two 15 HP high efficiency circulating pumps with frequency drives.

25

6.4

Chilled Water Metering

The chilled water metering consists of an ultrasonic flow meter and a supply and a return temperature transmitter. These utility grade meters are maintained by the UOS Engineering & Utilities group and are used for billing chilled water use by ton-day.

6.5

Steam System

District steam is supplied from Harvards distribution network. The Library is fed through a 6 steam line and operated at 100 psig. There are twenty-one (21) steam traps in the building. The buildings operating steam pressure is reduced to 10 psig through a series of pressure reducing valves. The steam is used for Heating Hot Water through a steam-to-water shell and tube heat exchanger (HX-1) located in the basement of the Library. Steam is also used in the heating coils of the buildings two AHUs. Steam consumption is calculated based on the volume of returned condensate. The Library shares a condensate return meter with Andover Hall (located in the basement). Metered usage is allocated to each building based on square footage.

6.6

Condensate System

The condensate system has a receiver with two 1.5 HP condensate pumps. Condensate is pumped to Andover Hall for metering as described above.

6.7

Control System

A Siemens Building Controls System controls all of the primary mechanical systems. Fan coil units that supply the office spaces, copy rooms, and study rooms are not on the Siemens control system. Instead, these spaces are controlled by twenty-nine (29) individually programmable thermostats. The head end of the Siemens control system is located in the office of the Building Manager and is not monitored or controlled remotely. The audit team recommends that all campus building automation systems be connected to the Harvard Operations Center to improve monitoring, control, information backup and emergency response. The documented sequence of operations was not available to review by the audit team. Further existing building commissioning opportunities can be identified from this review.

6.8

Thermal Scan

A thermal scan of the building was performed by UOS on January 26, 2009. The thermograph identifies temperature differentials of at least 10 F and displays these differences through changes in image color. High and low temperature differentials are called out. This information was used to help identify an uninsulated panel in the penthouse of the New Stack area (see ECR-16). Photos are in Appendix section 10.2.

. 6.9

Air Handling Units (AHU) Electric Consumption Trending

As part of the audit, the audit team conducted several tests including a 24 hour profile of the electrical usage of each power panel as well as a static profile of each AHU. The FMO Technical Maintenance Services group used different portable meters to measure actual performance on critical equipment. The results of each test are explained below.

26

AHU 1
The following chart shows the actual electric consumption of AHU-1 over a 24-hour period. The data reveals that at 11:00 p.m., the electric load drops by approximately 200 watts, and at 9:00 a.m. the load increased by approximately 200 watts.

AHU -1 Usage Profile 4-2 to 4-3 Recorded by Portable Recorder

4 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3 0.56 0.67 0.77 0.88 0.98 0.08 0.19 0.29 0.4 0.5

kW

AHU -1 Usage

AHU - 2
The following chart shows the actual electrical usage of AHU-2 over a 24 hour period. The unit runs 24/7 at full load. A significant cost saving could be realized by shutting down the unit during unoccupied hours (see ECR-3).

AHU -2 Usage Profile 3-25 to 3-26 Recorded by Portable Recorder

11.50 11.35 kWh 11.20 11.05 10.90
:3 0 17 :00 :0 0 19 :00 :3 0 22 :00 :0 0: 0: 00 30 : 3: 00 00 : 5: 00 30 : 8: 00 00 10 :00 :3 0 13 :00 :0 0: 00

AHU # 2 Usage

14

27

AHU -2 Return Air Fan Electrical Profile

The following chart shows the actual electric consumption of the return air fan of AHU-2 over the course 3 days. It appears that the fan modulates down on Friday evening; however, from early Saturday morning through Monday, the fans electric consumption increases and stays relatively constant. ECR-6 proposes a method to better control this unit. Further investigation will require a review of the Sequence of Operation for this equipment (to be supplied by the Building Manager).
Andover Library Return Air Fan AHU -2 Usage

