Sfooting

SFOOTING
SU Shear Load
ST
Axial Load
DF D
FT
BF BF cBF
NS NS cNS
BS BS cBS
Transverse Shear Load Longitudinal Shear Load ST B
GAI Consultants, Inc. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, PA 15146
Power Line Systems 918 University Bay Dr. Madison, WI 53705
SFOOTING Users' Manual

Spread Footing Uplift-Compression Foundation Design and Analysis Program DISCLAIMER, WARRANTY AND LICENSES .............................................................. 3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND INSTALLATION................................................ 4 1.0 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................ 5 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND............................................................................. 8 2.1 Geotechnical Analysis and Design .................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Uplift ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1.2 Design .................................................................................................................. 12 2.1.1.3 Uplift Displacement ............................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Sliding with Uplift................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.2.2 Design .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3 Compression ............................................................................................................ 16 2.1.3.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................ 23 2.1.3.2 Design .................................................................................................................. 24 2.1.3.3 Elastic Settlement ................................................................................................. 24 2.1.4 Sliding with Compression ....................................................................................... 25 2.1.4.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................ 26 2.1.4.2 Design .................................................................................................................. 27 2.2 Structural Analysis and Design ....................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Spread Footing Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design..................................... 28 2.2.1.1 Flexural Analysis and Design .............................................................................. 28 2.2.1.2 Minimum Steel Requirements............................................................................... 32 2.2.1.3 Shear Analysis and Design................................................................................... 33 2.2.1.2 Pedestal ................................................................................................................ 35 3. LOADING, RUNNING AND VIEWING EXISTING MODEL ................................. 36 3.1 The File menu.................................................................................................................. 36 3.2 Creating, Modifying, Running and Saving a Model........................................................ 37 4. FOOTING AND SOIL DESCRIPTION ................................................................. 39 4.1 General Data.................................................................................................................... 39 4.2 Footing description.......................................................................................................... 40 4.3 Soil Description ............................................................................................................... 45 4.3.1 Backfill Properties ................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2 Native Soil Properties.............................................................................................. 46 4.3.3 Base Soil Properties................................................................................................. 46 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 1
4.3.4 Input screen ..............................................................................................................46 4.4 Reinforced Concrete Design Data....................................................................................47 5. LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS ...........................................................................49 5.1 Design Loads....................................................................................................................49 5.1.1 Geotechnical Design Loads......................................................................................49 5.1.2 Structural Design Loads ...........................................................................................49 5.2 Analysis Loads .................................................................................................................51 5.2.1 Geotechnical Analysis Loads ...................................................................................51 5.2.2 Loads for Structural Analysis...................................................................................51 5.3 Geotechnical Criteria .......................................................................................................51 5.3.1 Minimum Ratios of Geotechnical Capacity to Applied Load..................................51 5.3.2 Displacement Criteria ..............................................................................................52 5.4 Loads and geotechnical criteria input menus ...................................................................52 5.4.1 Loads Dialog ............................................................................................................52 5.4.1.1 Option to generate separate designs for uplift and compression .........................53 5.4.2 Geotechnical ratios and allowable displacements menu ..........................................54 6. SFOOTING Input Data Worksheet .....................................................................55 SFOOTING INPUT DATA WORKSHEET ...........................................................................56 7. 8. EXAMPLES ..........................................................................................................57 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................65
SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
DISCLAIMER, WARRANTY AND LICENSES

