9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

for
Chemistry
(Advanced Level)

for use in all papers for the H1, H2, H3 Chemistry syllabuses

36

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

TABLES OF CHEMICAL DATA

Important values, constants and standards
molar gas constant

= 8.31 J K1 mol1

the Faraday constant

= 9.65 x 104 C mol1

the Avogadro constant

= 6.02 x 1023 mol1

the Planck constant

= 6.63 x 1034 J s

speed of light in a vacuum

= 3.00 x 108 m s1

mp

= 1.67 x 1027 kg

rest mass of neutron, 0 n

mn

= 1.67 x 1027 kg

0
1

me

= 9.11 x 1031 kg

= 1.60 x 1019 C

rest mass of proton, 1H

1

rest mass of electron,

electronic charge

Vm
= 22.4 dm3 mol1 at s.t.p.
Vm
= 24 dm3 mol1 under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 C))
molar volume of gas

ionic product of water

= 1.00 x 1014 mol2 dm6

(at 298 K [25 C])

Kw

= 4.18 kJ kg1 K1
(= 4.18 J g1 K1)

specific heat capacity of water

37

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements, in kJ mol1
Proton
Number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

1310

He

2370

5250

Li

519

7300

11800

Be

900

1760

14800

21000

799

2420

3660

25000

1090

2350

4610

6220

1400

2860

4590

7480

1310

3390

5320

7450

1680

3370

6040

8410

Ne

10

2080

3950

6150

9290

Na

11

494

4560

6940

9540

Mg

12

736

1450

7740

10500

Al

13

577

1820

2740

11600

Si

14

786

1580

3230

4360

15

1060

1900

2920

4960

16

1000

2260

3390

4540

Cl

17

1260

2300

3850

5150

Ar

18

1520

2660

3950

5770

19

418

3070

4600

5860

Ca

20

590

1150

4940

6480

Sc

21

632

1240

2390

7110

Ti

22

661

1310

2720

4170

23

648

1370

2870

4600

Cr

24

653

1590

2990

4770

Mn

25

716

1510

3250

5190

Fe

26

762

1560

2960

5400

Co

27

757

1640

3230

5100

Ni

28

736

1750

3390

5400

Cu

29

745

1960

3350

5690

Zn

30

908

1730

3828

5980

Ga

31

577

1980

2960

6190

Ge

32

762

1540

3300

4390

Br

35

1140

2080

3460

4850

Sr

38

548

1060

4120

5440

Sn

50

707

1410

2940

3930

53

1010

1840

2040

4030

Ba

56

502

966

3390

Pb

82

716

1450

3080

4080

38

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

Bond energies
(a)

Diatomic molecules
Bond
HH
DD
NN
O=O
FF
ClCl
BrBr
II
HF
HCl
HBr
HI

(b)

Energy/kJ mol1
436
442
994
496
158
244
193
151
562
431
366
299

Polyatomic molecules
Bond
CC
C=C
CC
C.C (benzene)
CH
CCl
CBr
CI
CO
C=O
CN
C=N
CN
NH
NN
N=N
OH
OO
SiCl
SiH
SiO
SiSi
S Cl
SH
SS

Energy/kJ mol1
350
610
840
520
410
340
280
240
360
740
305
610
890
390
160
410
460
150
359
320
444
222
250
347
264

39

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E

For ease of reference, two tabulations are given:

at 298 K (25 C)

(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;

(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.
(a)

in alphabetical order
E /V

Electrode reaction
Ag+ + e
Al

3+
2+

Ba

+ 3e
+ 2e

Br2 + 2e
Ca

2+

+ 2e

2Br

Ca

+1.07
2.87

Cl2 + 2H2O

+1.64

Co

0.28

+ 2e

3+

2+
3+

+e

+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 3e

3+

+e

Cu + e
2+

Cu

+ 2e

2+

2+

[Cu(NH3)4]

+e

+ 2e

F2 + 2e
2+
3+

Fe

+ 2e
+ 3e

3+

+e

[Fe(CN)6] + e

Co

Co + 6NH3

0.43

Cr

0.91

Cr

Cr

2+

+1.82

0.74
2+

0.41

3+

2Cr + 7H2O

+1.33

Cu

+0.52

Cu

+0.34

Cu

Cu + 4NH3

2F

Fe

Fe

Fe

+0.15
+2.87
0.44
0.04

2+

+0.77
4

[Fe(CN)6]