5 4.5 4 3.5

kWh

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

15 :0 0 19 :00 :0 0 23 :00 :0 0: 3: 00 00 :0 7: 0 00 11 :00 :0 0 15 :00 :0 0 19 :00 :0 0: 23 00 :0 0: 0 3: 0 00 :0 7: 0 00 11 :00 :0 0 15 :00 :0 0 19 :00 :0 0: 23 00 :0 0: 3: 00 00 :0 7: 0 00 :0 11 0 :0 0: 00
Actual Power

Friday 4-3-2009 thru Monday 4-6-2009

6.10

AHU - 1 Static Profile

Andover Library AHU-1

Filter Rack

Chilled Water Coil

Steam Coil

Motor Vo;tage Motor Full Amps

208 18.2

Inlet Air

Motor

Building Design 6300 CFM

Measurement Point # 2 Measurement Point # 1

Measurement Point # 4 Measurement Point # 3 Measurement Point # 5

AHU -1 is designed to deliver 6300 CFM. As illustrated, the unit is delivering 6895 CFM

28

6.11

AHU -2 Static Profile

Building Return 12000 CFM

Andover Library AHU-2

Measurement Point # 1

Motor

Outside Exhaust

Motor Full Amps Motor Horsepower

17.1 5

Measurement Point # 2 Chilled Water Coil Horsepower Motor Full Amps 20 43

Filter Rack

Steam Coil

Inlet Air

Motor

Building Design 13000 CFM

Measurement Point # 3

Measurement Point # 4

Measurement Point # 5 Measurement Point # 7 Measurement Point # 6 Measurement Point # 8

AHU - 2 is designed to deliver 13000 CFM, as illustrated the unit is delivering 10200 CFM during the actual test. ECR-8 proposes a method to reduce static pressure drop and increase unit performance.

29

7.0 7.1

LEED FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS O&M LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance (LEED EBOM) Certification

This rating system is provided by the USGBC to recognize buildings that meet their green operations and maintenance standards. Similar to the programs for New Construction or Commercial Interiors, LEED EBOM provides credits to buildings who meet their standards in the following categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation in Operations.

7.2

LEED EBOM: EPA Portfolio Manager

As part of the energy audit process, the audit team created a Portfolio Manager account for the Library, approximated the buildings current credit total, and estimated its certification level. EPA Portfolio Manager is a database organized by ENERGY STAR to allow buildings to benchmark their energy performance against similar buildings across the United States. In order to achieve certification under the Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating system, the building needs to achieve a minimum energy performance threshold defined by LEED and Portfolio Manager. The level of performance, reported in thousands of Btus per square foot, varies based on the type of spaces and functions of the building. After compiling utility bills, square footages, and other basic building information, the audit team concluded that the Andover Library is performing favorably when compared to similar buildings. Its baseline weather normalized energy use index (EUI) is 207.5 kBtu per square foot. The audit team selected ending its baseline period in December of 2006 in order to correlate any energy savings to the Universitys Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal. As of March 31, 2009, the Library has a weather normalized EUI of 193.3 kBtu per square foot. In order to reach the prerequisite for LEED EB certification, the Library needs to realize a 20% reduction in their energy use index. The building needs to lower its EUI by an additional 13 kBtu per square foot (to 181 kBtu per square foot) to become certifiable. Instituting all of the energy conservations recommendations identified by the audit team will reduce the EUI by 42.5 kBtu per square foot (to 150.8 kBtu per square foot) and earn 5-6 points towards LEED: EBOM certification.

7.3

LEED EBOM Credit Totals

In order to satisfy key prerequisites for LEED EBOM certification, Andover would need to install a dedicated steam meter, meet LEED EBOM Minimum Energy Performance levels, and verify that the building is ventilating to ASHRAE 62.1 Guidelines. The current credit total, estimated by the audit team, is 42. There are 51 credits identified as maybes and depend on decisions made by the operations staff and management. The audit team is confident that with relatively minor adjustments to the Operations and Maintenance of the building, a Silver or Gold certification rating is achievable for the Library. There are currently no LEED EBOM buildings at Harvard; however, two buildings are in the process of pursuing this certification.