GAI Consultants, Inc. and Power Line Systems Inc. make no warranty, either expressed or implied, that the computer program SFOOTING is totally free of errors or that analyses or designs generated by SFOOTING will be acceptable. SFOOTING should only be used by an experienced geotechnical engineer who is responsible for the modeling assumptions and results. In no event shall GAI Consultants Inc. or Power Line Systems Inc. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of the SFOOTING program. The only warranty made is that the diskette on which the program is recorded will be replaced without charge if it is determined to be defective. In all cases, the liability of GAI Consultants Inc. or Power Line Systems Inc. shall be limited to the refund of the purchase price of the SFOOTING program. The SFOOTING software is protected by both the United States copyright law and international copyright treaty provisions. For a single license, the purchasing organization may copy this software onto one or more of its computers as long as the software is not simultaneously used by more than one user on a single computer. The purchasing organization may also make archival copies of SFOOTING for the sole purpose of backing up the software and protecting its investment from loss. Multiple licenses are also available. SFOOTING is developed, maintained and supported jointly by GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems. Except for questions regarding the installation of SFOOTING and its proper functioning on the computer, all questions regarding the foundation and design aspects of the software should be referred to:
GAI Consultants, Inc. 570 Beatty Road, Monroeville, PA 15146 Tel: (412) 856 9220 Fax: (412) 372 2161 E-Mail: geotechnical@gaiconsultants.com
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND INSTALLATION
To run SFOOTING you need Microsoft WINDOWS 95, 98, NT4.0 or newer running on a Pentium-based computer with a minimum of 16 MB of RAM and 5 MB of disk drive space. SFOOTING is shipped on one distribution diskette. The program and files can be installed in any directory. Step 1: Insert the diskette into the floppy drive, usually Drive A: or B:. Step 2: Click on the Start button, then Run. When prompted for a filename, type "A:\INSTALL" if the diskette is in Drive A: or "B:\INSTALL" if it is in Drive B:. The SFOOTING Installation window will appear. Step 3: In the SFOOTING Installation window, enter the name of the directory in which you wish to install SFOOTING if other than the default shown. Step 4: Use the radio buttons to select either a Full Installation or Upgrade. Select the Full Installation option if SFOOTING has not yet been installed or if you want to upgrade both the programs and example data files. If you are re-installing over an existing version, you will be prompted with the question "Overwrite (Y/N)?" for each existing file. Respond with "a" (for all). Select Upgrade if SFOOTING is already installed and you only want to upgrade the program (not the existing example data files). After completing the above four steps you should see the SFOOTING icon appear in the PLSCADD group. You can run SFOOTING by clicking on its icon in the PLS-CADD group or by selecting its icon with Start/ Programs/ PLS-CADD.
1.
OVERVIEW
SFOOTING performs geotechnical analysis and design of spread footing foundations for transmission line towers as illustrated in Figs. 1-1 and 1-2. It also provides limited structural design results for the reinforced concrete foundation. The program has two options; one for the geotechnical design of the foundation to determine the size of the foundation for given loads, soil conditions and foundation depth, and the other for the analysis of an existing foundation for determination of the ultimate capacities and the ratios of ultimate capacities to the applied loads. SFOOTING considers the following geotechnical analysis and design conditions: Uplift Sliding with uplift Uplift displacement Compression Sliding with compression Elastic settlement SFOOTING accepts input in either US (English) or SI units. Input data includes backfill, native soil, and base soil properties; groundwater level; applied loads; foundation type; desired ratios of capacity to applied loads; and geometric features controlling design or existing foundation geometry for analysis. The output includes printing of the input data; the footing size and depth; and the foundation capacity in uplift, sliding with uplift, compression, and sliding with compression; and estimates of the vertical displacements due to the applied uplift and compression loads.
(1) For reinforced concrete foundations, SFOOTING uses the ACI Code (ACI 318-95) to check the shear capacity of the footing and to calculate the required areas of reinforcing steel in the footing. The program also gives unfactored shear and moment data for reinforced concrete design of the stem and footing for areas where the ACI Code does not govern. Furthermore, it provides unfactored shear and moment loads for the spread footing for locations where the ACI Code is not applicable and another reinforced concrete design code must be used. For the pedestal (stem), the program does not perform the reinforced concrete design. However, the program does provide unfactored loads for use in designing the reinforced concrete pedestal.
SFOOTING can use tower foundation reactions developed by the TOWER program from Power Line Systems Inc. as input foundation loads. SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
Typical Lattice Tower
Transmission Line Back Span
Typical Spread Footing Foundation
Transverse Direction
Longitudinal Direction Transmission Line Span Ahead Plan View Figure 1-1. Layout of Typical Lattice Tower and Foundations
SU
Shear Load
ST
Axial Load
DF D
FT
BF BF cBF
NS NS cNS
BS BS cBS
Transverse Shear Load Longitudinal Shear Load ST B
Figure 1-2. Layout of Spread Footings Analyzed and Designed by SFOOTING
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Geotechnical Analysis and Design
SFOOTING evaluates the geotechnical capacity of the foundation and compares the capacity to the applied load. The program checks that the ratio between the geotechnical capacity and the applied load is greater than or equal to the desired or minimum values. The program requires the user to input the desired ratios between the geotechnical capacity and the applied load. The ratios input by the user will be used unless the ratios are less than the internally set minimum ratios. The minimum ratios allowed by the program are as follows:
Loading Condition Uplift Sliding with Uplift Compression (Bearing Capacity) Sliding with Compression
Ratio RATU RATSU RATC RATSC
Minimum Ratio of Capacity to Applied Load 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5
The user also inputs the maximum allowable displacements for uplift and compression conditions. The design option will increase the base dimension of the footing, B, until all ratios and displacement criteria are met. All other foundation geometry is kept constant. If the user wants to vary foundation depth or dimensions other than the footing width, B, the user must change the other dimensions in the data file and rerun the program. The analysis option will analyze the given foundation geometry and calculate the ratios of capacity to applied load and the estimated displacements and compare these to the desired values. If any of the ratios of capacity to applied load are below the desired values, or if the displacements exceed the allowable values, the program prints warnings and continues the analysis. If the ultimate capacities of the foundation are less than the applied loads, the program warns of foundation failure. 2.1.1 Uplift For uplift, the program looks at two possible modes of failure and uses the smaller resistance as the uplift capacity. For the first case, the program considers uplift resistance due to the weight of the foundation and the cube of backfill soil directly above the footing along with side shear forces acting on the vertical sides of the cube of backfill soil and the 8 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
sides of the footing. This condition for uplift of the spread footing foundation is analyzed according to the free-body diagram shown in Figure 2-1. UAPPL
SS1 WBF
WST
WBF
SS1
SS2
WF
SS2
Figure 2-1. Free-Body Diagram of Foundation Uplift Condition with Side Shear In Fig. 2-1: UAPPL W BF WF W ST = = = = applied uplift load weight of backfill weight of footing weight of stem
For drained conditions: SS1 = SS2 = PH1 = PH2 = c = = A1 = A2 =
side shear force in soil = PH1 tan + c A1 side shear force on footing = PH2 tan (0.67 ) + c A2 horizontal force due to at-rest earth pressure on soil horizontal force due to at-rest earth pressure on footing effective stress cohesion of native soil area of sides of soil cube area of sides of footing effective stress friction angle
For undrained conditions: SS1 = side shear force in soil = Su A1 SS2 = side shear force on footing = Su A2 = undrained shear strength of native soil ( = 0) Su = area of sides of soil cube A1 A2 = area of sides of footing SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
For this condition, the ultimate uplift capacity of the foundation, UULT, is calculated as: UULT = W F + W ST + W BF+ SS1 + SS2 The side shear force in soil, SS1, is calculated for both the properties of the backfill soil and the native soil and the lower value of side shear is used to calculate the uplift capacity of the foundation. The side shear force on the footing, SS2, also considers both the properties of the backfill soil and native soil, and uses the lower value. For drained conditions, the friction angle, , is multiplied by 0.67 for side shear on the soil-concrete footing interface. The effective stress cohesion of the native soil is also included in the side shear forces for drained conditions. For undrained conditions ( = 0), the undrained shear strength of the native soil is used. The backfill is assumed to be cohesionless for both drained and undrained conditions. The second mode of failure considers the uplift resistance due to the weight of the foundation and the weight of the truncated pyramid of soil above the footing and extending beyond the edge of the footing at an angle with the vertical, theta (), specified by the user. This condition for uplift of the spread footing foundation is analyzed according to the freebody diagram shown in Figure 2-2.
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UAPPL
WW SS2
WBF
WST
WBF
WW
WF
SS2
Figure 2-2. Free-Body Diagram of Foundation Uplift Condition with Soil Wedge In Fig. 2-2: UAPPL W BF Ww WF W ST = = = = = applied uplift load weight of backfill above footing weight of soil within wedge adjacent to footing weight of footing weight of stem side shear force on footing = PH2 tan (0.67 ) + c A2 horizontal force due to at-rest earth pressure on footing effective stress cohesion of native soil area of sides of footing effective stress friction angle
For drained conditions: SS2 = PH2 = c = A2 = =
For undrained conditions: SS2 = side shear force on footing = Su A2 = undrained shear strength of native soil ( = 0) Su = area of sides of footing A2 For this case, the ultimate uplift capacity of the foundation, UULT, is calculated as: UULT = W F + W ST + W BF+ W W + SS2 The program considers both the unit weight of the backfill and the unit weight of the native soil in calculating the weight of the wedge. The soil providing the lower weight is used as W W in calculating the uplift resistance, UULT. For this failure mode, the side shear force on the soil is neglected. The side shear on the side of the footing, SS2, is still included. When the user inputs a value of = 0, the weight of the soil wedge is 0, and the program includes the side shear forces in calculating the uplift resistance. The program has upper (2) limits on the value of theta, , based on values given in NAVFAC DM 7.02 . For SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 11
cohesionless native soils (cNS = 0), the maximum value of theta, , is 20o. For cohesive o native soils (cNS > 0), the maximum value of theta, , is 30 . If the value of theta, , input by the user exceeds the maximum value allowed by the program, the program uses the maximum allowable value. 2.1.1.1 Analysis
For analysis, the ratio between the ultimate uplift capacity and the applied uplift load is calculated as: Uplift Ratio = UULT / UAPPL If the uplift ratio is less than RATU (= 1.5 minimum), the program prints a warning message.
2.1.1.2
Design
For design, the force resisting the applied uplift load must be greater than the applied uplift load. URESIST > UAPPL The force resisting uplift is taken as the ultimate uplift capacity divided by the required ratio as follows: UULT URESIST = RATU If the force resisting uplift is less than the applied uplift load, the program will increase the footing base dimension, B, and reanalyze the foundation until the resisting force exceeds the applied load. For the design process, when all criteria are met, the ratio between the ultimate uplift capacity and the applied uplift load will be 1.5 (minimum value allowed) or greater. Ratio = UULT / UAPPL > 1.5 2.1.1.3 Uplift Displacement
The displacement of the spread footing under the applied uplift load is calculated using the procedure presented by Trautman and Kulhawy(3). The displacement is estimated as: 12 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
UAPPL 0.013 U D ULT z= UAPPL 1 - 0.67 U ULT where z D = = upward displacement under applied uplift load (units of D) depth of foundation embedment
The above equation was developed based on uplift tests on spread footings and grillages. The displacement predicted by the equation represents a 95% confidence interval of the field data, indicating that 95% of the time the actual displacements will be less than predicted. It is estimated that for reinforced concrete spread footings, the average value of the actual displacement will be about one-half the value predicted by the above equation. For analysis, the estimated displacement is calculated and compared to the allowable value. If the estimated displacement exceeds the allowable value, the program prints a warning and continues the analysis. In design, if the estimated displacement exceeds the allowable value, the program increases the footing base dimension, B, and then recalculates the uplift capacity and the estimated displacement until the estimated displacement no longer exceeds the allowable value. Note that the program uses units of millimeters or inches for z, rather than meters or feet, even though D is input in units of meters or feet. 2.1.2 Sliding with Uplift The horizontal shear loads applied to the foundation for the uplift load case are resisted by passive minus active pressure acting on the stem and footing, plus friction and cohesion along the base of the footing. For granular soils, ( > 0) the friction along the base of the footing is a function of the normal force on the base of the footing. The normal force is computed as the portion of the vertical load not resisting the applied uplift load. When the base soil is cohesive, the resisting force acting on the base of the footing is related to the undrained shear strength or cohesion of the base soil. A reduction factor, , is applied to the cohesion or undrained shear strength to calculate the resisting force. The reduction factor applied varies with the value of undrained shear strength or cohesion, as shown in Figure 2-3.
13
1.2 Reduction Factor, 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1 kPa = 0.02089 ksf
Undrained Shear Strength, Su, (kPa)
Figure 2-3. Shear strength reduction factor vs. undrained shear strength The side shear forces acting on planes of the foundation parallel to the direction of the shear load are neglected. The applied shear load in each direction is evaluated relative to the resisting shear force. The condition of sliding with uplift is analyzed according to Figure 2-4.
UAPPL VxAPPL
PaSTEM PaSF T N
PpSTEM PpSF
Figure 2-4. Free-Body Diagram of Foundation Sliding with Uplift In Fig. 2-4: VxAPPL = UAPPL = 14 shear load applied in applied uplift load longitudinal direction
N T
c Su
= = = = = = =
PaSTEM = PaSF = PpSTEM = PpSF =
Normal force = UULT UAPPL shear force on base of foundation 2 for drained conditions N tan + c B Su B2 for undrained conditions effective stress cohesion (c) for drained conditions undrained shear strength (Su) for undrained ( = 0) conditions reduction factor applied to undrained shear strength or cohesion active earth pressure force acting on pedestal (stem) active earth pressure force acting on spread footing passive earth pressure force acting on pedestal (stem) passive earth pressure force acting on spread footing
Similarly (not shown in sketch), VyAPPL = shear load applied in transverse direction
The active and passive pressure forces acting on the stem are calculated based on both the properties of the backfill and the native soil surrounding the stem. The condition giving the smallest value of resultant pressure (passive active) is used as the resisting force. The shear resistance is equal in both the longitudinal (x) and transverse (y) directions. The ultimate shear resistance is calculated as follows: VULT = (PpSTEM - PaSTEM) + (PpSF - PaSF ) + T 2.1.2.1 Analysis
For analysis, the resisting shear force is compared to the maximum applied shear load and the ratio is calculated as follows: Ratio = VULT / VMAX The maximum applied shear force, VMAX, is the maximum of VxAPPL and VyAPPL. If the ratio is less than RATSU (= 1.5 minimum), the program prints a warning message. 2.1.2.2 Design
For design, the force resisting the applied shear load must be greater than the maximum applied shear load. Vresist > VMAX The force resisting shear is taken as the ultimate shear capacity divided by the required SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 15
ratio as follows: VULT Vresist = RATSU If the force resisting shear is less than the maximum applied shear load, the program will increase the base dimension of the footing, B, and reanalyze the foundation, until an adequate foundation is achieved. When all design criteria have been met, the ratio between the ultimate shear capacity and the maximum applied shear load will be 1.5 (minimum value allowed) or greater. Ratio = Vult / Vmax > 1.5 2.1.3 Compression The program uses Hansens bearing capacity equations to calculate the compression capacity of spread footings. Corrections for foundation shape, depth, and load inclination are applied to the bearing capacity terms. The effective width of the footing, Beff, is used in the bearing capacity equation due to the eccentricity of the applied load. Compression of spread footings is analyzed according to the free-body diagrams shown in Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7.
