Collections (8.0) --------------------A group of similar rows stored at one location. 2 Types: 1.

Nested Tables Table with in a table A column holds a table of contents in it. 2. Varrying Arrays ( Varrays ) It is an array of elements stored in a column.

Nested Table Example: i). create type book_type as object (book_id number(4),title varchar2(20),doi date,dor date); / * Object representing Table of books ii). create type books is table of book_type;

iii). create table stu_lib (roll number(3), name varchar2(20), course varchar2(20), binfo books) Nested table binfo store as book_table;

iv) desc book_type desc books desc stu_lib v) insert into stu_lib values(101,'RAM','Oracle9i',

books(book_type(11, 'sql' , sysdate, sysdate + 10), book_type(12, 'pl/sql' , sysdate, sysdate + 15), book_type(13, 'DBA' , sysdate, sysdate + 20)));

vi) select * from stu_lib; select name,binfo from stu_lib; --------------------------------------------------------------------------Varrying Array Example: i). create type book_type as object (book_id number(4),title varchar2(20),doi date,dor date); / Object representing Array of books ii). create type barray is varray(3) of book_type;

iii). create table library (roll number(3),name varchar2(20), course varchar2(20), binfo barray);

iv) desc book_type desc barray desc library

v) insert into library values(101,'RAM','Oracle9i', barray(book_type(11, 'sql' , sysdate, sysdate + 10), book_type(12, 'pl/sql' , sysdate, sysdate + 15), book_type(13, 'DBA' , sysdate, sysdate + 20)));

vi) select * from library; select name,binfo from library; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Nested Table Vs Varray Stored with in the table

Stored outside the table DML is allowed Stores unlimited data

DML Not Allowed Stores limited data

Note: Collections will not support constraints. Long, RAW, LOB data types are not valid in collections. Collections will not support Developer 6i,VB (GUI Tools) JAVA supports collections --------------------------------------------------------------------------DML on Nested Table: THE - operator is used to perform DML on Nested table. Ex: *Adding a Book ( Only 1 book allowed ) insert into THE(select binfo from stu_lib where roll = 101) values(book_type(15,'DBA',sysdate,sysdate + 10));

*Changing a Book details Update

THE(select binfo from stu_lib where roll = 101) set dor = sysdate + 3 where book_id = 12; Update THE(select binfo from stu_lib where roll = 101) set title = 'Tuning' where book_id = 15;

*Removing a book info delete from THE(select binfo from stu_lib where roll = 101) where book_id = 12;

Ex 2: Varray create type blist is varray(5) of varchar2(25);

create table items(itno number(3),name varchar2(20), brands blist); insert into items values(101,'Television', blist('SONY','LG','ONIDA','SAMSUNG','TCL'));

insert into items values (102,'Micro-oven',blist('LG','ONIDA','IFB'));

update items set brands = blist('LG','ONIDA','IFB','KENSTAR','SAMSUNG') where itno = 102;

select * from items;

select name,brands from items; >desc blist >desc items ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Temporary Tables (8i) -------------------------Used to hold the information in logical memory but not in physical memory. They hold the data for a particular period of time but not permenantly.

Ex: 1 Holds the Data until Transaction is Closed create global temporary table temp(c1 date) on commit delete rows;

insert into temp values(sysdate); select * from temp; --- 1-Apr-09 commit; select * from temp; --- no rows

Ex: 2 Holds the Data until Session is closed create global temporary table temp(c1 date) on commit preserve rows;

insert into temp values(sysdate);

select * from temp; --- 1-Apr-09 commit; select * from temp; --- 1-Apr-09 exit --- rows are removed (temp will be empty) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Ref Cursors:

- Dynamic cursors - supports to define the cursor without select statement. - select statement will be provided while "opening" cursor. - used to send cursor as an parameter in sub programs. - made easy to transfer huge data thru sub programs Syntax: Type <Ref cursor name> is Ref cursor;

create package pack1 as type rcur is ref cursor; end pack1;

** Procedure returning multiple rows thru OUT parameter create or replace procedure get_rows(vdept in number, vcur out pack1.rcur) is begin open vcur for select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where deptno = vdept; end;

Using Procedure: declare pcur pack1.rcur; veno number(4); vname varchar2(20); vsal number(12,2); vjob varchar2(20); begin -- calling procedure get_rows(30,pcur); -- printing cursor contents dbms_output.put_line(' Employee Details are '); loop fetch pcur into veno,vname,vsal,vjob; exit when pcur%notfound; dbms_output.put_line(veno||' '||vname||' '||vsal||' '||vjob); end loop; close pcur; end;