30

APPENDIX A: Electrical Panel Board Size and Locations

The tables below identify the size and location of electrical panels at the Library.

Lighting Panels

Main Breaker Location

Basement Basement Basement

Breaker Name
LPB LP1 & 2 LP3 / 4

Main Size
125 Amp 250 Amp 225 Amps

Panel Location
Basement Basement 2nd Floor Copy Room / 3rd Floor Electric Room

Plug Panel Inventory

Main Breaker Location

Basement Basement Basement

Breaker Name
RBP RPB 1 & 2 RPB 3 / 4

Main Size
70 Amp 200 Amp 150 Amps

Panel Location
Basement 1st Floor Copy Room 2nd Floor Copy Room / 3rd Floor Electric Room

Power Panel Inventory

Main Breaker Location

Basement Basement Basement Basement Basement

Breaker Name
PP 1 PP 2 PP 3 PP 4 PP 5

Main Size
400 Amps Fed from PP5 Fed from PP5 700 Amps 600 Amps

Panel Locations
Basement Basement 1st Floor New Stacks Electrical Room New Stacks Mechanical Penthouse Basement

31

Elevator and Emergency Lighting and Plug Panel Inventory

Main Breaker Location

Basement Basement Basement Basement

Breaker Name
Elevator 1 Elevator 2 ELP B EPP

Main Size
125 Amp 125 Amp 125 Amps 150 Amps

Panel Location
Elevator Penthouse Elevator Penthouse Basement New Stack Area Basement New Stack Area

32

APPENDIX B: Measured Electrical Data

Actual Electrical data was measured using a portable electrical data logger. Transformers (CTs) and Power transformers (PTs) were installed on each breaker.

Portable Current

Chart # 1 - The electrical consumption curves follow the building schedule; however, the minimum load is approximately 38 kWh.
Andover Library Measured Electrical Usage

85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
00 :0 0 00 :0 0 2: 0 0: 0 4: 0 6: 0 8: 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00

Tuesday 3/10/2009 Wednesday 3/11/2009 Thursday 3/12/2009 Friday 3/13/2009 Saturday 3/14/2009 Sunday 3/15/2009 Monday3/16/2009

kWh

12 :

14 :

16 :

Chart # 2 - Main Building Electrical Survey -. The electrical curve follows the building schedule; however, the minimum load is approximately 38 kW.
Andover Library Demand Data Recorded by FMO's Portable Meter
90 80 70 60

20 :

10 :

18 :

22 :

kW

50 40 30 20 10 0
00 0: 30 6: 00 11 :3 0 17 :0 0 22 :3 0 4: 00 9: 30 15 :0 0 20 :3 0 2: 00 7: 30 13 :0 0 18 :3 0 0: 00 5: 30 19 : 13 : 30

Demand

33

Chart # 3 - PP4 Usage Survey PP4 is the main mechanical supply panel. It serves all the major equipment in the building. The electrical curves follow the building schedule; however, the minimum consumption is approximately 18.5 kWh.
Andover Library Electrical Usage Data (PP4)

22 21 20 kWh 19 18 17 16 15
00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 0: 0 2: 0 4: 0 6: 0 8: 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 00 :0 0 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00 0: 00
Wednesday 3/18/2009 Thursday 3/19/2009 Friday 3/20/2009

10 :

12 :

14 :

18 :

Chart # 4 - PP4 Demand Survey PP4 is the main mechanical supply panel and serves all the major equipment in the building. The electrical curves follow the building schedule; however, the minimum load is approximately 18.5 kW.
Andover Library Electrical Demand Data (PP4)