(4)
16
CAPPL VxAPPL
WBF PaSTEM T qmin B
WST
WBF PpSTEM
WF qmax
Figure 2-5. Free-Body Diagram with Trapezoidal Pressure Distribution on Footing Base
CAPPL VxAPPL
WBF
WST
WBF PpSTEM -
WF Bxeff qave
Figure 2-6. Free-Body Diagram with Average Pressure Distribution on Footing Base
17
CAPPL VxAPPL
DTOTAL
WBF
WST
WBF PpSTEM PaSTEM
WF T e R Bxeff
DP
Figure 2-7. Free-Body Diagram for Compression
In Figs. 2-5, 2-6 and 2-7: VxAPPL = CAPPL = qmax = qmin = qave = R = W BF = = WF W ST = PaSTEM = PpSTEM = DP = T = B = Bxeff = = ex DTOTAL = shear load applied in longitudinal (x) direction applied compression load maximum bearing pressure minimum bearing pressure average bearing pressure resultant force resisting compression weight of backfill weight of footing weight of stem active earth pressure force acting on stem passive earth pressure force acting on stem distance from base of footing to location of earth pressure force shear force on base of foundation foundation base dimension effective footing width in x direction eccentricity of resultant in x direction total distance from top of foundation to bottom of footing
Similarly (not shown in sketch), VyAPPL = Byeff = = ey shear load applied in transverse (y) direction effective footing width in y direction eccentricity of resultant in y direction
The ultimate bearing capacity of the spread 18
footing, qULT, using Hansens bearing
capacity equation is calculated as follows: qULT = c Nc sc dc ic + q Nq sq dq iq + 0.5 Beff N s d i where: c = q = = Beff = = Nc = Nq N = s c, sq , s = d c, d q , d = ic, iq, i = cohesion of base soil effective overburden pressure at base of footing average effective unit weight of soil below base of footing effective footing width in direction of shear loading (x or y) bearing capacity factor for cohesion bearing capacity factor for overburden bearing capacity factor for soil strength correction factors for foundation shape correction factors for foundation depth correction factors for inclination of loading
When = 0, qult = 5.14 Su ( 1 + sc + dc ic ) + q where: = undrained shear strength of the base soil Su sc, dc, ic = correction factors for foundation shape, depth and load inclination
The horizontal shear forces combined with the vertical compression load apply an inclined load to the foundation, resulting in an eccentically loaded footing. The earth pressure forces acting on the stem cause a resisting moment on the foundation and are subtracted from the moment caused by the horizontal shear forces. Because the shear loads applied in the longitudinal and transverse directions may be different, the eccentricities, bearing capacity factors, correction factors, and ultimate bearing capacities should be evaluated in both directions. The eccentricity of the load and the effective footing width are calculated as follows: ex = Mx / VL ey = My / VL
Mx = VxAPPL (DTOTAL) - (PpSTEM - PaSTEM) DP My = VyAPPL (DTOTAL) - (PpSTEM - PaSTEM) DP DTOTAL DP = = distance from application of shear loads to base of foundation distance from base of footing to location of earth pressure force on stem
VL = Vertical Load = CAPPL + (W F + W ST + W BF) SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 19
Bxeff = B 2ex Af = (Bxeff ) (Byeff )
Byeff = B 2ey
The bearing pressures at the four corners of the footing are then calculated as follows: VL q1 = B2 6ex 6ey 1 + B + B
VL 6ex 6ey q2 = B2 1 - B + B 6ex 6ey VL q3 = B2 1 + B - B VL 6ex 6ey q4 = B2 1 - B - B If any of the bearing pressures are negative, the foundation has lost contact with the underlying soil at that corner. Tension between the footing and soil is not allowed for the compression load case. If tension occurs at any of the footing corners, the program will print a warning in analysis and will increase the footing size in design. Each of the bearing capacity and correction factors used in Hansens bearing capacity equation will now be presented. The bearing capacity factors are based on the friction angle, , of the base soil. Nq Nc N = e tan tan 2 (45 + /2) (Nq 1) cot 1.5 (Nq 1) tan if = 0, Nc = 5.14
For = 0, the correction factors for cohesion are as follows:
20
icx
0.5 -
1-
VxAPPL Af c
icy
0.5 -
1-
VyAPPL Af c
scx
Bxeff 0.2 By icx eff 0.4 k
scy
Byeff 0.2 Bx icy eff
dc D k=B radians
for
<1
D k = tan 1 B
D for B > 1
D k and B
in
For > 0, the correction factors for cohesion are as follows: 1 - iqx iqx - N - 1 q Nq Bxeff 1.0 + N By icx c eff 1.0 + 0.4 k D 1 D B < 1 k = tan B D for B > 1 D k and B 1 - iqy iqy- N - 1 q Nq Byeff 1.0 + N Bx icy c eff
icx
icy
scx
scy
dc D k=B
for
in radians
For all values of , the correction factors for overburden and soil strength are as follows: 0.5 VxAPPL 2 1 - VL + A c cot f Bxeff 1.0 + By sin icx eff 1 + 2 tan (1- sin )2 k 0.5 VyAPPL 2 1 - VL + A c cot f Byeff 1.0 + Bx sin icy eff
iqx
iqy
sqx
sqy
dq
21
ix
0.7 VxAPPL 3 1 - VL + A c cot f
iy
0.7 VyAPPL 3 1 - VL + A c cot f
sx
Bxeff ix 1.0 0.4 > 0.6 Byeff iy
sy
Byeff iy = 1.0 0.4 > 0.6 Bxeff ix
d = 1.0 Both qULTx and qULTy are calculated as shown below: qULTx = c Nc scx dc icx + q Nq sqx dq iqx + 0.5 Bxeff N sx d ix qULTy = c Nc scy dc icy + q Nq sqy dq iqy + 0.5 Byeff N sy d iy The ultimate bearing pressure is taken as the smaller of qULTx and qULTy. The average gross bearing pressure is calculated as: qAVE = VL Bx By eff eff
In the ultimate bearing capacity equations, qULTx and qULTy, the unit weight term, , should be the average effective unit weight, e, for the base soil below the footing. If the groundwater level is above the base of the footing, the effective unit weight is given as: e = TOT - w where = e TOT = w = effective unit weight of base soil total unit weight of base soil unit weight of water
If the groundwater level is below the zone in which soil shear generally occurs due to the applied bearing pressure, the total unit weight is used as the effective unit weight ( e = TOT ). The approximate depth of the zone in which soil shear generally occurs due to the applied bearing pressure is given as follows: 22 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
Dw = 0.5 B tan (45 + / 2) where Dw B = approximate minimum depth to groundwater below base of footing beyond which groundwater does not influence bearing capacity foundation base dimension effective stress friction angle of base soil
= =
If the groundwater level is less than the approximate minimum depth, Dw, below the base of the footing, the groundwater affects the bearing capacity of the soil and the average effective unit weight of the base soil should therefore be used. The average effective unit weight of the base soil is calculated as follows: dw ' e = (2 D'w - dw) D' 2 w + D' 2 (D'w - dw)2
w w
where
e Dw dw w
= =
= = =
effective unit weight of soil below footing for use in bearing capacity equations approximate minimum depth to groundwater below base of footing beyond which groundwater does not influence bearing capacity actual depth to groundwater below base of footing unit weight of water bouyant unit weight of base soil = e = TOT - w
2.1.3.1
Analysis
For analysis, the ratio of the ultimate bearing capacity to the average bearing capacity is calculated as: Ratio = qULT q AVE
If the ratio is less than RATC (= 3.0 minimum value), the program prints a warning message. If the bearing pressure at any of the four corners is negative, indicating tension between the footing and soil, the program prints a warning and recommends increasing the footing base dimension, B.
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2.1.3.2
Design
For design, the program divides the ultimate bearing pressure by the ratio RATC to obtain an allowable bearing pressure, as shown below. qALLOWABLE = qULT RATC
The program requires that the average bearing pressure, qAVE, be less than or equal to the allowable bearing pressure, qALLOWABLE. qAVE < qALLOWABLE If this requirement is not met, the program increases the foundation base dimension, B, and reanalyzes the foundation, until an adequate foundation is obtained. If the bearing pressure at any of the four corners is negative, indicating tension between the footing and soil, the program increases the footing base dimension, B, until an adequate foundation is obtained. When all design criteria are met, the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and the average bearing capacity will be 3 (minimum value allowed) or greater, as shown below. Ratio = qULT q AVE > 3
2.1.3.3
Elastic Settlement
The elastic settlement of the foundation under the applied compression load is estimated using a linear relationship between bearing pressure and displacement, as shown in Figure 2-8.
24
qULT Bearing Pressure
0 0 0.1B Estim ated Displacem ent
Figure 2-8. Bearing Pressure vs. Estimated Displacement
At zero applied bearing pressure, the elastic settlement is zero. When the bearing pressure is equal to the ultimate bearing capacity, the elastic settlement is estimated to be 0.1 times the footing base dimension, B. The elastic settlement, , at the average applied bearing pressure is therefore estimated as: = qave 0.1 B q ULT
For analysis, the estimated elastic settlement is calculated and compared to the allowable value. If the estimated settlement exceeds the allowable value, the program prints a warning and continues the analysis. In design, if the base soil is cohesionless (c = 0), when the estimated settlement exceeds the allowable value, the program increases the footing base dimension, B, recalculates the bearing capacity and the estimated settlement until the estimated settlement no longer exceeds the allowable value. If the base soil is cohesive, the design portion of the program calculates the elastic settlement of the foundation and checks it relative to the allowable value. If the estimated settlement exceeds the allowable value, the program does not increase the footing size. Instead it prints a warning message that the allowable elastic settlement has been exceeded. For cohesive soils the program also prints a message that the user should check consolidation settlement of the foundation. 2.1.4 Sliding with Compression The program evaluates foundation sliding under the compression load considering only the SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 25
friction and adhesion on the base of the footing as resisting the shear loads. The passive pressure force minus the active pressure force acting on the stem and footing are neglected. Figure 2-9 shows the free-body diagram used to evaluate the compressive sliding condition. CAPPL VxAPPL
WBF
WST
WBF
WF T e R Bxeff
Figure 2-9. Free-Body Diagram for Sliding with Compression
The force resisting sliding, VULT, is given as follows: VULT = T where: T = = = = = = = shear force on base of foundation R tan + c (Bxeff ) (Byeff ) for drained conditions Su (Bxeff ) (Byeff ) for undrained conditions VL = Vertical Load = CAPPL + (W F + W ST + W BF) effective stress cohesion (c) for drained conditions undrained shear strength (Su) for undrained ( = 0) conditions reduction factor applied to undrained shear strength or cohesion
R c Su
2.1.4.1
Analysis
For analysis, the resisting shear force is compared to the maximum applied shear load and the ratio is calculated as follows:
26
Ratio = VULT / VMAX The maximum applied shear force, VMAX, is the maximum of VxAPPL and VyAPPL. If the ratio is less than RATSC (= 1.5 minimum value), the program prints a warning message. 2.1.4.2 Design
For design, the force resisting the applied shear load must be greater than the maximum applied shear load. Vresist > VMAX The force resisting shear is taken as the ultimate shear capacity divided by the required ratio as follows: VULT Vresist = RATSC If the force resisting shear is less than the maximum applied shear load, the program will increase the base dimension of the footing, B, and reanalyze the foundation, until an adequate foundation is achieved. When all design criteria have been met, the ratio between the ultimate shear capacity and the maximum applied shear load will be 1.5 (minimum allowable value) or greater. Ratio = Vult / Vmax > 1.5
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2.2
Structural Analysis and Design
The program performs limited structural analysis and design calculations for spread footing foundations. It also provides information for the structural design of other components of the foundation which are not designed by the program. 2.2.1 Spread Footing Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design The program performs analysis and design of the reinforced concrete spread footing for compression with shear and moment and uplift with shear and moment. The program uses the ACI Code (ACI 318-95) to calculate the area of reinforcing steel required in the footing in each direction, top and bottom. It does not pick reinforcing bar sizes or provide bar spacing or other details. For analysis, if the thickness of the footing is not sufficient for shear, the program prints a warning recommending the user increase the footing thickness. The design option will increase the footing thickness until the requirements for shear are met. 2.2.1.1 Flexural Analysis and Design
The program determines the total area of flexural reinforcing for the bottom and top of the footing. The program determines the moment in the footing at the face of the pedestal. For the reinforcing at the bottom of the footing, the moment due to the compression load is critical. The moment results from the trapezoidal bearing pressure acting upward on the base of the footing, minus the weight of the backfill acting downward on the top of the footing, as shown in Figure 2-10.
28
ST Critical Section For Moment FT
0.5 (B ST)
qBF
qmin
quniform
qmax
Figure 2-10. Free-Body Diagram for Moment in Bottom of Footing
The moment for designing the bottom reinforcing steel is given as: MBOT = MPOS MNEG B - ST1B - ST 1B - ST2B - ST MPOS = quniform 2 2 2 B + (qmax - quniform) 2 2 3 2 B qmax - qmin B - ST quniform = qmax - 2 B B - ST 1B - ST MNEG = qBF 2 2 2 B 6e VL qmax = B2 1 + B VL 6e qmin = B2 1 - B W BF qBF = B2 - ST2 29
where:
For the top reinforcing steel, the uplift load condition is critical, as shown in Figure 2-11. The moment due to the soil pressure acting upward on the bottom of the footing is neglected. The moment for designing the top reinforcing steel in the footing results from the weight of soil acting on top of the footing, as follows: B - ST 1B - ST MTOP = qBF 2 2 2 B
0.5 (B ST)
ST
Critical Section
qBF FT qmin qmax
Figure 2-11. Free-Body Diagram for Moment in Top of Footing
The moments in the footing are calculated in both the longitudinal and transverse directions using unfactored loads. The resulting unfactored moments are printed in the output for users not applying the ACI Code for design. For reinforced concrete design using the ACI Code, the calculated moments are multiplied by the single load factor (RCLF) input by the user to determine the factored moments. MUBOTTOM = (RCLF) MBOT
30
MUTOP = (RCLF) MTOP The program solves for the required area of flexural steel by trial and error using the following equations: As f y = 0.85 f c b a a Mu As f y d - 2 = where: As fy f c b a d Mu = = = = = = = = area of reinforcing steel (unknown) yield strength of reinforcing steel compressive strength of concrete width of footing = B depth of compressive stress distribution in section (unknown) effective depth of concrete section factored moment strength reduction factor for flexure (= 0.9 in ACI Code 31895)
The effective depth of the concrete section is calculated as the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the reinforcing steel in the direction of loading. The effective depth is calculated assuming a 25mm diameter bar in each direction. For the bottom reinforcing steel, the effective depth is calculated as shown in Figure 2-12.
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Reinforcing Steel
Extreme Compression Fiber d1 = FT CB 13 mm d2 FT d2 = FT CB 38 mm d1 FT = footing thickness A similar procedure is used for the top reinforcing steel as well. CB = Concrete Cover
Figure 2-12 Effective Depth of Reinforced Concrete Section
2.2.1.2
Minimum Steel Requirements
The program compares the areas of reinforcing steel required by analysis for flexure, As, to the requirements of the ACI Code for minimum reinforcement of flexural members (ACI 10.5) and shrinkage and temperature reinforcement requirements (ACI 7.12). The following checks are performed to determine the area of steel for top and bottom steel in both directions: If As > Asmin , use As 4 If As < Asmin < 3 As , use Asmin 4 4 If 0.0018 b h < 3 As < Asmin , use 3 As 4 If 3 As < 0.0018 b h < Asmin , use 0.0018 b h where: As = Asmin = Asmin = the area of reinforcing steel required by analysis for flexure minimum area of reinforcing steel (ACI 10.5) 1.4 fy b d when fy = yield stress of reinforcing steel in units of MPa
32
Asmin =
b d h
= = =
200 fy b d when fy = yield stress of reinforcing steel in units of pounds per square inch (psi) width of concrete section = width of footing, B effective depth of concrete section gross depth of concrete section = FT
2.2.1.3
Shear Analysis and Design
The program determines the one-way and two-way shear forces in the footing and compares these to the capacity of the footing in one-way and two-way shear. The shear forces are calculated in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The forces used to calculate the one-way shear forces (Vu1) at the critical sections in the footing are the same as those shown in Figure 2-9. The two-way shear force in the footing (Vu2) is calculated (5) using a procedure presented by Wang and Salmon (pp 674-678). In this procedure, it is assumed that 40% of the moment transferred from the pedestal to the footing is resisted by shear and 60% is resisted by flexure. For the design option, if the footing thickness is not adequate for either one-way or two-way shear, the program will increase the footing thickness. The increase in footing thickness will occur by decreasing the thickness of the backfill over the footing, rather than increasing the footing depth. The shear forces acting on the footing and the one-way and two-way shear capacities of the footing are calculated at the locations shown in Figure 2-13:
33
Critical Sections for One-Way Shear d = effective depth of concrete section

