ENGR 145

Exam #3 - Page 1 of 5

Fall 2005

ID number: _____ _____ - _____ _____ _____ _____ (LAST SIX DIGITS ONLY!) Question 1: Electrical Resistivity, Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity- 20 points At room temperature the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility for aluminum (Al) are 1 3.8 107 ( m ) and 1.2 103 m 2 / (V s ) respectively. The Wiedemann-Franz coefficient for aluminum is 2.24 108 W / K 2 . a) Compute the number of free electrons per cubic meter for aluminum at room temperature. b) What is the number of free electrons per aluminum atom? (Assume a density of 2.7g/cm3). 1 c) The electrical conductivity for aluminum (Al) at 500oC is 1.4 107 ( m ) . Compute the electrical resistivity due to the increase in temperature from room temperature to 500 oC. d) Compute the thermal conductivity for aluminum at 500 oC.

1 a) From = n e e = 3.8 107 ( m ) (Callister Equation 19.8) one gets the number of charge carriers per unit

1 3.8 107 ( m ) = 1.98 1029 m 3 2.0 1029 m 3 (using [C ] = [ As ] and volume as n = 2 19 3 1.6 10 [C ] 1.2 10 m / (V s )

[ ] = [V / A] , respectively).
b) From the density ( = 2.7 g / cm3 ) and the atomic weight of Al (26.982 [g/mol]), the volume per Al atom is

given by VAl =

mAl

26.982 / 6.022140 1023 cm3 = 1.66 1029 m3 . The average number of electrons per Al 2.7

atom is then determined as nAl = 2.0 1029 m 3 1.66 1029 m3 3.3 . This value is approximately equal to the number of valance electrons of Al (3), the additional charges may be due to electrons from impurities and/or alloying elements.
c) The resistivity at RT and 500oC are RT = 1/ RT = 2.63 108 [ m] and is 500 = 1/ 500 = 7.14 108 [ m] . The

resistivity increase due to the increase in temperature is T = 7.14 108 2.63 108 = 4.51108 [ m]

d) The Wiedemann-Franz law (Callister Equation 20.7) states L =

k . The thermal conductivity can be T

calculated from the electrical conductivity at 500oC (=773 K) according to

1 k = L T = 2.24 108 W / K 2 1.4 107 ( m ) 773 [ K ] = 242.4 [W / ( m K )]

ENGR 145

Exam #3 - Page 2 of 5

Fall 2005

ID number: _____ _____ - _____ _____ _____ _____ (LAST SIX DIGITS ONLY!) Question 2: Adiabatic Expansion - 20 points

Suppose 2.00 [ mol ] of an ideal, monatomic gas is initially at a pressure of 3.00 [ atm ] and a temperature of
T = 350 [ K ] . The gas is expanded irreversibly and adiabatically ( q = 0 ) against a constant external pressure of
1.00 [ atm ] until the volume has doubled.

a) Calculate the final volume. b) Calculate the work ( w ) for this process in joules. c) Calculate the energy change ( E ) for this process in joules. d) Calculate the final temperature of the gas.

The First Law of Thermodynamics (OGN Equation 7.3) states E = q + w . For an adiabatic expansion, q = 0 , and
E = w . Also, from the ideal gas law, a closed system containing a constant number of molecules ( n ) one gets

nR =

PV1 PV2 1 = 2 = const. T1 T2

nRT1 2.0 [ mol ] 0.0820574 [( L atm ) / ( mol K )] 350 [ K ] = = 19.14 [ L ] . P 3.00 [ atm] 1

a) The initial volume is then given by V1 =

The problem states that the volume doubled during the expansion, so V2 = 38.28 [ L ] .
b) The work is calculated from w = PExt V= P2 ( V2 V1 ) = 19.14 [ atm L ] = 1.94 [ kJ ] since the external

pressure is constant at PExt = P2 = 1.0 [ atm ] (Note: The relations between the units 1.0 [ atm L ] = 101.32 [ J ] can be calculated from the different units given for the gas constant; R = 8.31447 [ J / ( mol K )] = 0.0820574 [( L atm ) / ( mol K )] )
c) For an adiabatic expansion, E = w = 1.94 [ kJ ] .

P V 1 d) The final temperature is given by T2 = T1 2 2 = 350 [ K ] 2 = 233.3[ K ] . 3 P V1 1

Note: This can also be calculated from T2 =
1.0 [ atm ] 38.28 [ L ] PV2 2 = = 233.3 [ K ] nR 2.0 [ mol ] 0.0820574 [( L atm ) / ( mol K )]

ENGR 145

Exam #3 - Page 3 of 5

Fall 2005

ID number: _____ _____ - _____ _____ _____ _____ (LAST SIX DIGITS ONLY!) Question 3: Chemical Reactions - 20 points The molar enthalpy of fusion of solid ammonia is 5.65 [ kJ / mol ] , and the molar entropy of fusion is
28.9 [ J / ( K mol )] .

a) Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the melting of 1.00 mol of ammonia at 170 K. b) Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the conversion of 3.60 mol of solid ammonia to liquid ammonia at 170 K. c) Will ammonia melt spontaneously at 170 K? d) At what temperature are solid and liquid ammonia in equilibrium at a pressure of 1 atm?