23 22 21

kW

20 19 18 17
00 12 :00 :3 0 15 :00 :0 0 17 :00 :3 0 20 :00 :0 0 22 :00 :3 0: 0 1: 0 00 :0 3: 0 30 :0 6: 0 00 :0 8: 0 30 11 :00 :0 0 13 :00 :3 0 16 :00 :0 0 18 :00 :3 0: 21 00 :0 0 23 :00 :3 0: 0 2: 0 00 :0 4: 0 30 :0 7: 0 00 :0 9: 0 30 :0 0

16 :

20 :

22 :

Demand

10 :

34

Chart # 5 - LBP Usage Survey LBP is the lighting supply panel for the basement lighting. The electrical curve illustrates that at approximately midnight electrical usage falls to zero.
Andover Library Electrical Lighting Panel (LPB)
3.5 3 2.5

kWh

Usage
1.5 1 0.5 0

Chart # 6 LBP 1 & 2 Usage Survey LBP is the lighting supply panel for the first and second floor lighting. The electrical curve illustrates that at approximately midnight electric usage goes to zero.
Andover Library Electrical Lighting Panel (LP1 +2)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
00 11 :00 :0 0 12 :00 :0 0 13 :00 :0 0 14 :00 :0 0 15 :00 :0 0 16 :00 :0 0 17 :00 :0 0 18 :00 :0 0 19 :00 :0 0 20 :00 :0 0: 21 00 :0 0 22 :00 :0 0 23 :00 :0 0: 0 0: 0 00 :0 1: 0 00 :0 2: 0 00 :0 3: 0 00 :0 4: 0 00 :0 5: 0 00 :0 0

kWh

00 15 :0 :0 0 0 17 :00 :0 0: 19 0 :0 0 0 21 :00 :0 0 23 :0 :0 0 0: 1: 00 00 : 3: 00 00 : 5: 00 00 : 7: 00 00 : 9: 00 00 11 :00 :0 0 13 :0 :0 0 0 15 :0 :0 0 0 17 :00 :0 0 19 :0 :0 0 0 21 :00 :0 0: 23 0 :0 0 0: 1: 00 00 : 3: 00 00 : 5: 00 00 : 7: 00 00 : 9: 00 00 :0 0

13 :

4-13-2009 (1300 hrs) to 4-10-2009 (9:30 A.M.)

Actual

10 :

4-20-2009 to 4-21-2009

35

Chart # 7 LBP 3 & 4 Usage Survey LBP is the lighting supply panel for the third and fourth floor lighting. The electrical curve illustrates that at approximately midnight the load goes to zero.
Andover Library Electrical Lighting Panel (LP 3 & 4)
7 6 5

kWh

Usage
3 2 1 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

2: 0

0: 0

4: 0

6: 0

8: 0

16 :

22 :

10 :

14 :

18 :

20 :

11 :

4-14-2009 (1400 hrs) to 4-15-2009 (14:00 A.M.)

Chart # 8 - Receptacle Panel Basement Usage Survey RPB is the receptacle panel for the basement plug load. Over the course of three days, the electrical usage remains fairly constant.
Andover Library Electrical Receptacle Panel (RPB)
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

13 :

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

30 :0 0

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

4/10/2009 4/11/2009 4/12/2009

kWh

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00 7: 0

0: 00

1: 0

13 :

19 :

21 :

11 :

15 :

23 :

17 :

3: 0

5: 0

9: 0

0: 00

36

Chart # 9 - RP 1+2 Usage Survey RP 1+2 is the receptacle panel for the basement plugging load on the 1 and 2nd floor. The electrical curves illustrates that the load does drop when the Library closes.
Andover Library Electrical Receptacle Panel (RP 1+2)
4 3.5 3 2.5

kWh

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

4-17 - 4-20 Usage Data

Chart # 10 - RP 3+4 Usage Survey RP 3+4 is the receptacle panel for the basement plugging load on the 3rd and 4th floor. The electrical curves illustrates that the load does drop when the Library closes.