d
Nominal shear stress capacity vc = 0.17 f 'c for f c in MPa ST

d 2
Critical Section for Two-Way Shear Nominal shear stress capacity vc = 0.34 f 'c for f c in MPa vc = 4 f 'c for f c in psi
d 2
vc = 2 f 'c for f c in psi
Face of Pedestal (Stem) Footing
Figure 2-13. Plan of Critical Sections for Evaluating Shear in Concrete Footing
For one-way shear, the applied one-way shear force, Vu1, must be less than the shear capacity of the footing as follows:
Vu1 < 0.85 (0.17 f 'c b d) Vu1 < 0.85 (2 f 'c b d) where: Vu1 f c b d = = = =
for f c in MPa for f c in psi
applied factored one-way shear force in footing compressive strength of concrete in appropriate units length of the one-way shear surface (footing width B) effective depth of the concrete footing
The factored two-way shear force applied to the footing must be less than the capacity of the footing in two-way shear, as follows: 34 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
Vu2 < 0.85 (0.34 f 'c [4 (ST+d)] d) Vu2 < 0.85 (4 f 'c [4 (ST+d)] d) where:
for f c in MPa for f c in psi
Vu2 = applied factored two-way shear force in footing f c = compressive strength of concrete in appropriate units [4 (ST + d)] = the length (perimeter) of the two-way shear surface ST = length of side of square pedestal d = effective depth of the concrete footing
The shear capacity of the footing in one-way shear is calculated in each direction for the compression load case using the effective depth, d, for each direction. For the uplift load case, the shear force results from the weight of the soil backfill and the effective depth, d, is averaged for the two directions in the concrete footing. For the two-way shear capacity of the footing, the effective depth, d, is averaged for the longitudinal and transverse directions for both the top and bottom steel. 2.2.1.2 Pedestal
The program provides the user with the unfactored shear, axial and moment loads for concrete analysis and design of the pedestal. It does not design the reinforced concrete pedestal. The user should apply appropriate load factors to these loads for design. The reinforced concrete design of the pedestal should consider both biaxial bending with compression and biaxial bending with uplift loading conditions. Load factors and design procedures should be in accordance with applicable codes. Tie bars should be provided to adequately confine the anchor bolts. Adequate dowels from the pedestal to the footing must be provided to transfer moments, shears and axial loads from pedestal to footing.
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3.
LOADING, RUNNING AND VIEWING EXISTING MODEL
This section describes how to load, run and view an existing example. It assumes that you are familiar with the basic MS-WINDOWS commands and terminology. To get started, double click on the SFOOTING icon. You will be taken to SFOOTING main window with the File menu at the upper left corner.
3.1
The File menu
In this section, we will use the first example provided you on the distribution diskette. To load that example, click on File/ Open. The dialog of Fig. 3-1 will appear. SFOOTING models are generally saved in files with the .sft extension. Double click on the Ex1.sft icon to load the Example 1 model. An outline of the unrotated model of the footing will appear in the main SFOOTING window. To generate a rotated view of that model as shown in Fig. 3-2, use View/ 3D/ Latitude Plus, Latitude Minus, Longitude Plus or Longitude Minus to rotate the latitude and longitude of your line of sites in 10 degrees increments.
Figure 3-1 File open dialog
If you were building a new model, you would select File/ New instead of File/ Open and you would fill in the data described in Sections 4 and 5.
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Figure 3-2 Rotated model of Example 1 footing
3.1.1 Directory preferences and units