Re-using Ref cursor: declare scur pack1.rcur; vroll number(3); vname varchar2(20);

vfee number(5); begin open scur for select roll,name,fee from student where course = '&course'; loop fetch scur into vroll,vname,vfee; exit when scur%notfound; dopl(vroll||' '||vname||' '||vfee); end loop; close scur; end; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Data Partitioning with Partition Tables: Used to manage huge loads of data in table by creating Logical Partitions. Improves the performance of Oracle while retrieving or manipulating data from Huge Tables. Ex: create table emp_part (ecode number(2) primary key, ename varchar2(20), sal number(10,2)) partition by range (ecode) (partition p1 values less than (11), partition p2 values less than (21), partition p3 values less than (31), partition p4 values less than (41), partition p5 values less than (maxvalue));

Before Alter : p1 -- 1-10 p2 -- 11-20 p3 -- 21 - 30 p4 -- 31 - 40 p5 -- 41 - N

After Alter : p1 -- 1-10 p2 -- 11-20 p3 -- 21 - 40 p4 -- 41 - 50 p5 -- 51 - N

insert into emp_part values (1,'RAM',12000); insert into emp_part values (3,'RAM',13000); insert into emp_part values (7,'RAM',17000); insert into emp_part values (11,'RAM',2000); insert into emp_part values (13,'RAM',3000); insert into emp_part values (17,'RAM',7000); insert into emp_part values (21,'RAM',22000); insert into emp_part values (23,'RAM',23000); insert into emp_part values (27,'RAM',27000); insert into emp_part values (31,'RAM',10000); insert into emp_part values (33,'RAM',14000); insert into emp_part values (37,'RAM',15000); insert into emp_part values (41,'RAM',31000); insert into emp_part values (43,'RAM',33000); insert into emp_part values (47,'RAM',37000); insert into emp_part values (67,'RAM',57000);

select * from emp_part;

select * from emp_part partition (p2); select * from emp_part partition (p3) where sal > 20000; Alter table emp_part merge partitions (p3,p4); [ p4 - removed ] alter table emp_part drop partition p5; alter table emp add partition p4 values less than (51); alter table emp add partition p5 values less than (maxvalue); ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Oracle 8i: Java is a Built_in software Supports to execute Java programs with in oracle server or client System. SQLJ : It is an Transalator It will check for SQL stmt syntax errors and translate equavalent code. After Translation it returns .Java file . the Sql commands into Java

Sql stmts are provided in below format in Sqlj script. #sql { DDL, DML , TCL , DCL };

Steps: Provide Path settings and User details in "connect.properties" system file. 1. Open Notepad and add the Code 2. save file as "filename.sqlj" 3. C:\>sqlj filename.sqlj -- check for sql syntax and 4. C:\>javac filename.java -- compiles java program and gives .class file translate into .java file

5. C:\> java filename -- Execute .class file and gives Iterators: Used to retrieve data from Oracle table to Java program similar to cursors in PL/SQL. 2 Types 1. Named Iterator - Similar to cursor with For loop 2. Positional Iterator - Similar to cursor with Operations

final output.

C:\>sqlj Demo1.sqlj C:\>javac Demo1.java C:\>java Demo1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Important Topics: Joins, 9i Joins, constraints, sub queries, views, Index, clusters, Pseudo columns, 8.0 Features Procedures, Functions,Triggers, Packages,Utilities,pragma, Autonomous Transactions, Ref cursors, Temporary tables Normalization, Architecture, partition Tables,File I/O. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Versions Features: Oracle 6.0 - It is an DBMS Tool Oracle 7.x - It is an RDBMS Tool (7.0 / 7.1 / 7.2 / 7.3)

Oracle 8.0 - It supports OOPS Features. New Features: Objects , Objects with Methods, Nested Tables, Varrying Arrays, Rename, Sharing Columns, Partition Tables, Key Preserved Table, Inline Views, Scalar Query, File I/O , Autonoumus Transactions , Trim, Reverse, stddev,variance , ceil,floor,LOBS, Returning into, Bulk Collect, Rollup, Cube.

Oracle 8i : It is in_built with JAVA New Features: SQLJ, Iterators, Temporary Tables, Drop Column, Instead of Triggers.

Oracle 9i : Supports Advanced Features of JAVA. New Features : Supports XML . New Date Functions, New General Functions , Multiple Inserts, Merge, Rename columns & Rename Constraints , 9i Joins.

Oracle 10g : Its an DBA version Supports Grid Technology - used to store EJB Database . Using Aggregates in Returning into clause, spool - Append, Using Regular Expressions while searching character data . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Roles of an Developer in Oracle : * Designing the database objects using Normalization . * Applying Constraints, Indexes to maintain Data Integrity . * Defining code components like Triggers to apply User defined restrictions in database as per client requirement . * Defining Procedures , Functions & Packages as per requirement . components directly into

* Generating different types of Queries for reporting purpose. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------