2.5 2

kWh

00 19 :00 :0 0 23 :00 :0 0: 0 3: 0 00 :0 7: 0 00 11 :00 :0 0 15 :00 :0 0 19 :00 :0 0 23 :00 :0 0: 0 3: 0 00 :0 7: 0 00 11 :00 :0 0 15 :00 :0 0: 19 00 :0 0 23 :00 :0 0: 0 3: 0 00 :0 7: 0 00 :0 0

15 :

Andover Library Electrical Receptacle Panel (RP 3+4)

3

4/13-4/14 Usage Data

1.5 1

0.5

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

00 :0 0

5: 0

1: 0

3: 0

7: 0

17 :

15 :

19 :

21 :

9: 0

23 :

11 :

00 :0 0

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

0: 00

37

APPENDIX C: Thermal Imaging Report

Infrared Thermographic Building Efficiency Inspection Report Andover Library

45 Francis Avenue Cambridge, MA March 24, 2009

38

Direction Location Technician Date Time

North Left of Building Bill Joy 3/24/09 4:29 a.m.

IR Image-1 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the chimney vent. The black areas indicate the colder air. The temperature difference is 17.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 20 degrees Fahrenheit.

39

Direction Location Technician Date Time

North Left of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 5:05:35 AM

IR Image-2 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure Exterior door frame. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 13.4 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

40

Direction Location Technician Date Time

West Rear of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 5:05:42 AM

IR Image-3 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure interior window frame. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 10.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

41

Direction Location Technician Date Time

West Rear of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 5:05:48 AM

IR Image-4 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure interior window frame. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 8.4 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

42

Direction Location Technician Date Time

South Right of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 5:06:55 AM

IR Image-5 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure gable vent. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 43.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

43

Direction Location Technician Date Time

South Right of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 5:07:04 AM

IR Image-6 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure interior window frame. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

44

Direction Location Technician Date Time

North Left of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 6:01:14 AM

IR Image-7 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the structure interior window frame. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 9.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

45

Direction Location Technician Date Time

North Left of Building B.Joy 1/26/2009 6:01:51 AM

IR Image-8 Comments: The light colored areas illustrate warm air escaping from the Building structure. The black areas indicate the cold. The temperature difference is 20.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The outside temperature was 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

46

APPENDIX D: Historical Utility Data Historical Electrical Data

Electrical Chart # 1 The chart below illustrates the building electrical usage by month. The data exhibits relatively consistent seasonal changes in electrical consumption from year to year.

Andover Library Monthly Historical Usage Data

80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0
Ju ly be r r h m be ar y ar c ve m Ja nu M ay

Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008 Fiscal 2009 July Feb.

kWh

pt e

Electric Chart # 2 - The chart below illustrates the CO2 Equivalent of Andover Library electric consumption.

Se

Andover Library Yearly Historical kWh CO2

No

Equivalent
Metric Tons Equivalent
210 205 200 195 190 185 180 175 Metric tons of CO2 Equivalents factor (MTCDE) Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008

47

Historical Chilled Water Data

Chilled Water Chart # 1 This chart illustrates the building chilled water usage by month.
Andover Library Monthly Historical Chilled Water Data 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Ju Au ly Se g u p t st em O be r ct N o o be ve r De m b ce e r m J a be r nu F e a ry br ua r M y ar ch Ap ri l M ay Ju ne

Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008 Fiscal 2009 July

Chilled Water Chart # 2 The chart below illustrates the CO2 Ton Day Equivalent.

Ton - D ays

Andover Library Yearly Historical Ton-Day CO2 Equivalent

Metric Ton - Day Equivalent
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Metric tons of CO2 Equivalents factor (MTCDE) Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008

48

Historical Steam Data

Steam Chart # 1 - The chart below illustrates the building steam usage by month. The full year charting reflects seasonal change.

Andover Library Monthly Historical Steam Data

550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 November August July September October December

MMBTU's

Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008 January March February May June April Fiscal 2009 July Feb.