You should select File/ Preferences to get to the SFOOTING Preferences menu where you can select: 1) the unit system to be used (US customary or SI/Metric), 2) the name of the Application Directory (where the program is installed), 3) the default name of the Project Directory (where the model data are stored), and 5 the name of the Temporary Directory where temporary files are written. Important Note: the Temporary Directory should be designated on your local machine and not on a network drive. This is necessary to avoid collisions between several users accessing the same temporary drive simultaneously.
3.2
Creating, Modifying, Running and Saving a Model
Creating and modifying a model is done with the SFOOTING menus that are described in SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 37
Sections 4 and 5. Once a model is developed, you can save it with File/ Save or File/ Save as. The program will automatically add the .sft extension to the name that you specify. To run the analysis or design problem, use Spread Footing/ Run Analysis.
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4.
FOOTING AND SOIL DESCRIPTION
Most data needed to describe a footing and the surrounding soil conditions are shown in Fig. 4-1. These data and the corresponding input menus are discussed in details in this Section and Section 5. Axial Load
ST
Shear Load SU
DF D
BF BF cBF
FT
NS NS cNS
BS BS cBS
Figure 4-1
Footing and soil input data
4.1
General Data
The Spread Footing/ General Data menu shown in Fig. 4-2 lets you input a Project Title, a Project Description and whether you want to run the program in Analysis or Design Mode. The effects of running in Analysis or Design mode were discussed in Section 2. SFOOTING will provide a single design good for uplift and compression for all input load cases except for 4-legged towers utilized at unsymmetrical locations (line angles or deadends) where separate designs for the legs on the uplift side and the compression side are required. If you want separate designs for uplift and compression, you need to: 1) check the Design separate uplift and compression foundations for a 4-legged tower box in the menu of Fig. 4-2, and 2) provide the load data exactly as described in Section 5.4.1.
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Fig. 4-2 General data dialog
4.2
Footing description
All data that describe the footing geometry are entered in the Spread Footing/ Geometry dialog shown in Fig. 4-3.
Fig. 4-3 Footing geometry dialog
The data in the top portion of Fig. 4-3 are (see Fig. 4-1 for picture): Footing width: Footing thickness: Base depth below ground: 40 Dimension B Dimension FT Dimension DF
Stem height above ground: Stem width: Ground water depth:
Dimension SU Dimension ST Dimension DW
The square Footing width is used in the analysis option. For the design option, a value must be input for the base dimension (zero is acceptable), but the program ignores the value input and determines the base dimension internally. Upon an analysis it prints this value in the output report. If you want your displayed geometry to reflect this calculated value you must enter it into the footing geometry dialog yourself. The Footing thickness is used for geotechnical analysis and design. For analysis runs, the concrete analysis will check one-way and two-way shear in the footing and if the footing thickness is not adequate for shear, the program will print a warning. For design, the footing size necessary for geotechnical requirements will be determined, then the concrete design portion of the program will check for shear in the footing. If the footing thickness is not adequate for shear, the thickness of the footing will be increased until it is adequate. The program requires the user to input the depth to groundwater at the foundation location. You should input a depth to groundwater that represents the highest feasible groundwater level that might occur at the foundation location during the life of the structure. The data in the bottom portion of the menu in Fig. 4-3 describe how the tower leg is anchored to the footing. The two options, anchor bolts or stub angle, are shown in Figs. 44 and 4-5. If anchor bolts are used, the following data (shown in Fig. 4-4) are needed: Anchor bolt spacing: Anchor bolt embedment length: ABS ABL
If stub angles with shear connectors are used to transfer the tower load to the foundation, the following dimensions (shown in Fig. 4-5) must be entered:
Shear stud length: Embedment Length: Leg 1 length:
SSTUD SAL SA1 41
Leg 2 length:
SA2
42
STMIN = ABS + 4
CS = concrete cover in stem
Minimum = 2 CS Anchor Bolts Ground Surface
ABS
Minimum = 2 CS Pedestal
SU
ABL
Pedestal Height = DF + SU FT Minimum = ABL + CS
DF Spread Footing
Minimum = FT
Fig. 4-4 Anchor bolt connection to footing
43
STMIN = SA + SSTUD +4 CS Tower Leg
CS = concrete cover in stem SA = maximum leg dimension of SA1 x SA2 Stub Angle
Stub Angle Ground Surface SA SU
Pedestal
SSTUD
Shear Studs SAL Pedestal Height = DF + SU FT Minimum = SAL + CS
DF Spread Footing
Minimum = FT
Notes: Reinforcing Steel is not shown. If a sloping stub angle is embedded in the concrete pedestal, user should check that the pedestal dimension, ST, is adequate for the stub angle with reinforcing steel and concrete cover.
Figure 4-5. Stub Angle and Pedestal Geometry
44
SFOOTING uses the anchor bolt or stub angle dimensions to approximately check if the dimensions of the pedestal (stem) are adequate to accommodate the anchorage. The checks performed utilize the anchor bolt or shear stud dimensions entered as part of the foundation geometry as well as the concrete cover input as part of the concrete design data. In analysis, a warning is printed if the stem is not adequate for the anchor bolts or stub angle. The design option will increase the side dimension of the stem to accommodate the anchor bolts or stub angle as well as the depth of the foundation to increase the stem length, so that the anchor bolts or stub angle can be accommodated entirely within the stem. The program assumes the stub angle is oriented vertically. The user must check pedestal dimensions for a sloping stub angle independently.
4.3
Soil Description
SFOOTING requires three sets of soil properties. Properties are required for the native soil surrounding the foundation, the backfill soil over the spread footing, and the base soil below the spread footing. If the native soil has been excavated to construct the foundation and is then used as backfill, the user must still enter properties for both materials separately. The program does not allow for multiple soil layers for any of the soil materials. If multiple layers are present, the user should consider a weighted average to estimate soil properties or use conservative properties for the different soil materials required. The soil properties input should be consistent with the loading conditions. If cohesive soils are present, both drained and undrained conditions should be considered. Typically undrained soil behavior is associated with short-term loading conditions, such as extreme wind loads. Drained soil behavior is more typical when loads are applied continuously over a long duration, such as sustained loads on a heavy angle or dead end structure. Soil properties for cohesionless soils are typically the same for drained and undrained conditions. Soil properties for cohesive soils are typically different for drained and undrained conditions. It is important to combine the various loading conditions that a foundation may experience with the appropriate soil properties for the type and duration of load. A qualified geotechnical engineer should determine the soil properties appropriate for drained and undrained loading conditions. To consider drained and undrained conditions, the user should run the program twice with different properties for the cohesive soil layers and appropriate loads. For the drained (sustained load) condition the drained strength parameters ( and c) of all soils present should be used. For the undrained (short-term load) condition, the total stress strength parameters ( = 0 and Su) for the cohesive soil layers and effective strength parameters ( SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 45
and c) for the cohesionless materials should be used. Unit weights should be input as total unit weights for all soil materials for both drained and undrained cases. 4.3.1 Backfill Properties For drained analysis, the program requires the user to input the properties of the backfill including the total unit weight, effective stress friction angle, and effective stress cohesion. For undrained conditions, if the backfill is cohesive, the user should input the total unit weight, a friction angle, , equal to zero, and undrained shear strength, Su. Note that if the native soil is excavated to construct the foundation and then used as backfill, the backfill soil properties may be different than the native soil properties due to the excavation, placement and compaction of the material as backfill. 4.3.2 Native Soil Properties For drained analysis, the program requires the user to input the properties of the native soil including the total unit weight, effective stress friction angle, and effective stress cohesion. For undrained conditions, if the native soil is cohesive, the user should input the total unit weight, a friction angle, , equal to zero, and undrained shear strength, Su. Note that if the native soil is excavated to construct the foundation and then used as backfill, the backfill soil properties may be different than the native soil properties due to the excavation, placement and compaction of the material as backfill. 4.3.3 Base Soil Properties For drained analysis, the program requires the user to input the properties of the base soil including the total unit weight, effective stress friction angle, and effective stress cohesion. For undrained conditions, if the base soil is cohesive, the user should input the total unit weight, a friction angle, equal to zero, and undrained shear strength, Su. Note that if the native soil or base soil is excavated to construct the foundation and then used as backfill, the backfill soil properties may be different than the native soil or base soil properties due to the excavation, placement and compaction of the material as backfill. 4.3.4 Input screen You should use Spread Footing/ Soil Properties to access the soil data dialog as shown in Fig. 4-6.
46
Fig. 4-6 Soil properties dialog
4.4
Reinforced Concrete Design Data
The properties needed for the structural analysis and design of the reinforced concrete footing are entered in the menu shown in Fig. 4-7 that you open with Spread Footing/ Concrete and steel properties.
Fig. 4-7 Reinforced concrete properties dialog
Data are required for: Compressive strength of concrete: Yield strength of reinforcing steel: Reinforced concrete load factor: FPC FY RCLF 47
Concrete cover for reinforcing on bottom of footing: Concrete cover for reinforcing on top of footing: Concrete cover for reinforcing in pedestal (stem):
CB CT CS
48
5. 5.1
LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS Design Loads
5.1.1 Geotechnical Design Loads The design module of SFOOTING requires the user to input design loads and required ratios between the geotechnical capacity and the applied load. The program has built-in minimum values for these ratios, which will be used unless the values input by the user are more conservative. These ratios basically serve as load factors for geotechnical design. The design loads input by the user should be determined from analyses of the transmission line structure for various loading conditions. Loads and load factors should be determined using Codes or Standards applicable in the area where the structure will be located, such as ASCE Manual No. 74(6). Loads may also be supplied by the TOWER program available from Power Line Systems. TOWER will analyze a lattice tower for a variety of loading conditions and then automatically pass the foundation reactions as loads to SFOOTING for each leg of the tower. SFOOTING will then use these loads for either the design of a new foundation or the analysis of an existing one. The program designs and analyzes the foundation based on the ultimate geotechnical capacity of the foundation. In the design portion of the program, the ultimate capacities will be divided by the ratios to give allowable capacities. These allowable capacities will be compared to the applied loads. If the applied loads exceed the allowable capacities, the foundation size will be increased until the allowable capacities exceed the applied loads. The analysis module calculates the ratio between the geotechnical capacity and the applied load and compares this ratio to the user input or minimum allowed ratio. If the calculated ratio is less than the desired ratio, the program prints a warning. If the geotechnical capacity is less than the applied load, the program prints that foundation failure has occurred. 5.1.2 Structural Design Loads The program uses the ACI Code (ACI 318-95) to perform the structural design of the reinforced concrete footing. It provides required areas of reinforcing steel in the footing and checks that the footing has adequate thickness for shear. The program does not design the reinforced concrete stem. It does, however, provide values of unfactored shear and moment loads in the stem. The user can utilize these loads to design the reinforced concrete stem. The stem must be designed for biaxial bending and axial load. Unfactored loads are given so that the user can apply load factors appropriate for the area where the SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 49
structure will be located. The values of shear and moment determined by the program will be based on the design loads input by the user. The reinforced concrete footing design performed by the program uses a single load factor input by the user. This single load factor for footing design should be determined based on the percentages of dead load, live load and wind load contributing to the load input by the user. The load factor used for structural design should be in accordance with Codes and Standards applicable for the type of foundation where the structure will be located. For example, the ACI Code (ACI Section 9.2) uses different load combinations and load factors for dead load, live load and wind load. These load combinations are as follows: U = 1.4D + 1.7L U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) U = 0.9D + 1.3W (when dead load has beneficial effects) where: U D L W = = = = required strength dead load live occupancy load (not present in transmission work) wind load
In transmission work, wind, ice and temperature cause the important loads. Wire tensions at low temperature are neither dead loads nor live loads. Therefore, it is not clear how the ACI load factors should be used. One possible approach would be to get a weighted average as illustrated below. For example, if the loads to be input by the user result from 20% dead load and 80% wind load, a weighted load factor (RCLF) for reinforced concrete design of 1.23 could be used as obtained by: RCLF = 0.75 (0.2(1.4) + 0.8(1.7)) = 1.23
If there is no wind but the loads are caused by high conductor tensions at low temperature, or under ice, one could consider for RCLF any number between 1.4 and 1.7. 1.7 would always be conservative.
In using the program, the user should input UNFACTORED LOADS and appropriate value of the REINFORCED CONCRETE LOAD FACTOR. 50 SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc.
an If
factored loads are entered by the user (and RCLF = 1.0), the geotechnical analysis and design will be based on the factored loads, rather than the unfactored loads. For design, the resulting foundation size will be unnecessarily conservative, since the program uses minimum ratios (reduction factors) for geotechnical design. Combining factored loads with the required minimum ratios used by the program may result in overly conservative foundation designs.
5.2
Analysis Loads
5.2.1 Geotechnical Analysis Loads For analysis, the user inputs analysis loads and known foundation geometry and the program will calculate the ultimate capacity of the foundation and the ratio of the ultimate capacity of the foundation to the applied load. The program then compares the calculated ratio to the desired ratio input by the user, or the minimum ratio allowed by the program. 5.2.2 Loads for Structural Analysis The program uses the applied loads and the structural load factor input by the user to obtain loads for structural analysis. For reinforced concrete foundations, the program uses the ACI Code (ACI 318-95) to compute the areas of reinforcing steel required in the footing and checks the thickness of the footing for shear. The user can then use this information to compare the required area of reinforcing steel to the reinforcing steel provided. If the footing thickness is not adequate for shear, a warning is printed. Values of unfactored shear and moment in the footing and stem are also provided so that the user can use other applicable codes and design procedures to design the reinforced concrete footing and stem. The load factors used for structural design should consider the percentage of dead and wind load in the applied load and should be selected from Codes and Standards applicable in the area where the structure will be located. An example of calculating a weighted load factor is given in Section 5.1.2.
5.3
Geotechnical Criteria
5.3.1 Minimum Ratios of Geotechnical Capacity to Applied Load The program requires the user to input desired ratios between the geotechnical capacity of the foundation and the applied loads. The program checks the values input by the user relative to minimum values required by the program. The minimum values required by the SFOOTING Version 1.0 GAI Consultants and Power Line Systems, Inc. 51
program were discussed in Section 2.1. If the user inputs values less than the minimum values, the program will ignore the values input by the user and will use the minimum values defined in the program instead. In design, the foundation size will be increased until all of the ultimate geotechnical capacities exceed the applied loads by the appropriate ratio. In analysis, the actual ratio between the ultimate capacity and the applied load will be calculated and compared to the desired ratio. 5.3.2 Displacement Criteria The program requires the user to input allowable values of foundation displacements for uplift and compression loads. The allowable displacements will be compared to the estimated displacements. For design, the footing size will be increased until the estimated displacement of the foundation is less than the allowable value. For analysis, the estimated displacement will be compared to the allowable value.
5.4
Loads and geotechnical criteria input menus
5.4.1 Loads Dialog Load data are entered in the Table of Fig. 5-1 which you can open with Spread Footing/ Loads. Note that the axial load is negative for compression and positive for uplift. You can use standard spreadsheet rules for editing the data in the Table of Fig. 5-1.
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Fig. 5-1 Loads on top of spread footing (from Example 1)
5.4.1.1
Option to generate separate designs for uplift and compression
If you have not checked the box Design separate uplift and compression foundations for a 4-legged tower in the General Data menu of Fig. 4-2, SFOOTING will produce a single design good for both uplift and compression for all the load cases described in the table of Fig. 5-1. Note that this option is only valid for 4-legged towers utilized at unsymmetrical locations (line angles or dead-ends) where separate designs for the legs on the uplift side and the compression side are required. If you have checked the box, a complete set of load data should be provided exactly as shown below (also illustrated in Example 1):
First line of data Second line of data Third line of data Fourth line of data
Force in Leg 1 for first tower load case Force in Leg 2 for first tower load case Force in Leg 3 for first tower load case Force in Leg 4 for first tower load case 53
Fifth line of data Sixth line of data ....
Force on Leg 1 for second tower load case Force in Leg 2 for second tower load case
The total number of lines must be a multiple of four when using this option.
5.4.2 Geotechnical ratios and allowable displacements menu
The geotechnical ratios and allowable displacements are entered in the dialog of Fig. 5-2 which you open with Spread Footing/ Ratios.
Fig. 5-2 Geotechnical ratios
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6.
SFOOTING Input Data Worksheet
The following page presents a blank Input Data Worksheet for use in preparing data for a spread footing problem to be analyzed or designed using SFOOTING. Input data can be entered in SI units or ENGLISH (US) units. The worksheet is useful as it summarizes all required input data in one place. A completely filled-out worksheet is provided for Example 1.
55
SFOOTING INPUT DATA WORKSHEET