+0.36

H2

2I

2.92

Li

3.04

Mg

2.38

Mn

K +e
Li + e
+ 2e
+ 2e

3+

+e

MnO2 + 4H + 2e
MnO4

+e

Mn

1.18
2+
2+

+1.49

Mn

MnO42

+0.56

MnO2 + 2H2O

+1.67

+ 2H2O

+ 4H + 3e

MnO4

Mn

NO2 + H2O

+ 2H + e

0.56
+0.54

+ 8H + 5e

0.00

MnO4

NO3

0.05

Fe(OH)2 + OH

I2 + 2e

Mn

2H + 2e

2+

+1.36

2+

Fe(OH)3 + e

Mn

2.90

+ 14H + 6e

Mg

Ba

Fe

2+

Cr

Fe

1.66

2Cl

[Co(NH3)6]

Cu

Al

2+

Cr2O72

Co

Cr

+0.80

2HOCl + 2H + 2e

Cr

Ag

Cl2 + 2e
Co

2+

+ 4H2O

40

+1.23

+1.52
+0.81

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

NO3 + 3H+ + 2e
NO3

HNO2 + H2O

+0.94

NH4+

+0.87

Na

2.71

Ni

0.25

Ni + 6NH3

0.51

2H2O

+1.77

2H2O

+1.23

4OH

H2O2

+ 10H + 8e
+

Na + e
Ni

2+
2+

[Ni(NH3)6]

+ 2e
+ 2e

H2O2 + 2H + 2e
O2 + 4H + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
+

O2 + 2H + 2e
2H2O + 2e
2+

Pb

4+

Pb

+ 2e
+ 2e

Pb

0.13

2+

Pb

+ 2H2O

+1.47

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

2SO42

+2.01

2S2O32

+0.09

Sn

0.14

4+

Sn

2+

2e
2e

+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e

3+

+e

Sn

+0.15

1.20

2+

2+

0.26

VO

Zn

+ 2H + e
+ 2H + e
+ 4H + e
2+

2+

+1.69

Pb

Sn

Zn

0.83

2+

VO3

H2 + 2OH

S4O62+

VO2+

S2O82+

VO

+0.68

+ 4H + 2e

2+

+0.40

PbO2 + 4H + 2e
SO42

+ 3H2O

+ 2e

3+

+ H2O
2+

VO

2+

+0.34

+ H2O

+1.00

+ 2H2O

+1.00
0.76

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

41

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

(b)

in decreasing order of oxidising power

(see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

E /V

Electrode reaction
F2 + 2e

2F

+2.87

2SO42

+2.01

2H2O

+1.77

S2O82+

2e

H2O2 + 2H + 2e
MnO4

+ 8H + 5e

PbO2 + 4H + 2e
Cl2 + 2e
Cr2O72

+ 14H + 6e

+1.36

3+

2Cr + 7H2O

+1.33

2Br

+1.07

NO2 + H2O

+0.81

Ag

+0.80

3+

2+

Fe

4OH

Cu

+0.34

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

4+

Sn

+0.15

2S2O32

+0.09

H2

0.00

2+

Pb

0.13

Sn

0.14

Fe

0.44

Zn

0.76

Mg

2.38

Ca

2.87

2.92

+e

2+

+ 2e

+ 4H + 2e
Sn

+ 2e

S4O62+

2e

2H + 2e
Pb

2+

Sn

Ca

+1.47

O2 + 2H2O + 4e

Mg

+ 2H2O

I2 + 2e

Zn

2Cl

+1.52

Fe

Fe

Pb

+ 4H2O

+ 2H + e

Cu

2+

Ag + e

SO42

Mn

Br2 + 2e
NO3

2+

2+
2+
2+
2+

+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+

K +e

2I

+0.77
+0.54

+0.40

2+

42

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

Atomic and ionic radii

(a)

(b)

(c)