Steam Chart # 2 - The chart below illustrates the steam consumption in its CO2 equivalent. The increase in CO2 documents the buildings increase in steam consumption each fiscal year.
Andover Library Steam MMBTU's to CO2 Conversion
250 Metric Tons Equivalent 200 150 100 50 0 Metric tons of CO2 Equivalents factor (MTCDE) Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008

49

Historical City Water Consumption

Water Chart # 1 - The chart below illustrates the building city water usage by month.
Andover Library Monthly Historical Water Usage Data
225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0
Ju A u ly Se g p t u st em O be c r No tob ve er De mb ce er m J a ber n Fe uar br y ua M ry ar ch Ap r il M ay Ju ne

Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008 Fiscal 2009 July - Feb.

C cf

50

APPENDIX E: ASHRAE Level II Report Guidelines

A. General B. Deliverables

The deliverables from the Level II should include a written report detailing the findings from the analysis. Consistent with the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits, the Level II Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis will include but not be limited to the following criteria: 1. Review mechanical and electrical system design, installed condition, maintenance practices, and operating methods. 2. Review existing operating and maintenance problems. Determine planned building changes. 3. Measure key operating parameters and compare to design levels, for example, operating schedules, heating/cooling water temperature, supply air temperature, space temperature and humidity, ventilation quantities, and light level at the task. Such measurements may be taken on a spot basis, or logged, manually or electronically. Determine the sufficiency of ventilation as required by ASHRAE 62.1 and thermal comfort bandwidth based on ASHRAE 55. There should be a survey of tenant comfort. 4. Prepare a breakdown of the total annual energy use into end-use components, including plug loads, as illustrated in the 2007 ASHRAE HandbookApplications, Chapter 34. Baseline loads should be broken out separately. 5. List all possible modifications to equipment and operations that would save energy and reduce GHG emissions. List preliminary cost and savings estimates. 6. Review the list of practical modifications with the owner/operator and select those that will be analyzed further. Prioritize the modifications in the anticipated order of implementation. 7. For each practical measure, estimate the potential savings in energy cost, GHG offset and its energy index. To account for interaction between modifications, assume that modifications with the highest operational priority and/or best return on investment will be implemented first. 8. Estimate the cost of each practical measure. Identify factors that may significantly affect the cost estimate. 9. Estimate the impact of each practical measure on building operations, maintenance costs, and non-energy operating costs. 10. Following submission of the report of the Level II analysis, meet with the owner to discuss priorities and to help select measures for implementation or further analysis 11. A summary of energy use and cost associated with each end-use. Show calculations performed or quote the name and version of software used and include both input and output pages. Provide interpretation of

51

differences between actual total energy use and calculated or simulated end-use totals. 12. A description of the building, including typical floor plans and inventories of major energy-using equipment. 13. A list of measures considered including those with longer paybacks, renewables and those currently impractical with brief reasons for rejecting each. 14. For each practical measure, provide: A discussion of the existing situation and why it is using excess energy. An outline of the measure, including its impact on occupant health, comfort, and safety. A description of any repairs that are required for a measure to be effective. The impact on occupant service capabilities, such as ventilation for late occupancy or year-round cooling. An outline of the impact on operating procedures, maintenance procedures, and costs. Expected life of new equipment and the impact on the life of existing equipment. An outline of any new skills required in operating staff and training or hiring recommendations. Calculations performed or provide the name and version of software used and include both input and output data.

15. A table listing the estimated costs for all practical measures, the savings, the GHG offset and financial performance indicator. For the cost of each measure, show the estimated accuracy of the value quoted. 16. Overall project economic evaluation. 17. Recommended measurement and verification method(s) that will be required to determine the actual effectiveness of the recommended measures. 18. Discussion of feasible capital-intensive measures that may require a Level III analysis. 19. If applicable, electronic files of any energy modeling performed 20. Bid documents and specifications are not required at this level of audit.

