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as a Mechanistic Process
Darwins Idea of Common Descent Darwins Idea of Gradualism Darwins Idea of Multiplication of Species
Darwins Idea of Natural Selection
As the descendants spilled into various habitats over time, they accumulated diverse modifications (adaptations) that fit them to specific ways of life.
The history of life is like a tree. The Linnean classification scheme reflected the branching genealogy of the tree of life, with organisms at the different levels related through descent from common ancestors.
The evolutionary history of organisms can be portrayed as a tree growing through time.
woodpecker finch
gradual changes in various characteristics as organisms became modified according to the conditions in which they lived
2. Competition
- The conditions supporting life are limited. - Only a fraction of the offspring in a population will live to produce offspring, so that the number of individuals in a population remains fairly constant.
The environments of most organisms have been in constant change throughout geologic time.
3. Variation
- Individuals in a population vary greatly in their characteristics.
4. Adaptation
- Some variations enable individuals to produce more offspring than other individuals.
5. Natural Selection
- Individuals having favorable traits will produce more offspring, and those with unfavorable traits will produce fewer offspring.
Speciation
- Given time, natural selection leads to the accumulation of changes that differentiate groups from one another, such that a new species may arise.
Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Other examples: 1. Insecticide resistance 2. Drug resistance in bacteria A population is the smallest unit that can evolve.
Natural selection acts on individuals, but individuals do not evolve.
Patterns of Evolution
Divergent evolution from one species to several different forms; adaptive radiation Convergent evolution results in increased resemblance between unrelated species
Coevolution occurs when two or more species evolve in response to each other
At the time, Darwin did not understand the genetic basis for evolution. Variations arise from mutation and genetic recombination.
Ernst Mayr