The molar Gibbs free energy of fusion at standard state pressure is given by G0f = H 0f T S0f . The enthalpy of fusion ( 5.65 [ kJ / mol ]) corresponds to the heat absorbed as a mole of ammonia melts at constant pressure.

a) The free energy change for the melting of 1.00 mol of ammonia at 170 K is thus
G0f = 5.65 [ kJ / mol ] 170 [ K ] 28.9 [ J / ( K mol )] = 737 [ J ] 740 [ J ]

b) The Gibbs free energy change for the conversion of 3.60 mol of solid ammonia to liquid ammonia at 170 K is

then G {3.6mol} = 3.6 737 [ J ] 2, 650 [ J ] = 2.65 [ kJ ]

c) Since G > 0 , this reaction will not be spontaneous. [The fact that S > 0 is not a sufficient requirement alone

to state that a reaction will be spontaneous, the change in Gibbs free energy must be smaller than zero as well, i.e.,
G < 0 see OGN section 8.7 pages 253-255].

d) The equilibrium temperature is determined from the condition for which G0f = H 0f T S0f = 0 , or

T=

5.65 103 [ J / mol ] H 0f = = 195.5 [ K ] 196 [ K ] 28.9 [ J / ( K mol )] S0f

ENGR 145

Exam #3 - Page 4 of 5

Fall 2005

ID number: _____ _____ - _____ _____ _____ _____ (LAST SIX DIGITS ONLY!) Question 4: Phase Diagrams - 20 point

The binary Ge-Si phase diagram is shown below. The density of Ge and Si are 5.32 g / cm3 and 2.33 g / cm3 ,

respectively.

32 Liquid

52

67
Liquid + Solid

CL

C0

CS

Solid
[Ge-Si Solid Solution]

16

=30

44

a) Consider an alloy having 30 % Si by weight. What phases are present at 1200oC. b) Determine the compositions of the phases present at 1200oC in weight % and in atomic %, respectively. c) Determine the weight fraction of the phases present at 1200oC. d) Determine the molar (or atomic) fraction of the phases present at 1200oC. a) The phases present at 1200 oC are liquid (l) and a solid Ge-Si solution (ss), respectively. b) The compositions of the phases present at 1200oC are: Weight % Liquid: CL 16 weight %; Solid: CS 44 weight % Atomic % Liquid: CL 32 atom %; Solid: CS 67 atom % c) The weight fractions of the phases present at 1200oC are: C C0 44 30 C CL 30 16 = = 50% = = 50% Liquid: f LW = S Solid: f SW = 0 CS CL 44 16 CS CL 44 16 d) The molar (or atomic) fraction of the phases present at 1200oC is: C C0 67 52 C CL 52 32 = = 57.1% = 42.9% Solid: f SA = 0 Liquid: f LA = S CS CL 67 32 CS CL 67 32

ENGR 145

Exam #3 - Page 5 of 5

Fall 2005

ID number: _____ _____ - _____ _____ _____ _____ (LAST SIX DIGITS ONLY!) Question 5: Definitions - 20 points

Match a statement in Column I (A through T) with a description in Column II (1 through 20) by WRITING THE APPROPRIATE LETTER from Column I IN FRONT OF THE NUMBER in Column II.
COLUMN I COLUMN II

A) Thermal Conductivity B) Microstructure C) Tie Line D) Intrinsic Semiconductor E) Exothermic Reaction F) Thermodynamic Process G) First Law of Thermodynamics H) Thermal Stress

E ______ 1) Chemical reaction giving off heat T ______ 2) Amount of heat required to raise the temperature by 1 K A ______ 3) Proportionality constant between the heat flux and temperature gradient H ______ 4) Stress due to a thermal strain D ______ 5) Concentration of electron and hole carriers are identical M ______ 6) Concentration of electron and hole carriers modified by dopants Q ______ 7) A macroscopic, time-independent equilibrium condition F ______ 8) A process that leads to a change in thermodynamic state

G I) Third Law of Thermodynamics ______ 9) The change in internal energy of a system equals the sum of the heat transferred to it and the work done O J) Lever Rule ______ 10) The heat transferred at constant pressure
K) Solid Solution L) Phase Equilibrium Diagram M) Extrinsic Semiconductor

S ______ 11) State function determined by the number of microstates available in a system N ______ 12) The entropy of the system and its surrounding must increase

I ______ 13) The entropy of any pure substance approaches zero at absolute zero temperature P N) Second Law of Thermodynamics ______ 14) A thermodynamic criterion for spontaneity
O) Enthalpy P) Gibbs Free Energy Q) Thermodynamic State R) Solubility Limit S) Entropy T) Heat Capacity

L ______ 15) Graphic representation of the stable phase at a given set of thermodynamic variables K 16) Homogeneous crystalline phase containing two or more ______ chemical species R 17) The maximum concentration of solute that may be added ______ without forming a new phase B 18) Structural features of an alloy or other solid ______ C ______ 19) Line connecting the concentration of phases in equilibrium J ______ 20) Rule used to compute relative phase amounts in a two-phase alloy at equilibrium