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Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Clause C
on Policies and procedures guide collection, identification, handling safe transportation, processing and disposal
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
MICROBIOLOGY
Information derived from the results has impact on :
Diagnosis of infectious diseases Antibiotic prescribing Formulation of local antibiotic policy Public health impact eg food handlers Infection Control measures eg MRSA,
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Specimen collection in Microbiology to isolate and identify the causative agents forms back bone of the investigative procedures. In developing world, lack of awareness and casual attitude among junior staff hampers the definitive diagnosis. Specific procedures in collecting specimens will certainly improve the quality of services of Microbiology Departments
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Collection & transportation of Good quality specimen for microbiological examination is crucial
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Some tips
Laboratory investigation should start as early as possible Specimens obtained early, preferably prior to antimicrobial treatment likely to yield the infective pathogen Before doing anything, explain the procedure to patient and relatives When collecting the specimen, avoid contamination Take a sufficient quantity of material Follow the appropriate precautions for safety
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Laboratory reports
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The advice is ideal but may not be possible, as many prescribe Antibiotics before considers the Microbiological diagnostic options.
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Collection of Blood
A scientific approaches and dedicated staff participating in blood collection will eliminate the basic failure as Contamination Improper handling of syringes increases chances of contamination Contamination hampers the ideal reporting, A valuable time is lost The goal in blood collection is avoiding the contamination
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Collection
Serum
Handling
Place at 4-8C for clot retraction for at least 1-2 hours Centrifuge at 1 500 RPM for 5-10 min
separates serum from the clot
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Transport 4-8oC if transport lasts less than 10 days Freeze at -20C if storage for weeks or months before processing and shipment to reference laboratory Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles destroys IgM To avoid hemolysis: do not freeze unseparated blood
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Serum
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The Physician should wear sterile gloves and conduct the procedure with sterile precautions, The site of procedure should be disinfected and sterile occlusive dressing applied to the puncture site after the procedure.
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Transportation to Laboratory
The collected specimen of CSF to be dispatched promptly to Laboratory , delay may cause death of delicate pathogens, eg Meningococcal and disintegrate leukocytes
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Preservation of CSF
It is important when there is delay in transportation of specimens to Laboratory do not keep in Refrigerator, which tends to kill H. Influenza If delay is anticipated leave at Room Temperature.
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Specimens Stored at ..
All respiratory specimens should be kept at 4C for no longer than 4 days.
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Shipping specimens.
Clinical specimens should be shipped on wet ice or cold packs in appropriate packaging. All specimens should be labeled clearly and include information requested by your state public health laboratory.
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Nasal specimens
A deep nasal swab
generally yields the same information as throat swab. Nasal swabs are taken to detect healthy carriers than diagnose deep infection Deep nasal are taken to diagnose S.pyogenes and Diphtheria bacillus.
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Nasopharyngeal swab
Tilt head backwards Insert flexible fineshafted polyester swab into nostril and back to nasopharynx Leave in place a few seconds Withdraw slowly; rotating motion
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WHO/CDS/EPR/ARO/2006.1
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Nasopharyngeal aspirate
Tilt head slightly backward Instill 1-1.5 ml of VTM /sterile normal saline into one nostril Use aspiration mucus trap Insert silicon catheter in nostril and aspirate the secretion gently by suction in each nostril
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WHO/CDS/EPR/ARO/2006.1
Specimens in sinusitis
Pus collected or aspirated from sinus, or a saline wash out should be examined in a Gram film and by culture on aerobic and anaerobic blood agar plates.
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Acute otitis Media as long as eardrum remains intact, none of the infected exudates can be collected on an ear swab , though culture of the throat swab may give a provisional indication of casual organism
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Otitis externa
A swab should be taken from the meatus and cultured aerobically on blood agar and MacConkey agar plates for the bacteria. All specimens should also cultured on Sabourauds agar plate with Nystatin 50 units for Candida and Aspergillus.
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Eye Swabs
Obtaining a adequate specimen is difficult. It is best to make smears and seed culture plates beside the patient immediately after collecting the material from the eye.
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Sputum
Collection Instruct patient to take a deep breath and cough up sputum directly into a wide-mouth sterile container
avoid saliva or postnasal discharge 1 ml minimum volume
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Specimen Collection
The urine collected in a wide mouthed container from patients A mid stream specimen is the most ideal for processing Female patients passes urine with a labia separated and mid stream sample is collected
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Collection of specimens
The specimen commonly collected for the diagnosis of vaginitis's, vaginosis or uterine sepsis is high vaginal swab The swab is inserted into upper part of the vagina and rotated there before withdrawing it.
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Transportation of specimens
All the swabs to be promptly transported to laboratory, in cases of delay or in cases of delicate microbes to be transported in Amie's transport medium. If possible two swabs to be collected and submitted for each site.
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Collection of specimens
Pus or exudates is often
submitted on a swab for laboratory investigation. The swabs are inefficient sampling device and tends to desiccate the specimen and trap the bacteria which are then not released on to culture plate
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Gastrointestinal Infections
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Stool samples
Collection: Freshly passed stool samples
avoid specimens from a bed pan
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Storage refrigerate at 4C; do not freeze store at -15C - for Ag detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Transport
4C (do not freeze); dry ice for (Ag detection and PCR)
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Collection of specimens
Whenever possible, a specimen of faeces should be collected. A rectal swab is unsatisfactory, unless it is heavily charged and visibly stained with faeces collected from rectum, not anus
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Collection of Faeces
The specimen may be collected from faeces passed into a clean bed pan, not mixed with urine, or disinfectant or from the surface of heavily soiled toilet paper. The specimen is collected into 25 ml screw capped wide mouthed disposable container.
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Transportation of specimen
Collect 1-2 ml of faeces, and apply the cap tightly. Take care not to soil the rim or outside of the bottle. Transmit the container quickly to laboratory. If delay is unavoidable and particularly when the weather is warm collect the specimens in a container holding 6 ml buffered glycerol saline transport medium
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MICROBIOLOGY
Information derived from the results has impact on :
Diagnosis of infectious diseases Antibiotic prescribing Formulation of local antibiotic policy Public health impact eg food handlers Infection Control measures eg MRSA, PfA target for reduction of C difficile, MSSA and MRSA bacteraemia
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On many occasions less than ideal sample is received in laboratory. The rejection of clinical samples should be done with great care and wisdom of only senior staff who should take the responsibility. In the welfare of the patient samples can be repeatedly collected for better diagnosis, as we need repeated isolation to confirm uncommon pathogens.
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Biosafety Precaution
All the Technical staff should follow the Universal and other Biosafety Precautions while handling and Disposing the Microbiology Specimens
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Programme created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for resources for Laboratory Personal in the Developing World email
doctortvrao@gmail.com
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