Axial Load
ST
Shear Load SU DF D
MODE UNITS NS NS cNS

FT
ANAL. or DESIGN US or SI
SEPARATE UPLIFT/COMP. DESIGNS (Y or N)
BF BF cBF
Ratios RATU RATSU RATC RATSC

ALL. DISPL. UPLIFT (mm or in.) ALL. DISPL. COMP. (mm or in)
Value
BS BS cBS Length
Dimension B (m or ft) FT (m or ft) DF (m or ft) SU (m or ft) ST (m or ft) DW (m or ft)
Dimension ABL (m or ft) ABS (m or ft) SAL (m or ft) SA1 (mm or in) SA2 (mm or in) SSTUD (mm or in)
Length
3 3 Soil (kN/m or lbs/ft ) Backfill (BF) Native Soil (NS) Base Soil (BS) Theta, (degrees)
(degrees)
2 c or Su (kPa or kips/ft )
Reinforced Concrete Design Data fc (MPa or psi) Fy (MPa or psi) RCLF Load Cases Axial Load (kN or kips)
Value
Cover CB (mm or in) CT (mm or in) CS (mm or in) Transverse Shear (kN or kips)
Value
Longitudinal Shear (kN or kips)
Load 1 Load 2 ..
56
7.
EXAMPLES
Four example problems have been prepared to illustrate how to use the program to analyze and design spread footing foundations for transmission line towers. The input data for the four examples are provided on the distribution diskette. The names of the files are Ex1.sft, Ex2.sft, Ex3.sft and Ex4.sft. Detailed input and output are only shown for Example 1. However, you can look and run Examples 2, 3 and 4 for more information. Example 1 Example 2 Design of single spread footing for tower anchor bolts US Units Analysis of an existing spread footing with uplift displacement and twoway shear violations anchor bolts US Units Analysis of an existing spread footing stub angles - SI Units Separate designs of two spread footings, one for uplift and one for compression, for 4-legged tower stub angle SI Units
Example 3 Example 4 -
57
7.1
Example 1 - Design of Tower Spread Footing US Units