Period 3
metallic

atomic/nm
Na
0.186
Mg
0.160
Al
0.143

ionic/nm
Na+
0.095
Mg2+ 0.065
Al3+
0.050

single covalent

Si
P
S
Cl

0.117
0.110
0.104
0.099

Si4+
P3
S2
Cl

0.041
0.212
0.184
0.181

van der Waals

Ar

0.192

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra

0.112
0.160
0.197
0.215
0.217
0.220

Be2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Ra2+

0.031
0.065
0.099
0.113
0.135
0.140

C
Si
Ge

0.077
0.117
0.122

Si4+
Ge2+

0.041
0.093

Sn
Pb

0.162
0.175

Sn2+
Pb2+

0.112
0.120

F
Cl
Br
I
At

0.072
0.099
0.114
0.133
0.140

F
Cl
Br
I

0.136
0.181
0.195
0.216

First row transition elements

single covalent
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe

0.144
0.132
0.122
0.117
0.117
0.116

Co
Ni
Cu
Zn

0.116
0.115
0.117
0.125

Sc3+
Ti2+
V3+
Cr3+
Mn2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Co2+
Ni2+
Cu2+
Zn2+

0.081
0.090
0.074
0.069
0.080
0.076
0.064
0.078
0.078
0.069
0.074

Group II
metallic

Group IV
single covalent

metallic

(d)

(e)

Group VII
single covalent

43

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

Characteristic values for infra-red absorption (due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules).

Bond

Characteristic ranges
Wavenumber
(reciprocal wavelength)
/cm1

CCl

700 to 800

CO

alcohols, ethers, esters

1000 to 1300

C=C
C=O

1610 to 1680
aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

1680 to 1750

CC

2070 to 2250

CN

2200 to 2280

OH

'hydrogen-bonded' in acids

2500 to 3300

CH

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2840 to 3095

OH

'hydrogen-bonded' in alcohols, phenols

3230 to 3550

NH

primary amines

3350 to 3500

OH

'free'

3580 to 3650

44

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2011)

45

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Group
I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

1.0

Key
6.9

4.0

He

hydrogen

helium

9.0

relative atomic mass

Li

Be

atomic symbol

Ne

lithium

beryllium

name

boron

carbon

nitrogen

oxygen

fluorine

neon

10.8

atomic number

12.0

14.0

16.0

19.0

20.2

10
39.9

23.0

24.3

31.0

32.1

Mg

27.0
Al

28.1

Na

Si

Cl

Ar

sodium

magnesium

aluminium

silicon

phosphorus

sulfur

chlorine

argon

11

12

13

14

15

16

35.5

18

17

39.1

40.1

45.0

47.9

50.9

52.0

54.9

55.8

58.9

58.7

63.5

65.4

69.7

72.6

74.9

79.0

79.9

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

potassium

calcium

scandium

titanium

vanadium

chromium

manganese

iron

cobalt

nickel

copper

zinc

gallium

germanium

arsenic

selenium

bromine

krypton

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

83.8

36

46

85.5

87.6

88.9

91.2

92.9

95.9

101

103

106

108

112

115

119

122

128

127

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

rubidium

strontium

yttrium

zirconium

niobium

ruthenium

rhodium

palladium

silver

cadmium

indium

tin

antimony

tellurium

iodine

xenon

37
133

38
137

39
139

Cs

Ba

La

caesium

55

barium

56

lanthanum

Ra

Ac

radium

actinium

89

46

47

48

195

197

201

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

tantalum

73

Rf

Db

cerium

tungsten

74

rhenium

75

osmium

76

iridium

platinum

78

77

gold

79

mercury

80

50

49

192

58

45
190

Ce

actinides *

44
186

* rutherfordium dubnium
* 104
105

43
184

140

lanthanides

42
181

hafnium

Fr
88

41
178

* 72

57

francium

87

40

molybdenum technetium

204
Tl
thallium

81

51

53

52

54

207

209

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

lead

82

bismuth

83

polonium

84

astatine

85

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Unu

Uuu

Uub

Uuq

Uuh

Uuo

seaborgium

bohrium

hassium

meitnerium

ununnilium

unununium

ununbium

ununquadium

ununhexium

ununoctium

109

110

111

116

118

106

107

141

144

Pr

Nd

108

150

152

157

112

159

114

163

165

167

169

173

175

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

praseodymium neodymium

promethium

samarium

europium

gadolinium

terbium

dysprosium

holmium

erbium

thulium

ytterbium

lutetium

59

61

60

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lw

thorium

protactinium

fermium

mendelevium

91

radon

86

Th
90

131

uranium

92

neptunium

93

plutonium

94

americium

95

curium

96

berkelium

97

californium

einsteinium

98

99

100

101

nobelium

102

lawrencium

103