52

APPENDIX F: Energy Conservation Recommendation Calculations ECR #: 1. Resequence hot water valves of baseboard heating in Old Stacks Assumptions: a. 5 fin tubes operating incorrectly b. Each fin tube is 10 feet in length c. Hot water fin tube emits 800 Btu/hr per foot d. Each fin tube is operating 24 hours a day, 180 days a year Calculation: a. Steam Usage (MMBtu) =(800*10*5*24*180)/1,000,000 2. Install insulation on copper piping in Old Stacks Assumptions: a. Uninsulated pipe lengths: 40 feet of 3-inch pipe, 115 feet of 2.5inch pipe, 35 feet of 2-inch pipe, 400 feet of 1.5-inch pipe b. Uninsulated 3-inch pipe loses 141 Btu/hr, insulated 3-inch loses 16 Btu/hr c. Uninsulated 2.5-inch pipe loses 115 Btu/hr, insulated 2.5-inch loses 14 Btu/hr d. Uninsulated 2-inch pipe loses 101 Btu/hr, insulated 2-inch loses 12 Btu/hr e. Uninsulated 1.5-inch pipe loses 81 Btu/hr, insulated 1.5-inch loses 10 Btu/hr f. All pipes will be fitted with 1 inch of insulation g. Hot water temperature is 180 F 3. Shut down AHU-1 during unoccupied hours Steam Usage Assumptions: a. 90 days when the heat will be continuously on b. 8 hours of heating each night c. 21 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (39) winter temperatures Steam Usage Calculation: a. MMBtu = ((8*90*(6300*1.08*21))/(1000000)) Chilled Water Usage Assumptions: a. On average, there are 276.76 hours during the summer where the nightly temperatures are above 69F. This data was collected from Boston weather data used for energy models. In this scenario, the AHU-1 will call for cooling in order to temper the interior of the building. b. 9 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (69) temperatures Chilled Water Usage Calculation: a. Ton-days = (((6300*1.08*9)*276.76)/(12000*24)) Electrical Usage Assumptions: a. Motors are running an average of 10.7 hours per night, 350 days a year b. 18.2 Amps running continuously overnight in AHU-1 c. Common method to measure motor loading is voltage time the square root of three (~1.73)

53

d. 1000 watts in 1 kWh Electrical Usage Calculations: a. kWh = ((18.2*208*1.73*0.001)*10.7*350) 4. Water Fixture / Fitting Upgrade see attached ECR-4 Plumbing Fixtures p 57 5. Install a VFD on AHU-1 and install automatic control dampers on FCUs and small AHUs Steam Usage Assumptions: a. AHU-1 runs 7 months of the year during the heating season b. AHU-1 operates 4,650 hours per year c. 21 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (39) temperatures d. AHU-1 run time will be reduced by 30% Steam Usage Calculations: a. MMBtu = (((4650*0.583)*(6300*1.08*21*0.3))/(1000000)) Chilled Water Usage Assumptions: a. Cooling season lasts for 150 days of the year b. 9 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (69) temperatures c. CHW usage is reliant on moving sensible and latent heat from space d. AHU-1 run time will be reduced by 30% Chilled Water Usage Calculations: a. Ton-days =((6300*1.08*9)+(6300*0.68*9)*30*5)*0.3/(12000*24) Electric Usage Assumptions / Calculations - See Fan Drive Calculator for AHU-1 on page 58 6. Install a VFD on supply and return fans of AHU-2 Steam Usage Assumptions: a. AHU-2 heats the Old Stacks 24 hours a day, 90 days a year b. 21 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (39) temperatures c. AHU-2 run time will be reduced by 30% Steam Usage Calculations: a. MMBtu = ((13000*1.08*21)*24*90*0.3)/1000000 Chilled Water Usage Assumptions: a. Cooling season lasts for 150 days of the year b. 9 average degree differential between interior (60) and exterior (69) temperatures c. CHW usage is reliant on moving sensible and latent heat from space d. AHU-2 run time will be reduced by 30% Chilled Water Usage Calculations: a. Ton-days = (((13000*1.08*9)+(13000+0.68*9))*30*5)*0.3/(12000*24) Electric Usage Assumptions / Calculations See Fan Drive Calculator for AHU-2 on page 59

54

7. Replace primary and secondary filters on AHU-1 Electric Usage Assumptions: a. Existing filters have a static drop of 0.63 b. New filters have a static drop of 0.33 c. AHU-1 runs for 13.3 hours a day, 350 days a year, or 4,655 hours per year d. 0.746 kW in 1 Horsepower e. 0.85 is the fan motor efficiency f. 33,000 is equal to 1 horsepower in pounds-feet g. 1 kWh = $0.165 h. 5.2 is equal to 1.0 W.G. used to convert static pressure to working pressure Electric Usage Calculations: a. Energy Cost = [(6300*5.2*0.63*0.746*0.165*4655)/(33000*0.85)] [(6300*5.2*0.33*0.746*0.165*4655)/(33000*0.85)] 8. Replace secondary filter on AHU-2 Electric Usage Assumptions: a. Existing filters have a static drop of 0.37 b. New filters have a static drop of 0.31 c. AHU-2 runs 24/7/365 d. 0.746 kW in 1 Horsepower e. 0.85 is the fan efficiency f. 33,000 is equal to 1 horsepower in pounds-feet g. 1 kWh = $0.165 h. 5.2 is equal to 1.0 W.G. used to convert static pressure to working pressure Electric Usage Calculations: a. Energy Cost = [(13000*5.2*0.37*0.746*0.165*8760)/(33000*0.85)] [(13000*5.2*0.31*0.746*0.165*8760)/(33000*0.85)] 9. Shut down computers and monitors in Basement Electric Usage Assumptions: a. Computer hard drives use 77 watts when left logged on, while monitors use 44 watts when left logged on b. 19 Computers are left on 10.7 hours per day, 365 days a year Electric Usage Calculations: a. kWh = (121*10.7*365*19)/1000 10. Old Stack Lighting Controls see attached Lighting Payback Analysis p 60 11. Install Photocell for wall sconce fixtures in staircase - see attached Lighting Payback Analysis p 60 12. Shut down office equipment at night Electric Usage Assumptions: a. When in sleep mode, large printers use 20 watts, small printers use 10 watts, and small copiers use 15 watts. b. The card printer vending machine in each copy or printing room uses 17 watts.

55

c. The office equipment is left in sleep mode or on 75 hours a week, 52 weeks a year. Electric Usage Calculations: a. kWh = ((20*4*75*52)+(10*4*75*52)+(17*5*75*52)+(15*6*75*52))/1000 13. Office Lighting Controls - see attached Lighting Payback Analysis p 60 14. Copy/Study Room Lighting Controls - see attached Lighting Payback Analysis p 60 15. Adjust existing Honeywell thermostats Electric Usage Assumptions: a. 1 HP = 746 watts b. 2 FCU-M use 1/3 HP each, 1 FCU-E uses 42 watts, 1 FCU-H uses 152 watts, 1 FCU-N uses HP, 4 FCU-J use 234 watts each c. The FCUs in these spaces are left running in office spaces for an additional 43 hours a week when the library is unoccupied d. The library is open 50 weeks a year Electric Usage Calculations: a. kWh = ((2*(1/3*746))+42+152+(0.5*746)+(4*234))*43*50)/1000 16. Insulate Penthouse Panel Steam Usage Assumptions: a. Area of sheet metal is 9 square feet b. U factor of uninsulated panel is 1.0 c. U factor of insulated panel is 0.05 d. Difference between outside temperature and interior temperature is 31 F. e. Operating hours of 5,530 hours per year Steam Usage Calculations: a. MMBtu = [(3*3*(1)*5530*31)/1000000] [(3*3*(0.05)*5530*31)/1000000]

56

57

58

59

60