Shear Load Axial Load
ST
MODE UNITS
DESIGN US
NO SEPARATE UPLIFT/COMP. DESIGNS
SU
DF D
BF BF cBF
FT
NS NS cNS
BS BS cBS Length 10.0 1.5 8.0 1.0 2.5 20
Ratios RATU RATSU RATC RATSC ALL. DISP. UPLIFT ALL. DISP. COMP.
Value 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 IN. 1.3 IN.
Dimension B (m or ft) FT (m or ft) DF (m or ft) SU (m or ft) ST (m or ft) DW (m or ft)
Dimension ABL (m or ft) ABS (m or ft) SAL (m or ft) SA1 (mm or in) SA2 (mm or in) SSTUD (mm or in) (degrees) 33 35 0
Length 1.5 3.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 Soil (kN/m3 or lbs/ft ) 130 Backfill (BF) 135 Native Soil (NS) 138 Base Soil (BS) Theta, (degrees)
2 c or Su (kPa or kips/ft ) 0 0 2.5 20
Reinforced Concrete Design Data fc (MPa or psi) Fy (MPa or psi) RCLF Load Case Axial Load (kN or kips) 9.32 36.1 -36.1 ..
Value 3000 60000 1.58
Cover CB (mm or in) CT (mm or in) CS (mm or in) Transverse Shear (kN or kips) -1.93 -8.23 -8.23 ..
Value 3.0 3.0 2.0
LOAD 1 LOAD 2 LOAD 3 ..
Longitudinal Shear (kN or kips) -2.14 8.53 -8.53 ..
******************* ******************************************************
58
TRANSMISSION LINE FOUNDATION DESIGN & ANALYSIS PROGRAM *** SFOOTING *** Geotechnical and Structural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Spread Footings for Uplift-Compression Foundations for Lattice Tower Transmission Line Structures. GAI Consultants, Inc. & Power Line Systems, Inc. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY OF INPUT DATA --------------------EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1 - English units ATR June 15, 1999 Foundation Type: Spread Footing Problem Type: DESIGN Foundation Design: Single foundation design for both uplift and compression load cases. SOIL PROPERTIES --------------Unit Friction Soil Weight (1) Angle (2) Cohesion (2) (pcf) (deg) (ksf) --------------------------------------------------------Backfill 130.0 33.0 .0 Native Soil 135.0 35.0 .0 Base Soil 138.0 .0 2.5 --------------------------------------------------------(1) Enter moist unit weight above groundwater level and saturated unit weight below groundwater level. (2) Use either effective stress strength parameters for drained conditions or total stress strength parameters for undrained conditions. See Users Manual for discussion of soil properties. Angle of Soil Wedge Resisting Uplift Exceeds Allowable. Angle of Soil Wedge Resisting Uplift = 20.0 degrees Depth To Groundwater = 20.0 (ft)
FOUNDATION GEOMETRY ------------------Foundation Stick-Up Above Grade = 1.0 (ft) Depth Of Foundation = 8.0 (ft) Foundation Base Dimension = UNKNOWN Pedestal (Stem) Thickness = 2.5 (ft) Minimum Footing Thickness = 1.5 (ft) Anchor Bolt Spacing = 1.5 (ft) Anchor Bolt Embedment Length = 3.5 (ft) CONCRETE FOOTING DESIGN DATA ---------------------------Concrete Compressive Strength, f`c = Yield Stress of Reinforcing Steel, fy = Reinforced Concrete Design Load Factor = Concrete Cover at Bottom of Footing = Concrete Cover at Top of Footing = Concrete Cover in Pedestal (Stem) =
3000.0(psi) 60000.0(psi) 1.58 3.0(in.) 3.0(in.) 2.0(in.)
LOADING DATA (3) ---------------Load Axial Longitudinal Transverse Leg Case Load (2) Shear Shear (1) (kip) (kip) (kip) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------(4) 40P - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN 9.3 -2.1 -1.9 (4) 401 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN -36.1 8.5 -8.2 (4) 402 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN -36.1 -8.5 -8.2 (4) 403 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN 9.3 2.1 -1.9 (4) 40P - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR -17.3 7.7 .8 (4) 401 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR -44.5 6.7 -13.6 (4) 402 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR 2.9 -3.4 5.0 (4) 403 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR 29.9 10.8 -2.5 (4) 40P - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 5.5 5.4 (4) 401 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 5.5 -5.4
59
(4) 402 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 -5.5 -5.4 (4) 403 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 -5.5 5.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes: (1) Leg numbers assigned arbitrarily by SFOOTING as loads are read in. User should correlate SFOOTING leg numbers with joint numbers of tower. (2) Negative axial load indicates compression. Positive axial load indicates uplift. (3) Combinations of loads and soil properties should be appropriate. Typically, short-term or transient loads are associated with undrained soil strength or total stress strength parameters. Long-term or sustained loads are typically considered with drained soil strength or effective stress strength parameters. (4) Leg numbers only assigned for towers with four legs when separte uplift and compression foundations are desired.
DATA FOR CONTROLLING LOAD CASES ------------------------------Axial Longitudinal Transverse Load Case Load (1) Shear (2) Shear (2) (kip) (kip) (kip) ------------------------------------------------------------------------MAXIMUM UPLIFT 403 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR 29.9 10.8 -2.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------MAXIMUM COMPRESSION 401 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR -44.5 6.7 -13.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes: (1) Negative axial load indicates compression. Positive axial load indicates uplift. (2) Any shear loads input = 0.0 for controlling load cases have been set = 0.1. RATIOS OF CAPACITIES TO APPLIED LOADS ------------------------------------DESIRED MINIMUM CONDITION RATIO RATIO RATIO BY USER ALLOWED USED -----------------------------------------UPLIFT 1.5 1.5 1.5 SLIDING (U) 1.5 1.5 1.5 COMPRESSION 3.0 3.0 3.0 SLIDING (C) 1.5 1.5 1.5 -----------------------------------------Any Ratio Less Than Minimum Allowable Value Has Been Set Equal to Minimum Value ALLOWABLE ELASTIC DISPLACEMENTS ----------------------------------------------------ALLOWABLE UPLIFT DISPLACEMENT (1) = 1.50 (in.) ALLOWABLE COMPRESSION DISPLACEMENT = 1.30 (in.) ----------------------------------------------------(1) Allowable Elastic Displacement for Uplift load is based on a 95% confidence interval that the displacement will not be exceeded. The average elastic displacement due to uplift load is estimated to be about half this value.
END OF INPUT DATA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RESULTS OF FOUNDATION DESIGN ARE AS FOLLOWS: -----------------------------------------------Required Square Footing Size = 9.5 Required Footing Thickness = 1.5 Foundation Design Controlled by: Negative (ft) (ft) Bearing Pressure
60
UPLIFT RESULTS -------------UPLIFT RESISTANCE WITH SIDE SHEAR (kip) -------------------------------------------------WEIGHT OF CONCRETE FOUNDATION = 27.4 WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE FOOTING = 71.2 SIDE SHEAR FORCE RESISTING UPLIFT = 40.9 -------------------------------------------------ULTIMATE UPLIFT CAPACITY (W/SS) = 139.5 UPLIFT RESISTANCE WITH SOIL WEDGE (kip) -------------------------------------------------WEIGHT OF CONCRETE FOUNDATION = 27.4 WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE FOOTING = 71.2 WEIGHT OF SOIL WEDGE BEYOND FOOTING = 44.3 SIDE SHEAR FORCE ON SIDE OF FOOTING = 10.0 -------------------------------------------------ULTIMATE UPLIFT CAPACITY (W/WEDGE) = 153.0
Square Footing Size = Applied Uplift Load = Uplift Capacity = Ratio of Uplift Capacity to Applied Uplift Load =
9.5 (ft) 29.9(kip) 139.5(kip) 4.7
Estimated Foundation Displacement Due to Applied Uplift Load = 0.3 (in.)
RESULTS OF SLIDING WITH UPLIFT -----------------------------Square Footing Size = Maximum Applied Shear Load = Sliding Resistance =
9.5 10.8 153.4
(ft) (kip) (kip) 14.2
Ratio of Sliding Resistance (Uplift) to Applied Shear Load =
RESULTS OF BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS -----------------------------------Square Footing Size = Average Bearing Pressure = Ultimate Bearing Capacity =
9.5 (ft) 1.2(ksf) 23.3(ksf) 19.5
Ratio of Ultimte Bearing Capacity to Average Bearing Pressure =
Estimated Elastic Settlement Due to Applied Compression Load = 0.6 (in.) Base of Footing is on Cohesive Soil. User Should Check Consolidation Settlement of Footing Under Applied Compression Load.
RESULTS OF SLIDING WITH COMPRESSION ----------------------------------Square Footing Size = Maximum Applied Shear Load = Compression Sliding Resistance =
9.5 (ft) 6.7(kip) 120.2(kip) 18.0
Ratio of Sliding Resistance (Compression) to Applied Shear Load =
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF FOUNDATION DESIGN --------------------------------------LOAD CASE CONTROLLING UPLIFT: 403 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR REQUIRED FOOTING BASE DIMENSION: 9.5 (ft) FOOTING DEPTH: 8.0 (ft)
61
FOOTING THICKNESS: 1.5 (ft) UPLIFT LOAD: 29.9 (kip) UPLIFT CAPACITY: 139.5 (kip) SAFETY FACTOR FOR UPLIFT: 4.7 ESTIMATED UPLIFT DISPLACEMENT: .3 (in.) CONTROLLING CONDITION: Negative Bearing Pressure -------------------------------------------------SUMMARY TABLE FOR ALL UPLIFT LOAD CASES --------------------------------------UPLIFT UPLIFT MAXIMUM SLIDING EST. LOAD CASE LOAD(1) CAPACITY SF1(2) SHEAR RESISTANCE SF2(3) DISPL. (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (in.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40P - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN 9.3 139.5 15.0 -1.9 153.4 -79.5 .1 403 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN 9.3 139.5 15.0 2.1 153.4 71.7 .1 402 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR 2.9 139.5 48.8 5.0 153.4 30.8 .0 403 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR 29.9 139.5 4.7 10.8 153.4 14.2 .3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes: (1) Positive load indicates uplift. (2) SF1 = Uplift Capacity / Uplift Load (3) SF2 = Uplift Sliding Resistance / Maximum Shear
SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF FOUNDATION DESIGN --------------------------------------LOAD CASE CONTROLLING COMPRESSION: 401 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR REQUIRED FOOTING BASE DIMENSION: 9.5 (ft) FOOTING DEPTH: 8.0 (ft) FOOTING THICKNESS: 1.5 (ft) COMPRESSION LOAD: -44.5 (kip) AVERAGE BEARING PRESSURE: 1.2 (ksf) ULTIMATE BEARING PRESSURE: 23.3 (ksf) SAFETY FACTOR FOR BEARING CAPACITY: 19.5 ESTIMATED COMPRESSION DISPLACEMENT: .6 (in.) CONTROLLING CONDITION: Negative Bearing Pressure -------------------------------------------------SUMMARY TABLE FOR ALL COMPRESSION LOAD CASES ------------------------------------------COMPRESSION MAXIMUM SLIDING EST. LOAD CASE LOAD(1) QAVE(2) QULT(3) SF3(4) SHEAR RESISTANCE SF4(5) DISPL. (kip) (ksf) (ksf) (kip) (kip) (in.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------401 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN -36.1 1.2 23.3 19.4 8.5 120.2 14.1 .6 402 - EXW BASIC WIND IN TRAN -36.1 1.0 23.3 24.0 -8.2 120.2 -14.6 .5 40P - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR -17.3 1.1 23.3 20.8 7.7 120.2 15.6 .5 401 - BRW BROKEN CONDUCTOR -44.5 1.2 23.3 19.5 6.7 120.2 18.0 .6 40P - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 1.2 23.3 19.1 5.5 120.2 22.0 .6 401 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 1.1 23.3 22.1 5.5 120.2 22.0 .5 402 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 .9 23.3 25.7 -5.4 120.2 -22.4 .4 403 - ICE NO WIND - HEAVY -23.0 1.0 23.3 22.2 5.4 120.2 22.4 .5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Notes: (1) Negative load indicates compression. (2) QAVE = Average bearing pressure for eccentrically loaded foundation for applied loads. (3) QULT = Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation for loads applied to controlling foundation for compression. (4) SF3 = QULT / QAVE (5) SF4 = Compression Sliding Resistance / Maximum Shear
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RESULTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION DESIGN -----------------------------------------------*************************************************** **************** W A R N I N G ******************** *************************************************** * THE RESULTS OF THIS PROGRAM ARE FOR PRELIMINARY * * DESIGN PURPOSES ONLY! * * FINAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING AND * * PEDESTAL MUST BE PERFORMED AND CHECKED. ***************************************************
62
FOOTING STRUCTURAL DESIGN ------------------------Footing Width = 9.5 (ft) Footing Thickness = 1.5 (ft) UNFACTORED LOADS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING DESIGN ------------------------------------------------------------------------Top of Nominal Moment Nominal Shear in Footing Foundation Location of in Footing One-Way Two-Way Load Direction Reinforcing (kip-ft) (kip) (kip) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Longitudinal Bottom 37.57 12.51 -6.24 Transverse Bottom -18.52 -7.04 -6.24 Longitudinal Top 49.44 16.89 -6.24 Transverse Top 49.44 16.89 -6.24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------Use these loads in directions indicated for designing bottom and top reinforcing. User should apply Load Factors to these loads in accordance with the applicable local code. FOR AREAS WHERE THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI) CODE APPLIES -----------------------------------------------------------------Flexural Reinforcement in Footing in Accordance with ACI 318-95. Load Factor = 1.58 applied to loads given above. Direction Required Area of Reinforcement of Reinforcing Reinforcing Steel Location ----------------------------------------------------------------Longitudinal 3.7 (in^2) On Bottom of Footing Transverse 3.7 (in^2) On Bottom of Footing Longitudinal 3.7 (in^2) On Top of Footing Transverse 3.7 (in^2) On Top of Footing ----------------------------------------------------------------Distribute reinforcing steel across the 9.5(ft) width of the footing, in accordance with the ACI or other applicable code. When the areas of bottom reinforcing steel in the longitudinal and transverse directions are similar, it may be simpler to use the same (maximum value) area of reinforcing steel in both the Longitudinal and Transverse directions. This applies for the top reinforcing steel as well. Provide adequate cover for reinforcing steel. Shear Capacity of Footing (ACI 318-95) --------------------------------------Ultimate Factored Shear Capacity Shear Load Type of Shear of Footing in Footing (kip) (kip) ---------------------------------------------------------------------One-Way Shear 183.7 > 26.7 OK Two-Way Shear 585.6 > -9.9 OK ---------------------------------------------------------------------INFORMATION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE PEDESTAL (STEM) DESIGN ---------------------------------------------------------Pedestal (Stem) Height = 7.5 (ft) Pedestal (Stem) Thickness = 2.5 (ft) Unfactored Loads Axial Shear Load Moment Load Long. Trans. Long. Trans. (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) ---------------------------------------------------------------------Uplift 29.9 10.8 -2.5 34.9 -65.2 Compression -44.5 6.7 -13.6 4.0 -148.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Axial load negative for compression and positive for uplift. Load Case Maximum Moments are at Base of Pedestal (Stem). User should apply appropriate Load Factors to these loads. Reinforced concrete pedestal (stem) design should consider both biaxial bending with compression and biaxial bending with uplift loading
63
conditions. Load Factors and Design Procedures should be in accordance with the applicable local code. Provide Tie Bars in Pedestal (Stem) to adequately confine Anchor Bolts or Stub Angle. Provide adequate dowels from pedestal (stem) to footing to transfer moments, shears, and axial loads from pedestal (stem) to footing. Concrete Volumes ---------------Pedestal (Stem): 1.7 C.Y. Footing: 5.0 C.Y. ------------------------------------------------Total Concrete Volume: 6.8 C.Y. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STOP - PROGRAM TERMINATED
64
8.
(1)
REFERENCES
American Concrete Institute (1995). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) and Commentary (ACI 318R-95). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan. NAVFAC DM 7.02 (1986). Foundations and Earth Structures. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Virginia. Trautmann, C.H. and Kulhawy, F.H. (1988). Uplift Load Displacement Behavior of Spread Foundations. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 2, pp 168-184.
th Bowles, J.E. (1996). Foundation Analysis and Design, 5 ed., McGraw-Hill, NY, 1175p.
(2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
Wang, C.K. and Salmon, C.G. (1985). Reinforced Concrete Design, 5 ed., Harper and Row, NY, 947p. ASCE Manual No. 74 (1991). Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading. ASCE, NY, 139p.
th
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SFOOTING

Transverse Shear Load Longitudinal Shear Load ST B

GAI Consultants, Inc. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, PA 15146

Power Line Systems 918 University Bay Dr. Madison, WI 53705

SFOOTING Users' Manual

DISCLAIMER, WARRANTY AND LICENSES

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND INSTALLATION

Typical Lattice Tower

Transmission Line Back Span

Typical Spread Footing Foundation

Transverse Shear Load Longitudinal Shear Load ST B

Figure 1-2. Layout of Spread Footings Analyzed and Designed by SFOOTING

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Geotechnical Analysis and Design

Ratio RATU RATSU RATC RATSC

Minimum Ratio of Capacity to Applied Load 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5

For drained conditions: SS1 = SS2 = PH1 = PH2 = c = = A1 = A2 =

For drained conditions: SS2 = PH2 = c = A2 = =

1.2 Reduction Factor, 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Undrained Shear Strength, Su, (kPa)

PaSTEM = PaSF = PpSTEM = PpSF =

WBF PaSTEM T qmin B

WBF PpSTEM PaSTEM

Figure 2-7. Free-Body Diagram for Compression

The ultimate bearing capacity of the spread 18

footing, qULT, using Hansens bearing

Bxeff = B 2ex Af = (Bxeff ) (Byeff )

For = 0, the correction factors for cohesion are as follows:

Bxeff 0.2 By icx eff 0.4 k

Byeff 0.2 Bx icy eff

0.7 VxAPPL 3 1 - VL + A c cot f

0.7 VyAPPL 3 1 - VL + A c cot f

Bxeff ix 1.0 0.4 > 0.6 Byeff iy

Byeff iy = 1.0 0.4 > 0.6 Bxeff ix

qULT Bearing Pressure

0 0 0.1B Estim ated Displacem ent

Figure 2-8. Bearing Pressure vs. Estimated Displacement

Figure 2-9. Free-Body Diagram for Sliding with Compression

Structural Analysis and Design

ST Critical Section For Moment FT

Figure 2-10. Free-Body Diagram for Moment in Bottom of Footing

qBF FT qmin qmax

Figure 2-11. Free-Body Diagram for Moment in Top of Footing

Figure 2-12 Effective Depth of Reinforced Concrete Section

Minimum Steel Requirements

Shear Analysis and Design

Critical Sections for One-Way Shear d = effective depth of concrete section

Nominal shear stress capacity vc = 0.17 f 'c for f c in MPa ST

vc = 2 f 'c for f c in psi

Face of Pedestal (Stem) Footing

for f c in MPa for f c in psi

for f c in MPa for f c in psi

LOADING, RUNNING AND VIEWING EXISTING MODEL

The File menu

Figure 3-1 File open dialog

Figure 3-2 Rotated model of Example 1 footing

3.1.1 Directory preferences and units

Creating, Modifying, Running and Saving a Model

FOOTING AND SOIL DESCRIPTION

Footing and soil input data

Fig. 4-2 General data dialog

Fig. 4-3 Footing geometry dialog

Stem height above ground: Stem width: Ground water depth: