Copyright for Librarians

Collection Editor: Berkman Center for Internet & Society

Copyright for Librarians

Collection Editor: Berkman Center for Internet & Society Authors: Berkman Center for Internet & Society Emily Cox Melanie Dulong de Rosnay William Fisher Inge Osman David Scott Dmitriy Tishyevich Petroula Vantsiouri

Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col11329/1.2/ >

CONNEXIONS
Rice University, Houston, Texas

This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Berkman Center for Internet & Society. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Collection structure revised: June 15, 2011 PDF generated: June 15, 2011 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 117.

Table of Contents
1 About Copyright for Librarians F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F I 2 Copyright and the public domain: an introduction F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F S 3 The international framework F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F II 4 The Scope of Copyright Law F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PS 5 Rights, Exceptions, and Limitations F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QS 6 Managing Rights F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RW 7 Creative approaches and alternatives F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TI 8 Enforcement F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TW 9 Traditional Knowledge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UU 10 Activism F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHI Index F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ Attributions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FIIU

iv

Chapter 1
About Copyright for Librarians
1

1.1 Objectives
gopyright for virrins is joint projet of the ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety2 nd ispvD onsortium of lirries from SH ountries in efriD esi nd iuropeF he gol of the projet is to provide lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountries informtion onerning opyright lwF wore spei(llyD it spires to inform lirrins onerningX

opyright lw in generl the spets of opyright lw tht most 'et lirries how lirrins in the future ould most e'etively prtiipte in the proesses y whih opyright lw is interpreted nd shpedF

1.1.1
1.2 How to Use this Course
he ourse mterils n e used in three di'erent wysF pirstD they n provide the sis for selfEtught ourseF e lirrin n red the modules in sequene or fous on the modules tht ddress issues tht interest him or herF eondD the ourse mterils n e used in trditionl lssroomEsed ourseF sn suh settingD the instrutor will determine the pe t whih the mterils re red nd will selet topis for disussionF he instrutor my (nd useful the essignments we hve inluded in the modulesD ut will likely pose dditionl questions s wellF hird nd (nllyD the mterils n e used in distneElerning ourseF en instrutor will guide the inquiryD ut the lirrins tking the ourse will prtiipte remotely through their omputersF o ssist the instrutors in suh settingsD we hve inluded disussion toolD originlly developed t the ferkmn genterD known s the otisserieF e mnul explining to instrutors how they might use the otisserie is vilE le here3 F snstrutions explining to students how to sign up for nd use the otisserie re ville here4 F his system n e used to filitte onverstions mong the students onerning the essignments we hve inluded in eh moduleF elterntivelyD n instrutor ould identify di'erent questions for disussionF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m17478/1.5/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ 3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/How_to_prepare_a_Rotisserie_session 4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Information_about_the_Rotisserie_Session

CHAPTER 1.

ABOUT COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIANS

1.3 1.4 Levels

xot ll users will hve the time or interest to red ll of the mterils ontined in this urriulumF eogE nizing thisD we hve rrnged nd mrked the mterils in wys tht should ssist instrutors nd users in deiding how deeply to explore this sujetF pei(llyD the mterils re orgnized into (ve levelsX

vevel I @pproprite for users who wnt si knowledge of how opyright lw 'ets the work of lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountriesAX ed modules ID QEUF @sn other wordsD skip the sntrodution nd modules PD VD nd WFA vevel P @pproprite for users who re lso interested in the theory underlying opyright lw nd in the interntionl dimensions of opyright lwAX ed the sntrodution nd ll of the modulesF vevel Q @pproprite for use in oneEsemester undergrdute ourse in this sujet or for users who wish to otin n inEdepth understnding of the (eld nd to see how legisltures nd ourts re struggling to re(ne nd pply opyright lwAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with red linksF vevel R @pproprite for use in grduteElevel ourse in this sujetAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with red nd green linksF vevel S @pproprite for fulty memer prepring to teh this sujetAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with redD greenD nd lue linksF

1.5 O-Line Usage

ome users will (nd it more onvenient to use these mterils o'ElineF hey re provided for o'Eline use in two formtsF pirstD the mterils hve een pkged s sy5 tht n e written to ghEyw6 nd viewed with ny rowser @suh s ghrome7 D pirefox8 D snternet ixplorer9 D yper10 D fri11 D etAF eondD the mterils hve lso een pkged s hp12 doument tht n e viewed nd printed13 with ny hp viewer @suh s edoe erot14 D ivine15 D qhostript16 D review17 D etAF en e'ort hs een mde to inlude ll links to relevnt mteril in oth the ghEyw nd printle versionsF roweverD in order to ess ontent tht is externl to the ourse mterils ontined on this siteD n internet onnetion is neessryF

1.6 1.7 Permissions

he ourse mterils prepred y the projet re liened under gretive gommons ettriution liense18 F virrins nd the puli t lrge re enourged to useD distriuteD trnslteD modifyD nd uild upon these
5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Oine_ISO 6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Oine_ISO 7 http://www.google.com/chrome 8 http://www.mozilla.com/refox/ 9 http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx 10 http://www.opera.com/ 11 http://www.apple.com/safari/download/ 12 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Oine_PDF 13 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Oine_PDF 14 http://get.adobe.com/reader/ 15 http://gnome.org/projects/evince/ 16 http://www.ghostscript.com/ 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preview_(software) 18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Q mterilsD provided tht they give ispv nd the ferkmn genter pproprite reditF

1.7.1
1.8 Disclaimer
his ourse does not o'er legl dvieF st provides generl informtion onerning the priniples tht underlie the opyright systemD nd it indites how vrious onrete prolems re resolved in most ountriesF st nnotD howeverD provide relile guidne onerning how ourt in spei( ountry would respond to spei( set of ftsF husD if you (nd yourself oming lose to ny of the legl oundries desried in these mterilsD you should onsult lwyer in your own jurisditionF

1.9 Help Us Improve the Course

e hope to updte nd re(ne these mterils periodillyF o do soD we need help from usersF lese let us know if piee of informtion ontined in module is inorret or out of dteF sf you hve suggestions onerning either the ontent of the modules or the wy in whih the ontent is presentedD we re eger to her themF pinllyD lirrins re strongly enourged to let us know how the issues ddressed in the modules re hndled in their home ountriesY we will try to inlude tht informtion in future versionsF ou n mke these suggestions in either of two wysF pirstD if you would like your suggestion to e ville to the puliD plese lik on the 4hisussion4 t t the top of the module pge to whih your suggestion is relevntF eondD you n simply emil us t )EfeedkdyerFlwFhrvrdFedu19 F e look forwrd to your ontriutionsF he ispv nd ferkmn tems

19 c-feedback@cyber.law.harvard.edu

CHAPTER 1.

ABOUT COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIANS

Chapter 2
Copyright and the public domain: an introduction
1

2.1 Module 1: Copyright and the Public Domain 2.2 Learning objective
his module explores the si onepts of opyright lwF st provides generl introdution to the elements of opyright importnt to lirrinsF yther modules will disuss these topis in detilF

2.3 Case study

I want to build a course pack for my students. What material may I include?

engelD musi professorD is visiting her shool9s lirry to ollet mteril to uild ourse pk for her studentsF he would like to inlude exerpts from ooksD eletroni resoures nd musi soresF he lso wnts to post seleted musi nd video lips online with her ommentryF xdiD the lirrinD will explin to engel wht she my nd my not do under opyright lwF

2.4 Lesson 2.5 What Is Copyright?

es we sw in the sntrodutionD there re severl views onerning the purposes of opyright lwF yne view is tht opyright lw enourges retivity y llowing retors to pro(t from their workF his gol of opyright is re)eted in the wording of mny opyright lwsF por exmpleD the 4gopyright gluse42 of the nited ttes gonstitution sttes tht gongress my grnt uthors opyright protetion for their works for limited time in order to 4promote the progress of siene nd useful rtsF4 @ gonstitutionD ertile ID etion VD gluse VFA imilrlyD the stted purpose of the ttute of enne3 D the (rst opyright sttute in inglndD ws to 4enourge lerningF4 @V enne ghpter IW @IUIHAFA enother view is tht opyright lw ensures tht uthors re pid firly for their e'ortF e third view is tht retive work is n expression of the personlity of its retorD nd thus should e proteted from eing used without the retor9s permissionF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22652/1.4/>. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Clause 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Anne

CHAPTER 2.

COPYRIGHT AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: AN INTRODUCTION

elthough opyright lw grnts uthors mny rights in their worksD it lso limits these rights in mny importnt wysF wost of these limittions re quite spei(D ut few re rodF everlD s we will seeD enle lirrins to use or disseminte opyrighted mterils more freely thn they otherwise ouldF

2.6 What Is The Public Domain?

es n illustrtionD suppose the (tionl ountry of fooktoni hs opyright term of PH yersF sf ook ws written in IWVHD the opyright protetion for the ook in fooktoni would hve ended PH yers lterD in PHHHF yne the opyright in work expiresD the work is sid to 4fll into4 the puli dominF yne work is in the puli dominD the restritions of opyright lw no longer pplyD nd nyone my opyD reuseD or shre the work s they wishF he puli domin funtions s pool of retive mteril from whih nyone my drwF st provides uthors the rw mterils from whih the next genertion of ooksD moviesD songsD nd knowledge n e uiltF es the IRth entury inglish poet ghuer @whose work is now in the puli dominA wrote4 D 4por out of the old (eldsD s men syD gomes ll this new ornD from yer to yerY end out of old ooksD in good fithD gomes ll this new siene tht men lernF4

2.7 Who Makes Copyright Law?

everl interntionl treties5 set stndrds tht ll prtiipting ountries must follow when dopting or hnging their opyright lwsF roweverD within those limitsD eh ntion sets its own lwsF hose lws determine who n quire opyrightD wht rights the opyright holder enjoysD nd how long the opyright lstsF es resultD opyright lw vries signi(ntly from one ountry to notherF sn ll ountriesD opyright lw is shped in prt y legislturesD whih dopt nd often modify opyright sttutesD nd ourtsD whih djust nd lrify the provisions of the sttutes when pplying them to prtiulr sesF sn soElled common law ountriesD ourts ply somewht more importnt roles thn they do in soElled civil law ountriesD ut the di'erene is not lrgeF sn some ountriesD religious legal systems lso 'et opyright rulesF e disussion of the three min types of legl systemD s well s lists of the legl systems of di'erent ountries my e found here6 F xo mtter wht the legl systemD howeverD opyright lw is onstntly hnigng to meet new retiveD tehnologilD nd soil hllengesF yften those hnges re driven y interest groups tht seek to ene(t their memersF he lirry ommunity hs often plyed importnt roles in the shping of opyright lw in the pst ! nd ould ply even more importnt roles in the futureF

2.8 What Does Copyright Law Cover?

gopyright lw generlly overs ll originl works of uthorshipF uh originl works ome in mny formsF por exmpleD in lmost ll ountriesD ll of the following re proteted y opyright lwX

literry works @ooksD rtilesD lettersD etFAY musil worksY drmti works @opersD plysAY grphi rts @photogrphsD sulpturesD pintingsD etFAY motion pitures nd udiovisul works @moviesD videosD television progrmsD etFAY rhiteturl worksY nd omputer softwreF

4 http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/English/Fowls.htm 5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world

U sn some ountriesD sound reordings re lso overed y opyright lwF sn other ountriesD sound reordings re proteted y seprteD relted set of rules known s neighoring rightsF sn some ountriesD government works ! suh s mpsD o0il reportsD nd judiil opinions ! re proteted y opyright lwY in othersD they re onsidered prt of the puli dominF st is importnt to rememer tht copyright never applies to ideas or factsF st only overs  original expression ! in other wordsD the distintive wy in whih ides re onveyedF oD for exmpleD the informtion ontined in siene textook is not proteted y opyright lwF ou re freeD fter reding textookD to write nd pulish new ook onveying the sme informtion in di'erent wordsF imilrlyD you re freeD fter reding work of historyD to write novel inorporting the historil ftsF e few ountries @most notlyD the nited ttesA require the originl expression to e (xed in tangible mediumD like pper or digitl reording formtD in order to e proteted y opyright lwF sn those ountriesD improvistionl performnes ! for exmpleD of jzz or dne ! re not proteted unless their uthors reord themF gopyright lw overs works tht hve not een pulished or even mde puliF oD for exmpleD privte lettersD diriesD nd emil messges re ll proteted y opyright lwF ome ountries used to require pulished works to e registered with entrl o0e or to rry opyright notie with the nme of the uthor nd the yer of pulition in order to e proteted y opyright lwF uh formalities re no longer neessry for work to e overed y opyright lwF roweverD registering opyright my help prove uthorship or identify who must e ontted for permission efore work n e reusedF sn some ountriesD registrtion of work is neessry efore the uthor is permitted to sue someone for opyright infringementF @poreign uthorsD howeverD re exempted from this requirementFA sn dditionD some ountries ontinue to require pulishers to deposit one opy of every new work in designted o0eD suh s ntionl lirryF

2.9 Who Gets A Copyright?

e opyright is ordinrily otined y the retor of workF sf you write novelD pint pintingD or ompose songD you will generlly quire the opyright in your retionF he sitution is more omplited if you re n employee reting the work s prt of your employmentF gountries vry gret del in how they del with suh situtionsF ypillyD in ountries tht follow the ommon lw trditionD the opyright in work prepred y n employee within the sope of employment goes to the employerF fy ontrstD in ountries tht follow the ivil lw trditionD the opyright typilly goes to the employeeF roweverD in ivilElw ountriesD employment ontrts or even opyright lw often give employers rights over their employees9 retions similr @though not identilA to the opyrights enjoyed y employers in ommonElw ountriesF pinllyD in the nited ttes nd some other ountriesD when spei( types of works re reted in spei( irumstnes y independent ontrtorsD the ontrtors nd the orgniztions ommissioning the works my gree in writing tht the ommissioning orgniztions shll e wrded the opyrightsF

2.10 What Rights Come With Copyright?

he rights reted y opyright lw fll into two tegoriesX eonomi rights nd morl rightsF Economic rights re intended to give uthors the opportunity to use their works to mke moneyF hese re things tht typilly only the owner of the opyright my do unless the owner grnts permission to othersF @smportnt exeptions to the requirement to otin the opyright holder9s permissionD suh s fir use nd ompulsory liensesD re disussed elowFA he primry eonomi rights reX

the the the the

right right right right

to to to to

reprodue the work ! in other wordsD to mke opies of itY rete derivtive works ! suh s trnsltionsD ridgmentsD or dpttionsY distriute the work ! for exmpleD y selling or renting opies of itY perform or disply the work pulilyF

V
Moral rights

CHAPTER 2.

COPYRIGHT AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: AN INTRODUCTION

re designed to protet uthors9 noneonomi interests in their retionsF worl rights do not exist in ll ountriesF qenerlly spekingD they re reognized more widely nd re enfored more (rmly in ivilElw ountries thn in ommonElw ountriesF he primry morl rights reX

the right of integrity ! for exmpleD the right to prevent the destrution or defement of pinting or sulptureY the right of ttriution ! in other wordsD the right to e given pproprite redit for one9s retionsD nd not to e lmed for things one did not reteY the right of dislosure ! the right to determine when nd if work shll e mde puliY the right of withdrwl ! the right @in ertin limited irumstnesA to remove from puli irultion opies of work one hs ome to regretF
Neighboring rightsD sometimes lled relted rightsD re lose ousins of opyrightF he oldest nd est known neighoring rights re eonomi rights grnted to persons who re not uthors of work ut who ontriute to its retion ! suh s performersD produersD nd rodsting ssoitionsF ome ountries lso hve privy nd puliity rights tht omplement opyrightF por exmpleD some ountries prevent the puli distriution of works tht ontin personlly identi(le informtionD unless permission is grnted y tht personF

2.11 The Limits of Copyright

he rights desried ove re sujet to importnt limittionsF pirstD s mentioned oveD mny older ooksD rtilesD reordingsD nd other works re prt of the public domainF hese mterils my e used y nyone for ny purposeF nfortuntelyD it is not lwys esy to (gure out when prtiulr work hs fllen into the puli dominF his diretory7 ontins some helpful informtion on how long the term of opyright lsts in di'erent ountries round the worldF st lso hs useful tips on when work enters the puli dominF ometimesD opyright holder will dedite work to the puli domin efore the opyright expiresD muh like lndholder will sometimes donte property to town so it my eome prkF sn these instnesD the work eomes free to use immeditelyF sn dditionD the opyright lws of every ountry inlude exceptions and limitations to opyrightF hese identify tivities tht users n do without fer of violting opyrightF hile these exeptions vry y ountryD some ommon exmples inlude opying for personl useD quoting short pssges of literry works for the purposes of ritiismY photoopying for rhivl purposes y lirriesY nd onverting works into formts essile y hndipped personsF yther exeptions re roder nd less well de(nedD suh s the fair-use doctrine of the nited ttes nd the fair dealing dotrines employed in some efrin ountriesF pinllyD most ountries hve compulsory licensing systems for ertin types of worksF nder omE pulsory liensing systemD opyright holders re required to permit ertin uses of their works s long s the user pys fee set y government geny or ourtsF uh regimes re eoming inresingly ommonF

2.12 Copyright Licenses

sf none of these exeptions or limittions pplyD it my still e possile to mke use of opyrighted workF sn order to do soD the user must otin license from the opyright holder tht gives the user permission to use the ontent in prtiulr wyF he opyright holder my demnd fee for suh useD or my llow the use for freeF he liense should e spei( nd in writing in order to void onfusionF st is not lwys neessry to ontt the opyright holder diretly to otin liense to use their worksF wny ountries hve collecting societies @lso known s olletive dministrtion orgniztionsA tht t s gents for lrge numers of opyright holdersF uh orgniztions now dminister lienses pertining to
7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_situations_by_country

W wide vriety of uses of opyrighted mterilsF ixmples inlude rodsts of musil omposition nd the use of vrious modern tehnologies to reprodue grphis works or literry worksF enother set of orgniztions ssist nd enourge those opyright holders who re willing to give wy some of their rights for freeF he most fmous of these re gretive gommons8 nd the pree oftwre poundtion9 D ut others re emergingF

2.13 Back to the case study

xdi @the lirrinA should help engel @the professorA orgnize the set of mterils she hs gthered y sking series of questionsX

ere ny of the mterils in the puli dominc ere ny of the remining mterils liensed under gretive gommons liense or similr set of terms tht llow their usec ere ny of the remining mterils freed for use y ny of the sttutory exeptions ontined in their ntion9s opyright sttutec hoes the lirry lredy own liense to use the mterils in the wy engel proposesc
sf the mterils re in the puli dominD re liensed freely under gretive gommons lienseD re overed y sttutory exemptionD or re inluded in existing liensesD they my e usedF sf notD engel will need to otin permission from the opyright holder or olletive rights orgniztionF

2.14 Additional resources

e omprehensive disussion of the spets of opyright lw tht 'et lirrins ! ndD in prtiulrD lirrins in developing ountries ! my e found in the espv rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries10 F grol gF rendersonD virries s gretures of gopyrightX hy virrins gre out sntelletul ropE erty vw nd oliy11 D IWWVF he former ixeutive hiretor of the shington y0e emerin virry essoition disusses the roles plyed y lirrins in mintining opyright lneF e short dete etween rofessors illim pisher nd tustin rughes12 D orgnized in wy PHHW y the ionomist mgzineD exmines the merits nd demerits of the opyright systemF he eserh genter for the vegl ystem of sntelletul roperty @gvsA13 D in oopertion with the genter for edvned tudy 8 eserh on sntelletul roperty @gesA14 of the niversity of shington hool of vwD is uilding omprehensive dtse of ourt deisions15 involving intelletul property @inluding opyright lwA in every ountry throughout the worldF he dtse is not yet ompleteD ut lredy onstitutes highly vlule reserh toolD prtiulrly for esin ountriesF e mpD prepred y illim pisherD desriing the min fetures of opyright lw in the nited ttes ndD to limited extentD other ountriesD is ville here16 F e pir@yA se le17  is PHHV short movie on opyright nd fir use in the F eording to the synopsisD professor iri pden of fuknell niversity reted this humorousD yet informtiveD review of
8 http://creativecommons.org/ 9 http://www.fsf.org/ 10 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/handbook/handbook-e 11 http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/copyright/copyrightarticle/librariescreatures.cfm 12 http://www.economist.com/debate/overview/144 13 http://www.21coe-win-cls.org/rclip/e_index.html 14 http://www.law.washington.edu/casrip 15 http://www.21coe-win-cls.org/rclip/db/search_form.php 16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/IP%20Maps.htm 17 http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/documentary-lm-program/lm/a-fair-y-use-tale

IH

CHAPTER 2.

COPYRIGHT AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: AN INTRODUCTION

opyright priniples delivered through the words of the very folks we n thnk for nerly endless opyright termsF he doumentriesD tel his pilm rt s18 @PHHTA nd tel his pilm rt ss19 @PHHUAD produed y he vegue of xole eersD o'er entertining nd highly ritil views of the reent trend towrd strengthening the rights of opyright ownersD prtiulrly with respet to the unuthorized shring of musi nd moviesF e helpful guide to determining whih works hve fllen into the puli domin in the nited ttes20 hs een provided y wihel frewer nd the emerin virry essoition y0e for snformtion ehnology oliyF e virrin9s PFH wnifesto21 o'ers provotive oneption of the responsiilities of lirrinsD prtiE ulrly in n environment hrterized y rpid tehnologil hngeF

2.15 Cases
he following judiil opinion explores nd pplies some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX elegrph qroupD vtdF vF eshdownD rt IH gse IQ @gourt of eppelD inglnd 8 lesD PHHIA22 @the reltionships mong freedom of expressionD the puli interestD nd intelletul property rightsA

2.16 Assignment and discussion questions

2.16.1 Assignment
enswer one of the following questionsX IF ixplin rie)y wht opyright lw ttempts to protetD s well s wht freedoms re reserved for or ville to the puliF PF hih @if nyA of the justi(tions for opyright lw mke sense to youc

2.16.2 Discussion Question(s)

elet one of the nswers tht your ollegues provided to the essignment questionsD nd omment on itF ixplin why you gree or disgreeF ho not hesitte to give exmples you hve fed s n uthorD s memer of the puliD or s lirrinF

2.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y welnie hulong de osny23 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz24 D illim pisher25 D rs qsser26 D edm rollnd27 D uimerley ssell28 D eter tszi29 D golin wly30 D endrew woshirni31 D nd ghris eterson32 F
18 http://www.stealthislm.com/Part1/ 19 http://www.stealthislm.com/Part2/ 20 http://www.librarycopyright.net/digitalslider/ 21 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZblrRs3fkSU 22 http://www.ipsofactoj.com/international/2001/Part10/int2001%2810%29-013.htm 23 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#rosnay 24 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 25 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 26 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 27 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 28 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 29 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 31 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 32 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

Chapter 3
The international framework
1

3.1 Module 2: The International Framework 3.2 Learning objective

his module explins how interntionl opyright lw worksD how it 'ets developing ountriesD nd how developing ountries n 'et itF

3.3 Case study

Angela is troubled by the restrictions that copyright law places upon her ability to assemble and distribute course materials. She is considering writing a short article, arguing that her nation's copyright law should be reformed to give teachers and students more latitude. However, she has heard that international agreements may restrict the freedom that each country enjoys to dene its own copyright laws. Before drafting her article, she asks Nadia's help in determining which, if any, international agreements are applicable in their own countryF

3.4 Lesson 3.5 The Rationale for the International System

es we sw in wodule IX gopyright nd the uli homin2 D eh ountry in the world hs its own set of opyright lwsF roweverD the )exiility tht most ountries enjoy in djusting nd enforing their own lws is limited y set of interntionl tretiesF hy do we need ny interntionl mngement of this (eldc here re two trditionl nswers to this questionF pirstD without some interntionl stndrdiztionD ntions might ent legisltion tht protets their own itizens while leving foreigners vulnerleF uh disrimintion ws ommon prior to interntionl regultionF es opyright owners eome inresingly interested in glol protetion for their retionD mutul reognition on fir terms of rights ross orders eomes ever more importntF eondD some opyright holders elieve tht developing ntions would not dopt dequte opyright protetions unless fored to do so y tretyF epresenttives of developing ntions strongly dispute this rgumentF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22658/1.4/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_1:_Copyright_and_the_Public_Domain

II

IP

CHAPTER 3.

THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.6 International Instruments

he simplest wy to hieve these gols would e single trety signed y ll ountriesF nfortuntelyD the urrent sitution is more omplexF snsted of one tretyD we now hve six mjor multilateral greementsD eh with di'erent set of memer ountriesF ih of the six greements ws negotited within E nd is now dministered y E n interntionl orgE niztionF pour of the six re mnged y the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syAY one y the nited xtions idutionlD ienti( nd gulturl yrgniztion @xigyAY nd one y the orld rde yrgniztion @yAF he six greements hve een reted nd implemented in similrD though not identilD wysF ypiE llyD the proess egins when representtives of ountries think tht there should e interntionl stndrds governing set of issuesF hey enter into negotiationsD whih n lst severl yersF huring the negotiE tionsD drft provisions re presented to the delegtions of eh ountryD whih then disuss them nd my propose mendments to their ontent in order to reh onsensusF his 4onsensus4 my re)et genuine greement mong ll of the prtiipting ountries tht the proposed trety is desirleD or it my result from pressure exerted y more powerful ountries upon less powerful ountriesF yne onsensus hs een rehedD the ountries onlude the trety y signing itF herefterD the governments of the prtiipting ountries ratify the tretyD whereupon it enters into forceF gountries tht did not sign the trety when it ws initilly onluded my join the trety lter y accessionF sn mny ountries ! espeilly those tht follow the ivilElw trdition ! treties re regrded s 4selfE exeutingF4 sn other wordsD one they re rti(edD privte prties n rely on them ndD if neessryD ring lwsuits ginst other privte prties for violtions of the treties9 provisionsF roweverD sn other ountries ! espeilly those in)uened y the fritish or ndinvin onstitutionl trditions ! treties lk this selfE exeuting uthorityF snstedD the ntionl legisltures must dopt sttutes implementing themD fter whih privte prties rely on the terms of the implementing legisltionD rther thn on the terms of the treties themselvesF xone of the six treties pertining to opyright lw ontins omprehensive set of rules or stndrds for opyright systemF therD eh one requires memer ountries to del with prtiulr issues in prtiulr wysD ut leves to the memer ountries onsiderle disretion in implementing its requirementsF glik here for more on the stges of n interntionl greement3 F et forth elow re rief desriptions of the six mjor tretiesD with speil ttention to their impts on developing ountriesF

3.6.1 Berne Convention

sn IVVT ten iuropen sttes signed the ferne gonvention for the rotetion of viterry nd ertisti orks @referred to herefter s the 4ferne gonvention4A in order to redue onfusion out interntionl opyright lwF ine thenD totl of ITR ountries hve joined the ferne gonventionF roweverD there hve een severl revisions of the ferne gonventionD nd not ll ountries hve rti(ed the most reent versionF eny ntion is permitted to joinF ou n hek to see if your ountry is memer of the ferne gonvention y onsulting this link4 F felow is mp showing whih ountries re urrently memersF
3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Stages_of_an_international_agreement 4 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=15

IQ

Figure 3.1

he ferne gonvention estlished three fundmentl priniplesF he (rst nd most fmous is the priniE ple of ntionl tretmentD whih requires memer ountries to give the residents of other memer ountries the sme rights under the opyright lws tht they give to their own residentsF oD for exmpleD novel written in folivi y folivin itizen enjoys the sme protetion in qhn s novel written in qhn y n qhnin itizenF he seond is the priniple of independene of protetionF st provides tht eh memer ountry must give foreign works the sme protetions they give domesti worksD even when the foreign works would not e shielded under the opyright lws of the ountries where they origintedF por exmpleD even if novel written in folivi y folivin ntionl were not proteted under folivin lwD it would still e proteted in qhn if it ful(lled the requirements for protetion under qhnin lwF he third is the priniple of utomti protetionF his priniple forids memer ountries from requiring persons from other ferne gonvention memer ountries with legl formlities s prerequisite for opyright protetionF @hey my impose suh requirements on their own itizensD ut usully do notFA he e'et of this priniple is tht the folivin uthor of novel doesn9t hve to register or delre her novel in qhnD sndiD sndonesi or ny other memer stte of the ferne gonventionY her novel will e utomtilly proteted in ll of these ountries from the moment it is writtenF sn ddition to these si priniplesD the ferne gonvention lso imposes on memer ountries numer of more spei( requirementsF por instneD they must enfore opyrights for minimum period of timeF he minimum opyright term for ountries tht hve rti(ed the most reent version of the ferne gonvention is

IR

CHAPTER 3.

THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

the life of the uthor plus SH yers for ll works exept photogrphs nd inemF he ferne gonvention lso requires its memers to reognize nd enfore limited suset of the morl rights disussed in wodule I5 F he ferne gonvention sets forth frmework for memer ountries to dopt exeptions to the mndted opyright protetionsF he soElled 4threeEstep test4 ontined in ertile W@PA @disussed in more detil elow6 A de(nes the freedom of memer ountries to rete exeptions or limittions to uthors9 rights to ontrol reprodutions of their worksF yther provisions of the ferne gonvention give memer ountries disretion to rete more spei( exeptionsF hen the ferne gonvention ws revised most reently in ris in IWUID the signtory ountries dded n eppendix7 D whih ontins speil provisions onerning developing ountriesF sn prtiulrD developE ing ountries myD for ertin works nd under ertin onditionsD deprt from the minimum stndrds of protetion with regrd to the right of trnsltion nd the right of reprodution of opyrighted worksF wore spei(llyD the eppendix permits developing ountries to grnt nonEexlusive nd nonEtrnsferle ompulE sory lienses to trnslte works for the purpose of tehingD sholrship or reserhD nd to reprodue works for use in onnetion with systemti instrutionl tivitiesF hile the ferne gonvention outlines rod stndrds for opyright protetionD it mndtes few spei( rulesF es resultD the legislture in eh memer ountry enjoys onsiderle )exiility in implementing its requirementsF por exmpleD in the ferne gonvention smplementtion et of IWVVD the FF gongress dopted minimlist pproh to implementtionD mking only those hnges to opyright lw tht were solutely neessry to qulify for memershipF he ferne gonvention does not ontin n enforement mehnismF his mens tht memer sttes hve little power to punish nother stte tht does not omply with the ferne gonvention9s guidelinesF es we will see lterD this sitution prtilly hnged for the memers of the ferne gonvention tht lso joined the yF o lern more out the gonvention you my red its text8 or onsult rief disussion of the history of the ferne gonvention9 F

3.6.2 Universal Copyright Convention

he Universal Copyright Convention @or UCCA ws developed y UNESCO nd dopted in IWSPF st ws reted s n lterntive to the ferne gonventionF he gg ddressed the desire of severl ountries @inluding the nited ttes nd the oviet nionA to enjoy some multilterl opyright protetion without joining the ferne gonventionF he gg9s provisions re more )exile thn those of the ferne gonventionF his inresed )exiility ws intended to ommodte ountries t di'erent stges of development nd ountries with di'erent eonomi nd soil systemsF vike the ferne gonventionD the gg inorportes the priniple of ntionl tretment nd prohiits ny disrimintion ginst foreign uthorsD ut it ontins fewer requirements tht memer ountries must omply withF he gg hs deresed in importne s most ountries re now prty to the ferne gonvention or re memers of the y @or othAF he opyright oligtions of memers of the y re governed y the egreement on rdeEelted espets of sntelletul roperty ights @sAD disussed elowF ou my hek if your ountry is memer of the gg y reviewing this list10 F por more informtion out the gg you my red its text11 or onsult the ixmintion of the gg12 F

5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_1:_Copyright_and_the_Public_Domain#What_Rights_Come_With_Copyr 6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#The_Three-Step_Test 7 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P410_75777 8 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html 9 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Berne_Convention 10 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/les/7816/11642786761conv_71_e.pdf/conv_71_e.pdf 11 http://www.ia.org/documents/infopol/copyright/ucc.txt 12 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Examination_of_the_UCC

IS
3.6.2.1

3.6.3 Rome Convention (1961)

fy IWTID tehnology hd progressed signi(ntly sine the ferne gonvention ws signedF ome inventionsD suh s tpe reordersD hd mde it esier to opy reorded worksF he ferne gonvention only pplied to printed works nd thus did not help opyright holders defend ginst the new tehnologiesF o ddress the pereived need for strong legisltive protetion for reorded worksD the ome gonvention for the rotetion of erformersD roduers of honogrms nd frodsting yrgniztions ws onluded y memers of sy on ytoer PTD IWTIF st extended opyright protetion from the uthor of work to the retors nd produers of prtiulrD physil emodiments of the workF hese 4(xtions4 inlude medi suh s udiossettesD ghsD nd hhsF he ome gonvention requires memer ountries to grnt protetion to the works of performersD produE ers of phonogrphsD nd rodsting orgniztionsF roweverD it lso permits memer ountries to rete exeptions to tht protetion ! for exmpleD to permit unuthorized uses of reording for the purpose of tehing or sienti( reserhF VV ountries hve signed the ome gonvention13 F felow is mp of the memer sttesX

Figure 3.2

13 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=17

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CHAPTER 3.

THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

wemership in the ome gonvention is open only to ountries tht re lredy prties to the ferne gonvention or to the niversl gopyright gonventionF vike mny interntionl tretiesD joining the ome gonvention hs n unertin e'et on domesti lwF gountries tht join the onvention my 4reserve4 their rights with regrds to ertin provisions of the tretyF sn prtieD this hs enled ountries to void the pplition of rules tht would require importnt hnges to their ntionl lwsF por more informtion on the ome gonvention you my red its text14 or red more out the ome gonvention provisions15 F

3.6.4 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)

he wy tht opyright owners reprodueD distriuteD nd mrket their works hs hnged in the digitl geF ound reordingsD rtilesD photogrphsD nd ooks re ommonly stored in eletroni formtsD irulted vi the snternetD nd ompiled in dtsesF nfortuntelyD the sme tehnologies tht enle more e0ient storge nd distriution hve lso filitted widespred opying of opyrighted worksF gonerned out the e'ets of these new tehnologiesD the governments of developed ountries dvoted for nd ultimtely seured two tretiesX the sy gopyright rety nd the sy erformne nd honogrms retyF he sy gopyright rety @gA is speil greement under the ferne gonvention tht entered into fore on wrh TD PHHPF st is the (rst interntionl trety tht requires ountries to provide opyright protetion to omputer progrms nd to dtses @ompiltions of dt or other mterilAF he g lso requires memers to prohiit the irumvention of tehnologies set y rightsholders to prevent the opying nd distriution of their worksF hese tehnologies inlude enryption or rights mnE gement informtion @dt tht identify works or their uthorsD nd tht re neessry for the mngement of their rightsAF VV ountries re now prties to the g16 F por more out the g red its text17 or red the ixmintion of the g18 F
3.6.4.1

3.6.5 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

he sy erformnes nd honogrms rety @A ws signed y the memer sttes of sy on heemer PHD IWWTF he enhnes the intelletul property rights of performers nd of produers of phonogramsF honogrms inlude vinyl reordsD tpesD ompt dissD digitl udiotpesD wQsD nd other medi for storing sound reordingsF he grnts performers eonomi rights in their performnes tht hve een (xed in phonogrmsF st lso grnts performers morl rights over these performnesF fy ontrstD the produers of phonogrms re only grnted eonomi rights in themF VT ountries re prty to the 19 F por more out the red its text20 or onsult the ixmintion of the 21 F

3.6.6 The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
he s is n interntionl greement dministered y the yF e mp showing the urrent memership of the y is ville here22 F he s greement ws negotited nd onluded in IWWRF s
14 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/trtdocs_wo024.html 15 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Rome_Convention_provisions 16 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=16 17 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html 18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Examination_of_the_WCT 19 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?country_id=ALL&start_year=ANY&end_year=ANY&search_what=C&treaty_id=20 20 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html 21 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Examination_of_the_WPPT 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membership

IU estlishes minimum stndrds for mny forms of intelletul property protetion in memer ountries of the yD inluding opyrightF he sustntive provisions of s do not di'er drstilly from the ferne gonventionF he mjor di'erene is tht s requires memer ountries to grnt opyright protetion to omputer progrms nd dt ompiltionsF roweverD s does not require the protetion of uthors9 morl rightsD whih the ferne gonvention requiresF he most importnt innovtions of s re the remedies it requiresF nlike the ferne gonventionD s requires memer ountries to provide e'etive sntions for violtions of opyrightsF sn dditionD it retes dispute resolution mehnism y whih y memer ountries n fore other memers to omply with their trety oligtionsF st is sometimes sid thtD unlike the ferne onventionD s hs 4teethF4 s llows for some )exiility in its implementtionF his )exiility is intended to permit developing ntions to lne the inorportion of the generl priniples of s with development onernsF ou n study dditionl snformtion onerning the )exiilities23 of s for developing ntionsF he text of the s egreement is ville here24 F

3.6.7 The proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)

he six multilterl treties desried ove my soon e joined y seventhF sn ytoer PHHUD the nited ttesD the iuropen gommunityD witzerlndD nd tpn simultneously nnouned tht they would negotite new intelletul property enforement tretyD the entiEgounterfeiting rde egreement @egeAF eustrliD the epuli of uoreD xew elndD nd wexio hve sine joined the negotitionsF everl rounds of negotitions hve ourredF he prtiipnts hve stted pulily tht they expet to (nish negotitions in PHIHF emong other issuesD ege will ontin provisions to ddress 4snternet distriution nd informtion tehnologyD4 suh s uthorizing o0ils to serh for illeglly downloded musi on personl devies t irportsD or foring snternet ervie roviders to provide informtion out possile opyright infringers without wrrntF
3.6.7.1

3.6.8 Regional Agreements

he multilterl greements we hve just desried ontin the primry provisions tht limit the freedom of eh ountry in shping its own opyright lwsF fut some ountries lso elong to regionl orgniztions tht hve the power to in)uene the opyright lws of their memersF he most importnt suh regionl orgniztion is the European UnionD ommonly known s the EUF @e mp showing the urrent memership of the iD s well s the ndidtes for dmission to the iD is ville here25 FA feginning in IWWID the i hs dopted severl diretives relting to opyright lwF @e diretive oliges the memer ountries to ring their lws into onformity with its requirements y prtiulr dteD ut leves to eh ountry9s disretion some )exiility in hieving tht golFA por exmpleD the oftwre hiretive required memer ountries to grnt opyright protetion to the uthors of softwre progrmsD regrdless of how retive those progrms reF he entl ights hiretive26 required memer ountries to reognize 4 right to uthorize or prohiit the rentl nd lending of originls nd opies of opyright worksFFFF4 @he kground of this innovtion nd its signi(ne for lirrins will e disussed in wodule R27 AF he gopyright hurtion hiretive28 required memer ountries to extend opyright protetion to the life of the uthor plus UH yers @PH yers more thn the term required y the ferne
23 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Information_concerning_the_exibilities 24 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm 25 http://www.ezilon.com/european_maps.htm 26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rental_Directive 27 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive_(93/98/EEC)

IV

CHAPTER 3.

THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK

gonventionAF he ontroversil snformtion oiety hiretive29 @lso sometimes known s the gopyright hiretiveA ws dopted in PHHI to implement the gD disussed oveF @he min provisions of the snformtion oiety hiretive will e disussed in susequent modulesFA end the esle ights hiretive30 oliges memer ountries to grnt the retors of originl works of rt right to remunertion when those works re resoldF iqully importnt for mny efrin ountries is the revised fngui egreement31 @exeuted in IWWWY e'etive in PHHPAD whih governs the memer ountries of the efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @yesA32 @Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Chad, and TogoAF ertiles V nd IH of ennex ss of the egreement set forth n espeilly generous list of morl rights @re)eting its origins in prenh opyright lwAD while ertile W sets forth similrly generous list of eonomi rightsD inluding the rentl rightF ertiles II through PI then rve out of those rights long list of exeptions nd limittions @to whih we will return in wodules R33 nd S34 AF The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)D whih ws entered into y Canada, the United States, and Mexico in IWWRD limits the disretion of those three ountries in de(ning their intelletulEproperty lwsF roweverD with respet to opyright lws in prtiulrD xepe losely prllels the s egreementD disussed oveD nd thus hs reltively little independent signi(neF yther regionl orgniztions tht ould in)uene their memer ountries9 opyright systems ! ut tht hve not yetD for the most prtD done so ! inlude he enden gommunity35 @Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and PeruAD werosur36 @Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, nd @perhps soonA VenezuelaAD nd the efrin egionl sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @esyA37 @Botswana,
the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and ZimbabweAF

3.6.9 3.6.10 Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties

wultilterl treties suh s s n provide powerful glol protetion for opyright holders euse they estlish minimum stndrds for protetion of opyrights tht re inding on lrge numers of ountriesF roweverD opyright holders sometimes try to otin even stronger protetions through ilterl treties eE tween ountries or orgniztions of ountriesF filterl treties on opyright lw often ddress spei( issues etween the the two prtiesF uh greements re ommonly known s free trade agreements @pesA or Bilateral Investment Treaties @fssAF ypillyD suh ilterl greements either nrrow the )exiilities tht developing ountry would enjoy under s or impose more stringent stndrds for opyright protetionF por exmpleD the FF government hs inluded ntiEirumvention oligtions in its ilterl pes with tordnD ingporeD ghileD worooD fhrin nd ymnF imilrlyD the iuropen nion hs reently negotited pes with developing ountries tht signi(ntly limit the disretion of those ountries in djusting their opyright lwsF pes nd fss re highly ontroversilF wny sholrs nd representtives of developing ountries regrd them s uses of the power of developed ountriesF ypponents of proposed pes or fss hve sometimes een le to prevent their doption or modify themF glik here for more snformtion on pes38 F

29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_informatio 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resale_Rights_Directive 31 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/doc/en/bangui_agreement.pdf 32 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/fr/OAPI/index.htm 33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_5:_Managing_Rights 35 http://www.comunidadandina.org/index.htm 36 http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/Portal%20Intermediario/ 37 http://www.aripo.org/ 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Information_on_FTAs

IW

3.6.11 The Three-Step Test

wost of the mjor multilterlD regionlD nd ilterl greements use tool tht hs ome to e known s the threeEstep test to de(ne the freedom of memer ountries to rete exeptions nd limittions to opyrightsF he threeEstep test ws (rst reted in the IWTU revision of the ferne gonventionF st providesX
"It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works [a] in certain special cases, provided that [b] such reproduction does not conict with a normal exploitation of the work and [c] does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author."

wost interntionl opyright greements sine then hve inorported versions of this testF por exmpleD versions of the test my e found in the s egreement @ertile IQAD the g @ertile IHAD severl of the i opyright diretivesD nd severl ilterl greementsF sndeedD threeEstep tests my now e found in the ntionl legisltion of mny ountriesD inluding prneD ortuglD ghinD nd eustrliF iven when ntionl legisltion does not expliitly inorporte the testD judges sometimes rely upon it when onstruing nd pplying their ntion9s opyright lwsF he overge of the di'erent versions of the test vries somewhtF por exmpleD wheres the ferne gonvention threeEstep test only pplies to exeptions nd limittions to the right of reprodutionD the threeE step test ontined in ertile IQ of the s egreement pplies to exeptions nd limittions to ny of the exlusive rights ssoited with opyrightF sn dditionD the lnguge used in the di'erent versions vriesF por exmpleD wheres the third step of the ferne gonvention test @quoted oveA requires tht n exeption or limittion not unresonly prejudie the legitimte interests of the uthorD the third step of the s test requires tht n exeption or limittion not unresonly prejudie the legitimte interests of the right holder ! hnge tht shifts ttention wy from the interests of retors towrd the eonomi interests of the ompnies tht quire opyrights from the originl retorsF qiven the prevlene of the threeEstep test nd the long period of time in whih it hs existedD you might expet tht the mening of the test would y now e lerF xot soF he version of the test ontined in the ferne gonvention hs never een interpreted o0illyF he version ontined in ertile IQ of the s egreement hs only een o0illy interpreted one y dispute resolution pnelD nd how fr tht interprettion should ontrol other ountries in the future is not lerF end the ourts in di'erent iuropen ountries hve onstrued the test in inonsistent wys in funtionlly identil sesF qiven this unertintyD ommenttors nd loyists disgree shrply out how restritive the threeEstep test relly isF et one extremeD some lim tht the firEuse dotrine in the nited ttes @whih we will disuss in wodule R39 A violtes the test ! nd thus tht the nited ttes should repel the firEuse dotrine nd tht developing ountries my not dopt similr dotrinesF es illim try hs demonstrted40 D this interprettion is highly implusile ! s shown most lerly y the filure of ny of the ountries involved in the negotition of the s egreement or the ession y the nited ttes to the ferne gonvention to ojet to the firEuse dotrine in the nited ttesF et the opposite extremeD group of prominent nd in)uentil opyright sholrs hve reently proE posed 4e flned snterprettion of the hreeEtep est in gopyright vw441 F hey rgue tht n exE eption or limittion tht fils to stisfy one of the three steps should not neessrily e deemed to violte the testF therD ll three omponents of the test should e onsidered together in 4omprehensive overll ssessment4 tht tkes into ount the threts tht exessive levels of opyright protetion pose to 4huE mn rights nd fundmentl freedomsD4 4interests in ompetitionD4 nd 4other puli interestsD notly in sienti( progress nd ulturlD soilD or eonomi development4 ! in ddition to the importnt interests of opyright holders in fir ompenstionF his proposl hs two strengthsF pirstD it (ts well the underlying purpose of the opyright system s wholeD whihD s we hve seenD seeks to lne the interests of retors with the interests of soiety t lrge in mximizing ess to ides nd informtionF eondD it derives
39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 40 http://williampatry.blogspot.com/2008/04/fair-use-three-step-test-and-european.html 41 http://www.ip.mpg.de/ww/de/pub/aktuelles/declaration_on_the_three_step_.cfm

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support from the referene in ll versions of the test to the 4legitimte4 interests of either uthors or right holdersF st doesD howeverD hve one weknessX virtully ll ourts nd triunls tht hve onsidered the test to dte hve onluded tht ll three of its 4steps4 must e stis(edF enother interprettion tht does not su'er from this wekness ut tht preserves the strengths of the proposed 4flned snterprettion4 hs een o'ered reently y rofessors rugenholtz nd ykediji42 X 4vimE ittions nd exeptions tht @IA re not overly rodD @PA do not ro right holders of rel or potentil soure of inome tht is sustntiveD nd @QA do not do disproportionl hrm to the right holdersD will pss the testF4 his proposl is grounded in long nd detiled disussion of the evolution of the threeEstep test nd deserves reful onsidertionF en importnt generl lesson my e derived from this situtionX he mening of opyright lws of ll sorts ! inluding interntionl opyright greements ! is often less ler thn (rst ppersF wny rules hve not yet een interpreted uthorittivelyF his retes opportunities for lirrins or other representtives of developing ountries to rgue for nd t upon interprettions tht give them more freedom when shping their own lwsF sn susequent modulesD we will ome ross severl suh opportunitiesF

3.7 Perspectives For Developing Countries

3.7.1 The Benets and Drawbacks of Copyright Law for Developing Countries
ome oservers elieve tht governments should upgrde nd hrmonize opyright lw glolly euse it promotes the rts nd rewrds retorsF hey rgue tht grnting n exlusive right in retive expression provides neessry inentive for opyright holders to invest in the retion nd distriution of expressive worksF his stimultes ulturl expression nd ene(ts itizensF uppression of ompetition from 4pirtesD4 they rgueD is neessry to llow lol retive industries to )ourishF roweverD others rgue tht implementing the sme opyright lw in ll ountries hs disproportionte nd negtive e'et on developing ountriesF wost developed ntions hve powerful nd lurtive enterE tinmentD edutionlD nd reserh industries tht export opyrighted worksD nd thus ene(t from strong opyright lwF heveloping ountriesD on the other hndD typilly import opyrighted worksF husD it is rguedD the residents of developing ountries hve to py more roylties nd fees s result of enhned opyright protetionF st is lso rgued tht restritive opyright lws prevent mny governments from dE dressing importnt soil needs ! suh s providing their itizens with good edutions ! euse ritil informtion is loked up y the lwF he ltter set of rguments hve prompted growing numer of groups in developing ountries to resist the imposition of the minimum stndrds of opyright protetion set y the s egreement nd the even hrsher duties tht re imposed on developing ountries y pesF hey ll for etter lne etweenD on one hndD providing inentives to retors nd rewrding their retive tivities ndD on the other hndD promoting ess to knowledge nd reserhD in order to spur eonomi growth nd foster innovtion in the developing ountriesF

3.7.2 3.7.3 WIPO Development Agenda

he y hs entered into n greement with WIPO to provide dvie to developing ountries on the implementtion of sF ome in developing ountries onsider the dvie provided y sy to e too weighted in fvor of the interests of opyright holdersF sn PHHRD frzil nd ergentin sumitted to the WIPO General Assembly proposl for development gendF he proposl43 lled on sy to py greter ttention to the impt of intelletul property protetion on eonomi nd soil developmentD the need to sfegurd )exiilities designed to protet the puli interestD nd the importne of promoting development
42 http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/hugenholtz/nalreport2008.pdf 43 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/govbody/en/wo_ga_31/wo_ga_31_11.pdf

PI oriented tehnil oopertion nd ssistneF edditionl proposls in support of sy hevelopment egend were sumitted y other memer ountries nd orgniztionsD suh s ghileD the qroup of priends of hevelopmentD nd the efri qroupF his inititive hs mde onsiderle progressF he PHHR sy qenerl essemly greed to hold series of intergovernmentl meetings to exmine the proposls for development gendF ustntive reform proposls to estlish development gend for sy pssed during the PHHU sy qenerl essemlyF he urrent sy hevelopment egend44 ontins RS reommendtions for the qenerl essemly to pursueF yrgniztions representing lirrins hve hd signi(nt voie in the negotitions of the sy heE velopment egendF toint sttements of the snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions @spveAD the virry gopyright elline @vgeAD nd iletroni snformtion for virries @espvA re ville here45 F

3.7.4 The Proposed Access to Knowledge (A2K) Treaty

he ergentinEfrzil proposl for development gend prompted dete on whether sy should work to ensure e'etive tehnology trnsfer from developed to developing ountriesF xongovernmentl orgniztions @xqysAD demisD nd reserhers shred the onerns expressed y developing ountries tht spets of the opyright system were impeding innovtion nd reting disdvntges for developing ountriesF his retion to sy9s urrent poliies took the form of movement lling for equlity mong itizens from developed nd developing ountries s regrds ess to knowledgeY it hs ome to e known s the ess to knowledge or  A2K movementF virrins9 orgniztionsD suh s espvD were pioneers in the dvoy of right to knowledge nd hve lled upon sy to estlish minimum exeptions nd limittions to opyright protetionF yne outgrowth of the movement hs een proposl for nited xtions trety46 F he proposed trety intends to protet nd enhne ess to knowledgeD nd to filitte the trnsfer of tehnology to developing ountriesF st inludes list of irumstnes under whih opyright holders my not prevent the free use of their ontentD inludingX

he use of works for purposes of lirry or rhivl preservtionD or to migrte ontent to new formtF he e'orts of lirriesD rhivistsD or edutionl institutions to mke opies of works tht re not urrently the sujet of ommeril exploittionD for purposes of preservtionD edutionD or reserhF he use of exerptsD seletionsD nd quottions from opyrighted works for purposes of explntion nd illustrtion in onnetion with notEforEpro(t tehing nd sholrshipF he use of opyrighted works y edutionl institutions s primry instrutionl mterilsD if those mterils re not mde redily ville y opyright holders t resonle priesF
sn dditionD the proposed trety would estlish First Sale Doctrine for Library UseD stting tht  work tht hs een lwfully quired y lirry my e lent to others without further trnstion fees to e pid y the lirryF pinllyD the ePu trety proposl introdues provisions in support of distne edutionD s well s provisions ommodting the rights of persons with disilitiesF virrins nd lirry ptrons ren9t the only prties who ould ene(t from the ePu tretyF he proposl inludes rules proteting Internet Service Providers from opyright liilityD nd lso mitigtes the strit prohiitions on irumvention of enryption ontined in severl interntionl opyright tretiesF nder the proposed tretyD nonoriginal nd orphan works @those works for whih opyright holder nnot e identi(ed upon resonle serhA would e left in the public domainF he trety would lso gurntee ess to pulily funded reserh worksD government worksD nd rhives of puli rodstingF pinllyD the ePu trety proposl lso inludes provisions on ptent protetionD ntiompetitive prtiesD nd trnsfer of tehnology to developing ountriesF
44 http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html 45 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/wipo-development-agenda 46 http://www.cptech.org/a2k/a2k_treaty_may9.pdf

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3.8 Back to the Case Study

o dvise engelD xdi should review the lists of the memer ountries of ll of the interntionl greements disussed in this lesson to sertin whether their ountry hs joined ny of those greementsF he should then review the terms of ny pplile greements to determine whether they prevent expnsion of the rights of tehers nd students to use opyrighted mterils without permissionF ht inquiry will likely require xdi to onsider whih of the vrious interprettions of the threeEstep test is most sensileD nd the extent to whih tht test limits ountry9s disretion in reognizing exeptions nd limittions for edutionl purposesF ht nlysis will e di0ult nd my require xdi to onsult with fellow lirrinsF

3.9 Additional resources

e thorough disussion of interntionl opyright lw my e found in ul idwrd qellerD edFD International @P volumesD wtthew fenderAD lthough its overge of developing nd trnE sitionl ountries is thinF @st is lso prohiitively expensive47 AF yther useful pper tretises inlude ul qoldsteinD International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice @yxford niversity ressA nd ilke von vewinskiD snterntionl gopyright vw nd oliy48 @yxford niversity ress PHHVAF en online ourse on snterntionl gopyright vwD direted t lirrinsD my e found here49 D ut it is lso expensiveF en exellent ompendium of the opyright lws in over IHH ountries hs een ssemled y xigyX golletion of xtionl gopyright vws50 F es indited oveD n espeilly importnt omponent of most interntionl opyright greements is the threeEstep testF he most omprehensive nd essile exmintion of the history nd mening of tht test my e found in F fernt rugenholtz 8 uth vF ykedijiD goneiving n snterntionl snstrument on vimittions nd ixeptions to gopyrightX pinl eportD wrh HTD PHHV51 F yther good nlyses of the threeEstep test ville in print ut not online inlude wrtin enftleenD Copyright, Limitations and the Three-Step Test @uluwer vw snt9l PHHRAY nd tne gF qinsurgD 4owrd uprntionl gopyright vwc he y nel heision nd the 4hree tep est4 for gopyright ixemptionsD4 IVU evue interntionle hu hroit h9euteur QD RW @PHHIAF e thorough review of the prinipl exeptions nd limittions to opyrights reognized y the min multilterl greements ! omined with rgument for the lri(tion nd expnsion of those exeptions nd limittionsD emphsizing 4the importne of ess to retive works for developing ountries4 ! my e found in uth vF ykedijiD 4he snterntionl gopyright ystemX vimittionsD ixeptions nd uli snterest gonsidertions for heveloping gountriesD snterntionl gentre for rde nd ustinle hevelopment nd nited xtions gonferene on rde nd hevelopmentD4 sssue per xoF IS @PHHTA52 F snluded in ykediji9s essy is n exellent disussion of the ferne gonvention eppendixF por sy study more skeptil of the vlue of those exeptions nd limittionsD see sy tnding gommittee on gopyright nd elted ightsD sy tudy on vimittions nd ixeptions of gopyright nd elted ights in the higitl invironmentD Wth essionD tune PQEPUD PHHQD sy hoF ggGWGU @epril SD PHHQA53 F en exellent study of the proess of implementing the s egreement @inluding detiled disussion of the omplex proesses tht led to the revised fngui egreement mong the yes ountriesA n e found in grolyn heereD The Implementation Game: The TRIPS Agreement and the Global Politics of Intellectual Property Reform in Developing Countries @yxford PHHWAF he sntrodutionD whih skethes the rgument
Copyright Law and Practive

47 http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/productdetail.jsp?prodId=10440 48 http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199207206.do 49 http://sla.learn.com/learncenter.asp?page=258 50 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 51 http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/hugenholtz/nalreport2008.pdf 52 http://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/docs/ruth%202405.pdf 53 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_9/sccr_9_7.pdf

PQ of the ookD is ville online here54 F por upEtoEdte informtion onerning the implementtion of the i snformtion oiety hiretive y individul ountriesD inluding good iliogrphy of sholrly studies of the implementtion proessD see snstituut voor snfomtiereht @ssAD eport on the smplementtion of the snformtion oiety hiretive55 @PHHVAF

3.9.1 Cases
he following judiil opinion nd summries of rulings issued in y dispute resolution proeedings explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX toined gses gEWPGWP nd gEQPTGWPD hil gollins v smtrt rndelsgesellshft mrY trii smEund ixport erwltungsgesellshft mr nd enother v iws iletrol qmr @IWWQA56 @eppliility of the iig rety to s rightsA rh iF renryD 4he pirst snterntionl ghllenge to FF gopyright vwX ht hoes the y enlysis of IU FFgF IIH@SA wen to the puture of snterntionl rrmoniztion of gopyright vws nder the s egreementcD4 PH enn tte snterntionl vw eview QHI @PHHIA57 F58 @i vsF A tn fohnes 8 edrin imhD 4y nel eport on ghin sX e wixed esultD4 ghin vw 8 rtieD ppF IWEPHD wrh PHHW59 @ vsF ghinA

3.10 Assignment and discussion questions

3.10.1 Assignment
IF hih interntionl treties governing opyright lw hs your ountry signedD rti(edD nd implementedc PF sf your ountry is memer of the ferne gonventionD my your ntionl legislture set the opyright term to either A IPH yers or A PS yersc hy or why notc QF smgine tht your ountry is memer of the ferne gonventionD ut not of the yF husD your ountry is not ound y sF wy your ntionl legislture require foreign opyright holders to register their works with your ountry in order to reeive opyright protetionc sf your legislture did require registrtionD ould other memers of the ferne gonvention tke tion ginst your ountryc row would your nswer e di'erent if your ountry were lso memer of the yc RF uppose tht the (tionl ountry of etlntis hs reently signed nd rti(ed the gF sts ntionl legislture wnts to implement the tretyF etlntis only imports softwre from other ountries nd it hs never efore proteted them under opyright lwF he legislture elieves tht it is in the interest of etlntens to extend s little opyright protetion to omputer progrms s possileF ht provisions of the g would llow etlntens to freely use omputer progrmsc SF ho you think tht oth developed nd developing ountries should hve the sme rules for opyright protetionc hy or why notc TF ed rtile QEI of the drft text of the ePu trety60 F gomment on the importne of one or two provisions for the missions you perform s lirrinF
54 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1405224 55 http://www.ivir.nl/les/implementation_2001_29_EC/index_eng.html 56 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61992J0092:EN:HTML 57 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/Henry%202001.pdf 58 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/Henry%202001.pdf 59 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1516907 60 http://www.cptech.org/a2k/a2k_treaty_may9.pdf

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3.10.2 Discussion Question(s)

lese red the omments on the ePu trety proposls tht your ollegues provided to question TD oveD nd omment on one @or moreA of themF ou my give more exmples sed on situtions you hve fed t workD or projets you ould developF

3.11 Contributors
his module ws reted y etroul ntsiouri61 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz62 D illim pisher63 D rs qsser64 D edm rollnd65 D uimerley ssell66 D eter tszi67 D golin wly68 D endrew woshirni69 D nd ghris eterson70 F

61 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#vantsiouri 62 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 63 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 64 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 65 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 66 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 67 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 68 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 69 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 70 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

Chapter 4
The Scope of Copyright Law
1

4.1 Module 3: The Scope of Copyright Law 4.2 Learning objective

his module disusses the kinds of retions nd the kinds of tivities tht opyright lw does nd does not overF

4.3 Case Study

Angela is considering tape recording her lectures, depositing the tapes in the library, and perhaps selling copies of the recordings to an online publisher. During some of her lectures, Angela plans to perform some traditional folk music. She asks Nadia for advice concerning her rights and obligations.

4.4 Lesson 4.5 What Does Copyright Law Protect?

4.5.1 The Denition of a Literary or Artistic Work

gopyright lw regultes the mking of opies of literry or rtisti worksF ertile PD etion I of the ferne gonvention2 de(nes literry nd rtisti works s followsX
The expression "literary and artistic works" shall include every production in the literary, scientic and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature; dramatic or musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; works of applied art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22659/1.4/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#Berne_Convention

PS

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CHAPTER 4.

THE SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT LAW

o e entitled to protetionD work flling into this rod tegory must stisfy two si requireE mentsX originality nd xationF

4.5.2 The Concept of Originality

xeither the ferne gonvention3 nor the s egreement4 expressly requires originlity for work to e proteted y opyrightF roweverD lmost ll ountries require some level of originlity for work to qulify for opyright protetionF nfortuntelyD there is no stndrd interntionl minimum of originlityF ih ountry independently sets the originlity stndrd tht work must meetF sn some ountriesD suh s the nited ttes nd gndD originlity requires only 4independent oneption4 nd 4re minimum4 of retivityF sn other ountriesD suh s prneD pin nd developing ountries in)uened y the ivilElw trditionD originlity is de(ned s the imprint of the uthor9s personlity on the workF sn most ountriesD the work of uthorship need not e novelD ingeniousD or hve estheti merit in order to stisfy the originlity requirementF por exmpleD the FF upreme gourt in Feist Pulbications v. Rural Telephone Service Co.D RWW FF QRH @IWWIAD de(ned originlity s requiring only tht the work e independently reted y the uthor nd tht it possess t lest some miniml degree of retivityF eording to the gourtD the requisite level of retivity is extremely low nd work need only possess some retive sprk no mtter how rudeD humle or ovious it might eF

4.5.3 4.5.4 Fixation

he ferne gonvention llows memer ountries to deide whether retive works must e (xed to enjoy opyrightF ertile PD etion P of the ferne gonvention sttesX st shll e mtter for legisltion in the ountries of the nion to presrie tht works in generl or ny spei(ed tegories of works shll not e proteted unless they hve een (xed in some mteril formF wny ountries do not require tht work e produed in prtiulr form to otin opyright protetionF por instneD pinD prneD nd eustrli do not require (xtion for opyright protetionF he nited ttes nd gndD on the other hndD require tht the work e (xed in tngile medium of expression to otin opyright protetionF FF lw requires tht the (xtion e stle nd permnent enough to e pereivedD reprodued or ommunited for period of more thn trnsitory durtionF imilrlyD gndin ourts onsider (xtion to require tht the work e expressed to some extent t lest in some mteril formD ple of identi(tion nd hving more or less permnent endurneF he de(nition of (xtion in the nited ttes exludes purely evnesent or trnsient reprodutions suh s those projeted rie)y on sreenD shown eletronilly on television or other thode ry tueD or ptured momentrily in the memory9 of omputerF wny ourtsD inluding those in the nited ttesD hve deemed omputer progrms (xed when stored on silion hipF he udiovisul e'ets of omputer gmes re ommonly onsidered to e (xed euse their repetitiveness mkes them su0iently permnent nd stleF he requirement of (xtion my eome prolemti when pplied to live performnesF por instneD FF lw spei(es tht work must e (xed y or under the uthority of the uthorF his lw produes some surprising resultsF sf horeogrpher hires someone to videotpe performneD the horeogrphy of tht performne will e proteted y opyrightF fut if opies of live performne re reorded nd distriuted without the permission of the horeogrpherD the horeogrphy would not reeive opyright protetion euse tht performne ws not (xed under her uthorityF gountries tht grnt opyright for works regrdless of (xtion do not hve similr prolemsF he egreement on rde elted espets of sntelletul roperty ights @sA requires ll memers of the orld rde yrgniztion @yA to protet live musil performnesF his mens tht even ountries with (xtion requirements must ent sttutes to ensure the protetion of musil performnes without

3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#Berne_Convention 4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#The_Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Asp

PU (xtionF he nited ttesD for instneD ented speil provision prohiiting the (xtion or trnsmission of live musil performne without the onsent of the performersD nd prohiiting the reprodution of opies or phonoreords of n unuthorized (xtion of live musil performneF xotieD howeverD tht this provision is limited to musil performnes nd does not pply to other types of performnesF

4.5.5 The Exclusion of Ideas from Copyright Protection

es disussed in wodule I5 D opyright lw does not protet ides or ftsF snstedD opyright lw only protets the expression of those ides or ftsF he FF opyright sttute is typil exmpleF st redsX  sn no se does opyright protetion for n originl work of uthorship extend to ny ideD proedureD proessD systemD method of opertionD oneptD prinipleD or disoveryD regrdless of the form in whih it is desriedD explinedD illustrted or emodied in suh workF @IU FFgF etion IHP@AA he sme priniple n e found in the mjor opyright tretiesF he ferne gonventionD for exmpleD sttes tht protetion shll not pply to news of the dy or to misellneous fts hving the hrter of mere items of press informtionF foth the s egreement nd the sy gopyright rety @gA stte thtD while expressions re opyrightleD idesD proeduresD methods of opertion or mthemtil onepts s suh re notF ixluding fts nd ides from protetion helps to promote the puli interest in freedom of speehF ixtending opyright protetion to ides or fts would inhiit puli dete y llowing opyright holders to ontrol uses of the onepts or informtion ontined in their worksF foth politil freedom nd the progress of knowledge would su'erF sn dditionD exluding fts nd the fundmentl uilding loks of informtion @suh s the 4news of the dy4A from protetion ensures tht the si proesses of ulturl prodution re not impiredF yn osionD n ide nd its expression my eome indistinguishleF sf there is only one wy of expressing prtiulr ideD the ide nd the expression of tht ide re sid to  merge. he merger dotrine in opyright lw ws developed to del with suh sesD removing from the sope of opyright protetion those expressions tht onstitute the only wy of ommuniting n ideF ht out situtions in whih n ide n only e expressed in limited numer of wysc he ourts in some ountries del with suh situtions y grnting limited or thin opyright protetion to those expressions ! in other wordsD prohiiting only vertim or virtully identil opyingF

4.6

4.6.1 Owning a Copy vs. Owning a Copyright

ywnership of physil opy of work is seprte from opyright ownership in the workF tust euse you own opy of ook doesn9t men you re free to opy itF yrdinrilyD when the retor of work sells or trnsfers opy of it to nother personD she does not surrender her opyright unless she expressly grees to do soF oD for exmpleD the writer of letter or n emil messge retins the opyright in the letter even fter he hs sent it to the reipientF iven though the owner of physil opy of opyrighted work my not e entitled to opy it without permissionD he or she is usully free to sell or rent it to other peopleF he rule tht retes this privilege is known s the 4(rstEsle4 dotrineF es we will seeD it is sujet to ertin exeptions involving ommeril rentl of some types of mterilF por the most prtD the lwful owner of opy of opyrighted work is lso free to destroy or mutilte itF roweverD some treties nd ntionl legl systems reognize morl rights tht set limits on the freedom of the owner to t in these wysF he ferne gonventionD for exmpleD spei(es thtX4sndependently of the uthor9s eonomi rightsD nd even fter trnsfer of the sid rightsD the uthor shll hve the right to lim uthorship of the work nd to ojet to ny distortionD mutiltion or other modi(tion ofD or other derogtory tion in reltion toD the sid workD whih would e prejudiil to his honor or reputtionF4
5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_1:_Copyright_and_the_Public_Domain

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4.7 What is an Author?

4.7.1 Rights Ownership Rules: How to Determine the Original Rights Holder
he ferne gonvention gives memer ountries rod )exiility in determining who is onsidered n uthor @nd therefore the originl opyright holderA of literry or rtisti workF ertile IS@IA of the gonvention providesXsn order tht the uthor of literry or rtisti work proteted y this gonvention shllD in the sene of proof to the ontrryD e regrded s suhD nd onsequently e entitled to institute infringement proeedings in the ountries of the nionD it shll e su0ient for his nme to pper on the work in the usul mnnerF his prgrph shll e pplile even if this nme is pseudonymD where the pseudonym dopted y the uthor leves no dout s to his identityF  he mjority of civil law ountries stipulte tht only persons in the ordinry sense n qulify s uthorsF pnish opyright lwD for exmpleD spei(es the nturl person who retes ny literryD rtistiD or sienti( work shll e onsidered the uthor thereofF imilrlyD prenh opyright lw sttes tht uthorship shll elongD unless proved otherwiseD to the person or persons under whose nme the work hs een dislosedF gommonElw ountriesD y ontrstD more often permit orgniztions ! inluding orportions ! to qulify s uthorsF he author is often de(ned s the person who oneives of nd gives expression to n ideF roweverD in some sesD this determintion eomes more omplitedF st my depend on who ssists in the prodution of the work or who oversees nd direts the rrngement of the detils of the workF sn suh sesD the determintion of uthorship will depend on the fts of the spei( seF

4.7.2 Works by Multiple Authors: Rules for Joint Authorship and Collaborations
toint uthorship exists when two or more persons rete opyrighted workF he opyright lw in most ountries grnts eh ontriutor n undivided shre of the opyright in the workF he ferne gonvention reognizes tht joint uthorship exists ut does not speify the requirements for joint uthorshipD reting signi(nt vrine mong ntionsF gountries in ontinentl iurope typilly stipulte tht joint uthorship does not require tht eh uthor ontriute the sme mount to the workF snstedD it only requires tht eh uthor9s ontriution displys the miniml mount of retivity or originlity neessry in the jurisdition to merit opyright protetion in its own rightF epplying this pprohD the huth upreme gourt deision Kluwer v. LamothD ITW FsFhFeF IPW @IWWTAD grnted stylist oEuthorship sttus for retively rerrnging needleworks for photogrphF sn some ountriesD joint uthorship only rises when eh uthor9s ontriution nnot e seprted nd ommerilly exploited independently of the work s wholeF por instneD tpnese legisltion de(nes joint works s works tht re reted y two or more persons in whih the ontriution of eh person nnot e seprtely exploitedF sf the works n e seprted ! for instneD when one uthor ontriutes the musi nd nother the lyris for song ! eh ontriutor is typilly given n independent opyright in his or her ontriutionF sn other ountriesD like the nited ttesD it is neessry tht eh of the ontriutors intend tht the others should eome joint uthorsF sn shortD the rules on this issue vry sustntilly y ountryF sn ll ountriesD howeverD it is possile for two or more people to shre opyrightF
4.7.2.1

4.7.3 Derivative Works

herivtive works onsist of dpttions or modi(tions of preexisting worksF gommon exmples inlude ridgments or motionEpiture dpttions of novelsF he ferne gonvention does not expliitly refer to derivtive worksF snstedD it lists ertin uses of opyrighted works for whih memer ountries must provide opyright protetionF pei(llyD the ferne gonvention ertile PD etion Q sttesX Translations, adaptations, arrangements of music and other alterations of a literary or artistic work shall be protected as original

PW his provision is inorported into the s egreementF elthough this stndrd protets spei( types of derivtive worksD it does not speify how di'erent derivtive work must e from the originl in order to merit opyright protetionF es resultD it is often unler how muh originlity is required to otin new opyrightF upposeD for exmpleD sulptor retes sle model of odin9s fmous 4inker4 ! whihD euse of its ge ! hs fllen into the puli dominF row muh di'erent from the originl sulpture must the sle model e in order to seure opyright protetionc gourts struggle with this issue ! nd hve produed inonsistent deisionsF ht if the originl work from used to derivtive work hs not fllen into the puli dominD nd the mker of the derivtive works fils to get liense from the holder of the opyright in the originlc sn some ountriesD like the nited ttesD the unuthorized derivtive work does not get ny opyright protetionF sn other ountriesD like the xetherlnds nd prneD the unuthorized derivtive work is protetedF his does not men tht the retor of the derivtive work is free to mke nd sell opies of his retionF therD it mens tht other people @inluding the owner of the opyright in the originl workA must otin the permission of the retor of the derivtive work efore mking or distriuting opies of the derivtive workF
works without prejudice to the copyright of the original work.

4.7.4 Collective Works and Compilations

gompiltions re nother exmple where opyright my e otined through the use nd mnipultion of preexisting worksF gompiltions re works formed y ssemlingD seletingD or rerrnging preexisting works suh tht the result eomes n originl work y the ompilerF golletive works represent spei( type of ompiltion in whih numer of seprte nd independent ontriutions re ssemled into one workF e olletive workD thenD is work y two or more uthors tht is not ohesive enough to qulify s joint work on its ownF ertile PD etion S of the ferne gonvention only requires the protetion of olletive worksX  golletions of literry or rtisti works suh s enylopedis nd nthologies whihD y reson of the seletion nd rrngement of their ontentsD onstitute intelletul retions shll e proteted s suhD without prejudie to the opyright in eh of the works forming prt of suh olletionsF  ertile IHD etion P of the s egreementD on the other hndD requires memer ountries of the y to extend opyright protetion to ll ompiltionsX  gompiltions of dt or other mterilD whether in mhine redle or other formD whih y reson of the seletion or rrngement of their ontents onstitute intelletul retions shll e proteted s suhF uh protetionD whih shll not extend to the dt or mteril itselfD shll e without prejudie to ny opyright susisting in the dt or mteril itselfF he lst sentene of this provision should e emphsizedF nless dtse is reted in memer ountry of the iuropen nion @the only re tht hs reted sui generis system of protetions for dtsesAD other people re free to extrt nd opy the ontents of the dtseF he only thing they my not do is reprodue the originl wy in whih those ontents re seleted nd rrngedF

4.7.5 Employees and Works for Hire

imployees re often hired to rete literry or rtisti works for their employerF his reltionship sometimes onfuses the llotion of uthorship rightsF fy defultD ivil lw ountries vest uthorship nd its ttendnt rights in the employeeD not the employerF his pproh requires tht employers ontrt with employees to otin the opyrights to the retive worksF por instneD the prenh sntelletul roperty gode stipultes tht opyright vests in the work9s tul uthor nd not his employerF here is n exeption in the prenh gode for some tegories of workD suh s softwreD where rights re immeditely ssigned to the employerF yn the other hndD some ivil lw ountriesD inluding qermnyD utomtilly ssign opyright from the employee to the employerF gommonElw ountriesD suh s the nited ttesD gndD nd the nited uingdomD y defult wrd the opyright for n employee9s invention to her employerF por instneD gndin opyright lw sttes tht if work is reted within the sope of employmentD the person y whom the uthor ws employed shllD in the sene of greement to the ontrryD e the (rst holder of the opyrightF nder the fritish gopyrightD hesigns nd tents et of IWVVD if opyrighted work is mde y n employee in the ourse of

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tht employmentD the opyright is utomtilly owned y the employer s 4work for hireF4 he nited ttes hs similr ruleD ut lso provides tht work my eome 4work for hire4 even if it is reted y n independent ontrtor @rther thn n employee ting within the sope of employmentA so long s the work @A flls within limited list of eligile types of works nd @A the prties gree in writing tht it shll e lssi(ed s work for hireF

4.7.6 Civil Servants, Researchers and Professors

sn some ountriesD ollege nd university fulty memers hve een exempted from the "work for hire" dotrineF sn some ountriesD works mde in the sope of the employment of ivil servnts re lso exluded from the work for hire dotrineD euse they re denied opyright protetion ltogetherF sn other ountriesD this is not trueF por instneD opyright lw in the gzeh epuli ontins presumption tht work reted y ivil servnt is work for hireD nd the opyright nd uthorship rights re grnted to the employerF

4.8 The Relationship Between Copyright Infringement and Other Unauthorized Activities
Copyright infringement is the unuthorized use of opyrighted work in mnner tht violtes one of the opyright holder9s exlusive rights nd does not fll into ny of the exeptions to or limittions on the holder9s rightsF e will exmine those rights nd exeptions in detil in wodule RX ightsD ixeptionsD nd vimittions6 F st should e emphsized tht opyright infringement overs only suset of the wys in whih opyrighted works my e used without permissionF ome uses of opyrighted works my not infringe opyright ut my violte other legl rulesF ythers my violte nonlegl soil normsF till others my e lwful uses tht re soilly pprovedF his omplex pttern of norms (nds expression in vriety of terms tht re frequently onfusedF e explin some of them elowY they will e studied further in wodule UX inforement7 F "Plagiarism" is the use of someone else9s ides or words without properly rediting the soureF st is entirely seprte from opyright lwF lgirism is not violtion of legl rulesD ut insted of soil normsF gommon soil sntions for plgirism re expulsion or suspension from shoolD dishrge from joD nd soil dispprovlF gustoms nd ttitudes pertining to plgirism vry somewht y ountryF por exmpleD reently young qermn novelist ws found to hve opied without permission or ttriution signi(nt pssges from other novelsF he hs een treted muh more leniently8 thn young emerin uthor who few yers go engged in very similr ehviorF9 ettitudes towrd plgirism even vry somewht etween demi disiplinesF por exmpleD the de(nition of plgirism dopted y the emerin ristoril essoition10 is not extly the sme s the stndrd dopted y the wodern vnguge essoition11 F pinllyD plgirism y orporte exeutives12 is often treted s muh less serious thn plgirism y novelistsD demisD or journlistsF Piracy hs no strit de(nition within @or outside ofA opyright lwF sn reent yersD the term hs eome ommon wy for some to refer to unuthorized nd unexused reprodutions of udio nd video reordingsF roweverD the opyright lws do not themselves refer to piryF ine the term is ssoited with the violene tht ompnies the seizure of ships on the high sesD mny rgue tht it is misleding when used in onnetion with unuthorized uses of retive worksF
6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 7 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_7:_Enforcement 8 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/world/europe/12germany.html 9 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/books/28author.html?_r=1 10 http://www.historians.org/pubs/free/professionalstandards.cfm#Plagiarism 11 http://www.english.udel.edu/kharbot/write/mlaandpla.html 12 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/business/media/03leonhardt.html

QI
Counterfeiting is de(ned in vrious wysF wost oftenD the term refers to the retion or distriution of imittions of genuine works with the intent to deeive the puli out their uthentiityF gounterfeiting in this sense is governed primrily y trdemrk lw nd the lw of unfir ompetitionD not y opyright lwF roweverD the proposed entiEgounterfeiting rde egreement @egeA13 D urrently under negotition @s disussed in wodule PX he snterntionl prmework14 AD myD when (nishedD require memer ountries to expnd the overge of opyright lw in this reF

4.9 Copyright Duration

he ferne gonvention requires minimum opyright term of the life of the uthor plus n dditionl SH yers fter her deth for ll works exept photogrphs nd inemti worksF wemer ountries re freeD howeverD to dopt longer termsD sujet to one limittionX  sn ny seD the term shll e governed y the legisltion of the ountry where protetion is limedY howeverD unless the legisltion of tht ountry otherwise providesD the term shll not exeed the term (xed in the ountry of origin of the workF  wny ountries hve exerised the disretion left to them y the ferne gonventionF he result is tht the durtion of opyright vries sustntilly y ountryD reting omplited interntionl pthwork of opyright durtion terms determined y the tegory of workD the nture of the work9s uthorshipD nd the dte of retion or pulition of the workF he gzeh epuli nd the xetherlndsD for instneD grnt opyright protetion for the life of the uthor plus UH yers for literry works generllyD ut ompute the opyright9s durtion from the deth of the longest living joint uthor @plus n dditionl UH yersA for jointly uthored worksF his onstrution is deeptively simpleD euse it pplies only to works reted on or fter epril UD PHHH nd heemer PWD IWWSD respetivelyF orks reted efore those dtes re sujet to di'erent nd more omplited opyright durtion termsF imilrlyD most literry nd rtisti works re sujet to minimum opyright durtion of life of the uthor plus SH yers under the s egreementF sn ontrstD s only mndtes tht the opyright in sound reordings e reognized for minimum of SH yers fter (xtonF husD for exmpleD the term of protetion for sound reordings in the nited ttes is life of the uthor plus UH yers for works (xed on or fter tnury ID IWUVF sn eustrliD opyright protetion for sound reordings extends for UH yers fter (xtionD if (xtion ourred fter PHHRF sn frzilD ll sound reordings (xed fter IWWV re proteted under neighoring rights for UH yers eginning in the yer fter the work is (rst (xedF sn ghinD sound reordings re proteted under neighoring rights for SH yers eginning t the end of the yer in whih the work is (xedF por further reding on the sujetD you my onsult the gse of the gndin ynline epositories of uli homin15 nd eent erm ixtensions gontroversies @ildred vF eshroftA16 F

4.10 4.11 Extensions of the Scope of Copyright Protection

sn reent yers opyright lw hs expnded to enompss more types of worksD lst for longer period of timeD nd to provide greter protetions for opyrighted worksF es we sw in wodule PX he snterntionl prmework17 D the ferne gonventionD the s egreementD nd the sy gopyright rety ll set minimum stndrds of protetion tht ountries must meetD nd together expnd opyright protetion in ll ountriesF por exmpleD opyright lw @or the losely relted set of neighoring rightsA hs een extended to
13 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#The_proposed_AntiCounterfeiting_Trade_Agreement_.28ACTA.29 14 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework 15 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Case_of_the_Canadian_Online_Repositories_of_Public_Domain 16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Recent_Term_Extensions_Controversies_%28Eldred_v._Ashcroft%29 17 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

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over udio reordingsD rhiteturl worksD nd omputer progrmsF he durtion of opyright hs expnded over the yersD from IR yers under the ttute of enne to the urrent minimum of life of the uthor plus SH yers for most worksF eent treties hve lso inluded provisions prohiiting the irumvention of mehnisms to ontrol reprodution or distriution of opyrighted worksF ome of these extensions rguly stimulte dditionl retivity y inentivizing itF roweverD the extension of opyright to more kinds of works nd for greter length of time hs resulted in the redution of the mount of mteril in the puli dominF es resultD mterils tht otherwise ould hve een used in the retion of new rtisti or literry works n no longer e usedF es opyright lw hs expnded it hs lso frgmentedF sn other wordsD speil rules hve een devised to del with prtiulr kinds of worksF ome of those speil rules re desried elowF

4.11.1 4.11.2 Audiovisual/Cinematographic Works

eudiovisul or inemtogrphi works re olletive projets tht often involve the ontriutions of severl individul uthorsF qiven the lrge numer of people tht re involved in their retionD treting eh ontriutor s joint uthor of the work would give rise to prtil prolemsF por instneD eh ontriutor would e free to liense use of the work to nyone they hoseD potentilly resulting in use of the work in mnner tht other ontriutors found ojetionleF hi'erent ountries hve tried to overome this prolem in di'erent wysF he prenh sntelletul roperty gode trets ontriutors to (lms s oEuthors ut inludes in the uthorEproduer reltionship trnsfer of the exploittion rights of the mteril to the produerF gountries suh s the nited uingdom nd the nited ttesD y ontrstD vest the uthorship nd opyright ownership of these works in single person or orgniztionF por instneD the IWVV gopyrightD hesigns nd tent et in the nited uingdom typilly vests exploittion rights in the produerF fy ontrstD s ws suggested oveD the FF gopyright et trets the ontriutions to udiovisul or inemtogrphi work s works for hireD therey vesting uthorship nd opyright ownership in one entityD gin typilly the produerF he ferne gonvention reognizes nd respets the di'erenes mong ountries in the llotion of rights in udiovisul nd inemtogrphi worksF his phenomenon is desried further in the ights ywnership nd orks for rire topi in wodule RX ightsD ixeptionsD nd vimittions18 F
4.11.2.1

4.11.3 Computer Programs

gomputer progrms onstitute nother speil tegory of worksF elthough the ferne gonvention does not ddress omputer progrmsD the s egreement requires y memer ountries to protet omputer progrms s literry worksF vike udiovisul worksD omputer progrms re often the produts of the e'orts of mny individulsF rere tooD ountries vry in the wy they hndle llotion of uthorship rightsF qermn opyright lwD for exmpleD ontins presumption giving exlusive rights in omputer softwre to the employerF
4.11.3.1

4.11.4 Broadcast, Recording, Interpretation

he ferne gonvention requires tht the uthor of opyrighted work e given the exlusive right to uthorize

the rodsting of her work or its ommunition to the puli y ny mens of wireless di'usion of signsD sounds or imgesY
18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations

QQ

further ommunition to the puli y wire or y rerodsting of the originl rodst of the workD when this ommunition is mde y n orgniztion other thn the originl rodsterY the puli ommunition y loudspeker or ny other nlogous instrument trnsmittingD y signsD sounds or imgesD the rodst of the workF
he ferne gonvention permits individul ountries to determine whih of these rights my e exerised nd in wht irumstnesF roweverD it requires tht they should not e pplied in wy tht would negtively 'et n uthor9s morl rightsF

4.12 Back to the case study

xdi should (rst tell engel tht until she reords the letures @or writes them downA she does not hve ny opyrights in their ontentsF es soon s she reords themD howeverD she owns the opyright in themD even if she hs not pplied opyright noties to the tpesF xdi should next tell engel tht the musil ompositions she is onsidering performing re proly su0iently old tht they re no longer overed y opyrightF @xdi should hek her lol opyright sttute nd the dtes the ompositions were (rst pulished to e sureFA roweverD it is possile tht those ompositions re sujet to speil rules governing folklore nd trditionl knowledgeF xdi might volunteer to reserh this issue furtherD dvising engel to wit until she hs done so efore mking the reordings ! nd ertinly efore mking them pulily villeF es to whether engel should hrge other musi professors nd students for ess to her reordingsD xdi suggests they postpone disussing tht issueF @purther relevnt informtion will e presented in wodule TX gretive epprohes nd elterntives19 AF

4.13 Additional Resources

wjor tretises tht inlude extensive disussion of the overge of opyright lw inlude ximmer on gopyE right20 @uthorittiveD ut stronomilly expensiveA nd qoldstein on gopyright21 @more oniseD nd somewht less expensiveAF e muh shorter disussion of how the sope of opyright lw hs inresed over time my e found in illim pisherD 4qeistiges iigentum E ein usufernder ehtsereihX hie qeshihte des sdeenshutzes in den ereinigten ttenD4 in iigentum im interntionlen ergleih @ndenhoek 8 uprehtD IWWWAD PTSE WI @inglish version ville sX he qrowth of sntelletul ropertyX e ristory of the ywnership of sdes in the nited ttes22 AF e more reent nd more extended disussion of the sme topi is tmes foyleD he uli hominX inlosing the gommons of the wind23 @le niversity ress PHHVA @ville for free onlineAF he est ommentry on opyright lw in generl nd its sope in prtiulr remins ook pulished in IWTU y fenjmin uplnX en nhurried iew of gopyright24 F dlyD it is only ville in printF e good disussion of the onept of originlity in opyright lwD juxtposing the versions of the onept used in the nd in the iD n e found in oftwre preedom vw genterD yriginlity equirements under FF nd iFF gopyright vw25 e thorough disussion of the genesis of the 4work for hire4 dotrine n e found in eter tsziD 4owrd heory of gopyrightX he wetmorphoses of 9euthorshipD94 IWWI huke vFtF RSSF
19 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_6:_Creative_Approaches_and_Alternatives 20 http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/productdetail.jsp?prodId=10441 21 http://www.amazon.com/Goldstein-Copyright-Paul/dp/0735544859 22 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/iphistory.pdf 23 http://www.thepublicdomain.org/ 24 http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/productdetail.jsp?prodId=57038 25 http://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2007/originality-requirements.html

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CHAPTER 4.

THE SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT LAW

4.14 4.15 Cases

he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX peist ulitionsD snFD vF url elephone ervie goFD RWW FF QRH @IWWIA26 @originlityA fekinghm vF rodgensD righ gourt of tustie @givil hivisionAD P tuly PHHP27 @joint uthorshipA gommunity for gretive xonEiolene vF eidD RWH FF UQH @IWVWA @employment reltionshipsA28 gse gEPRHGHUD ony wusi intertinment @qermnyA qmr vF plon xeue wedien ertrie qmr @PHHUA29 ildred vF eshroftD SQU FF IVT @PHHQA30 @durtionA gomputer essoites vF eltiD WVP pFPd TWQ @Pnd girF IWWPA31 @omputer softwreA

4.16 Assignment and discussion questions

4.16.1 Assignment
IF ht is the opyright term in your ountryc vist some of the uthors whose work will fll in the puli domin in your ountry on tnury I of the oming yerF PF row do you think opyright lw should pply to situtions in whih mny people ontriute smll mounts to n online resourec por exmpleD suppose tht ikipedi32 hd not dopted forml opyright poliyF row should ontriutions to it e tretedc

4.16.2 Discussion Question(s)

gomment on the nswers of your ollegues

4.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y snge ysmn33 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz34 D illim pisher35 D rs qsser36 D edm rollnd37 D uimerley ssell38 D eter tszi39 D golin wly40 D endrew woshirni41 D nd ghris eterson42 F

26 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/1991%20Feist.pdf 27 http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsles/j1577/hodgens_v_beckingham.htm 28 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/1989%20CCNV.pdf 29 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007J0240:EN:HTML 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/2003%20ELDRED%20V.%20ASHCROFT%20Abridged.html 31 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/1992%20Altai.pdf 32 http://www.wikipedia.com/ 33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#osman 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 35 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 36 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 37 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

Chapter 5
Rights, Exceptions, and Limitations
1

5.1 Module 4: Rights, Exceptions, and Limitations 5.2 Learning objective

his module will teh you out the rights of opyright holder nd out the exeptions to nd limittions on those rightsF

5.3 Case study

wriD engel9s untD is olletor of sheet musiF wny of the douments in her olletion re hndwrittenY some re uniqueF he hs just deided to donte the entire olletion to the university lirryF engel meets with xdi to disuss how the lirry might est mke use of the olletionF sn prtiulrD engel sks xdi to mke digitl opies of ll of the ompositions in wri9s olletion nd to mke those opies ville to the world on the lirry9s serversF

5.4 Lesson 5.5 Economic Rights

5.5.1 Rights Relating to Reproduction and Distribution of a Work

he hert of opyright lw is the right to mke opies of proteted workF his is lled the "right of reproduction." he opyright holder hs the exlusive right to mke or uthorize suh opiesF greting opy without the uthoriztion of the holder infringes upon the opyrightD unless permitted y n exeption to or limittion on the reprodution rightF es we sw in wodule PX he snterntionl prmework2 D the right of reprodution is widely knowledged y interntionl greementsF es we will soon disussD howeverD those sme greements lso empower memer ountries to rete exeptions nd limittions to this @nd otherA rightsF he opyright sttutes of virtully ll ountries reognize the right of reprodutionF ht does 4reprodution4 menc wost oviouslyD it inludes mking opy in the literl sense ! for exmpleD y photoopying ook or rtileF st lso inludes onverting opyrighted work into new formt ! suh s using tpe reorder to opy vinyl lumF vess oviouslyD it inludes mking new work tht is 4sustntilly similr4 to n existing workD while hving tht existing work in mindF oD for exmpleD n rt student who stnds in front of pinting nd pints fithful repli of it would violte the
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22656/1.4/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

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CHAPTER 5.

RIGHTS, EXCEPTIONS, AND LIMITATIONS

originl pinter9s right of reprodution @unless the student ould invoke one of the exeptions or limittions disussed previouslyAF es one might imgineD the question of how lose one work must e to nother to e 4sustntilly similr4 is highly ontroversil nd is often litigtedF glosely relted to the right of reprodution is the right of adaptationD whih provides opyright holders with the right to dpt opyrighted work from one form of expression to notherD or to uthorize nother to do soF ixmples of dpttions inlude trnsforming ook into movie or song into musilF he right of dpttion is lso found in virtully ll opyright systemsF por exmpleD ertile IP of the ferne gonvention3 requires memer ountries to grnt uthors the right to uthorize dpttionsD rrngementsD nd other ltertions of opyrighted worksF he right of dpttion lso enompsses the right to trnslte work into other lngugesF ertile V of the ferne gonvention4 requires memer ountries to reognize this right of trnsltionF sn some legl systemsD the right of dpttion is expressed s the right to mke derivtive worksD whih use the originl work s strting point ut re not diret opies of the originl workF sn most ountriesD the reprodution right nd the dpttion right re losely lignedF sn other wordsD the mjority of tivities tht violte the dpttion right lso violte the reprodution rightF roweverD there re exeptionsF por exmpleD utting up photogrph to inlude it in ollge my violte the dpttion right @unless of ourse tht ehvior is exused y one of the exeptions or limittionsAF futD euse tht tivity did not entil mking new opyD it would not violte the right of reprodutionF roweverD the degree of overlp etween these two rights vries somewht y ountryF hih of the two rights is implited y prtiulr se will sometimes mke di'erene ! for exmpleD if the opyright owner hs grnted liense for one of the rights ut not the otherF row fr do these rights rehc ell from wodule QX he ope of gopyright vw5 tht opyright only protets the expression of idesD not the ides or fts themselvesF husD work tht is inspired y the ides ontined in nother work ut does not use ny of the proteted expression from the initil work is neither reprodution nor n dpttionD nd will not violte the opyright holder9s rightsF elsoD note tht ertile P@QA of the ferne gonvention6 provides tht uthorized dpttions re proteted y their ownD seprte opyrightD in ddition to the opyright protetion given to the originl workF pinllyD opyright holder lso hs the exlusive right to distribute his or her workD nd the right to import opies of the work sujet to ertin exeptionsF he right to distriute enompsses the right to sell or uthorize the initil sle of opy of the workF

5.5.2 Rights Relating to Communication of a Work to the Public

enother importnt eonomi right of opyright holder is the right to ommunite the work to the puliF sn mny ountriesD this right is expressed s the right of public performance and public displayF he right of puli performne reltes to showings of plysD moviesD nd musiF he right of puli disply reltes to the disply of rtwork suh s pintings nd sulpturesF ertile II of the ferne gonvention7 requires memer ountries to grnt the holders of opyrights in drmti nd musil works the right to ontrol puli performnes of those works y ny mens or proess @inludingD for exmpleD live performne or plying reording of performneAF ertile II lso extends the right of puli performne to trnsltions of opyrighted workF st lso requires tht opyright holders e given the right to uthorize the rodsting or puli ommunition of the opyrighted work y wireD loudspekerD or ny nlogous instrument trnsmittingD y signsD soundsD or imgesF es their lels inditeD the rights of puli disply nd puli performne only ontrol tivities tht re puliF husD persons who own uthorized opies of opyrighted works my disply or rodst the works in nonEpuli settings without risk of infringementF por exmpleD person who owns opy of movie my ply the movie in her home to group of soil guests without infringing the right of puli performneF
3 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P168_31376 4 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P138_25087 5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_3:_The_Scope_of_Copyright_Law 6 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P85_10661 7 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P151_28262

QU imilrlyD person who owns pinting or sulpture my disply the work in her home without infringing the right of puli displyF he opyright holder9s right to ontrol the puli performne of her work extends to mny ommuniE tions tht might not initilly seem like performnesF por exmpleD s indited oveD it grnts opyright holder the right to uthorize rodsts of her workF his inludes television rodstingD le distriutionD stellite distriutionD nd reErodsts of workF st n lso enompss onEdemnd digitl trnsmissions nd pyEperEview rodstsF et lest in some ountriesD the right lso extends to performnes in settings tht don9t seem espeilly 4puli4 in the ordinry sense ! for exmpleD in shoolsD nursing homesD nd prisonsF he sy gopyright rety @gA nd sy erformers nd honogrms rety @AD disussed in wodule P8 D ltered this set of rules sutly ! nd in wys tht hve not yet een fully resolvedF ertile V of the g nd ertiles IH nd IP of the require memer ountries to reognize right to mke opyrighted work 4ville4 to the puliF he nited ttes hs tken the position tht these trety provisions do not require ny hnge in the wy tht the hs formulted nd enfored the right of puli performneF xot ll ountries greeF he iD for exmpleD hs tken the position tht the 4mking ville4 right dds something newF he prinipl irumstne in whih this disgreement might mke di'erene is when someone posts opyrighted doument on wesiteD ut no one hs yet downloded itF he tretment of suh ses my vry y ountryF

5.6 Moral Rights

wny ountries provide uthors moral rights in ddition to economic rights. nlike eonomi rightsD morl rights usully nnot e trnsferred to other personsD lthough mny ountries llow them to e wived ! either ltogether @for exmpleD in the nited ttesA or in onjuntion with spei( lienses of eonomi rights @for exmpleD in prneAF he limits on trnsfers of morl rights re)ets the rtionle tht underlie them ! nmelyD tht the works produed y n uthor re n extension of his or her self nd er the n imprint of his or her personlityF eordinglyD morl rights protet ertin opyrighted works from destrution or mutiltionD prtilly to protet the uthor9s expression of her personlityD nd prtilly to protet the uthor9s reputtion from hrmF worl rights re reognized espeilly rodly in ountries with ivil lw trditionsF eognition of limited suset of morl rights is mndted y ertile Tis of the ferne gonvention9 F ertile Tis requires tht the uthor of work e given t lest two types of morl rightsF he (rst is ommonly know s the "right of attribution." st enompsses not only the right of n uthor to hve her nme ssoited with her worksD ut lso the right to not hve her nme ssoited with works tht re not hersF he right of ttriution lso gives n uthor the right to pulish work under pseudonymF he seond morl right required y ertile Tis is the uthor9s right to ojet to the destrution or modi(tion of her work in wy tht would hrm her honor or reputtionF his is ommonly known s the "right of
integrity."

elthough ertile Tis reommends tht these morl rights extend fter the uthor9s dethD t lest until the eonomi rights expireD it lso llows memer ountries to limit morl rights to the life of the uthorF roweverD the protetions of ertile Tis re not s strong s they my seemD euse it is the only provision in the ferne gonvention tht is not inorported y the s egreementF hus the teeth provided y the y dispute resolution system re not ville to ompel memer ountries to reognize morl rightsF sn ddition to the right of ttriution nd the right of integrityD mny ountries lso reognize right of dislosure nd right of withdrwlF he former gives n uthor the exlusive right to determine when she will relese work to the puliF his right tkes preedene even over ontrtul ommitment y the uthor to trnsfer the work to lient or ptronF he ltter permits n uthor to withdrw works from pulition or irultion if she determines tht she no longer wnts to e represented y or ssoited with those prtiulr worksF his right is muh less powerful in prtie thn it (rst ppersD oth euse the
8 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework 9 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P123_20726

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CHAPTER 5.

RIGHTS, EXCEPTIONS, AND LIMITATIONS

uthor would hve to py the people from who the opies re withdrwn nd euse the right of withdrwl is trumped y the right of purhser to keep goods he or she hs purhsedF es resultD it is lmost never invokedF st is importnt to hek your ountry9s sttutory provisions relting to morl rightsF xtions vry onsiderly on the rights they reognizeD the durtion of those rightsD whether they my e wivedD nd so forthF por exmpleD in pinD seven morl rights re reognizedX the right of dislosureD the right to pulish under the uthor9s rel nme or pseudonymD the right to e knowledged s the uthor of the workD the right to the integrity of the work @whih inludes the right to prevent distortion or modi(tion of the workAD the right to modify the work @limited y other sttutory provisionsAD the right to withdrw the workD nd the right of ess to single or rre opy of the workD even if tht opy is owned y third prty @though the uthor9s exerise of this right is limited y ertin onsidertions for the holder of the opyAF

5.7 Neighboring and "Sui Generis" Rights

Neighboring rights

@lso lled related rightsA onsist of the rights of those who ssist the uthor of opyrighted workD ut who do not qulify for opyright in the workF hey inlude the rights of rodsters nd rodsting orgniztions in their trnsmissions of progrms @s opposed to the opyrights in the progrms themselvesAD the right of n rtist in her performne of piee @s distinguished from the opyright in the underlying work itselfAD nd the right of the produer of reord @s opposed to the opyright in the musil ompositions tht the reord emodiesAF st is importnt to keep these neighoring rights in mindD in ddition to the rights of the opyright holderD when onsidering wht uses of given work re permissileF sn ddition to the neighoring rights tthed to performnesD some ountries reently hve reognized rights in dtsesD semiondutor hip designsD otEhull designsD nd so forthF hese rights re ommonly known s sui generis rights ! lthough the distintion etween 4neighoring rights4 nd 4sui generis4 rights is lrgely ritrryF yf these new rightsD the only one tht might signi(ntly 'et the tivities of lirrins is the protetion of dtsesF es indited oveD most ountries use ordinry opyright lw to protet originl wys in whih the dt in dtse is seleted or rrngedF futD so frD only in the iuropen nion re the contents of the dtse protetedF he i9s dtse protetion system is highly ontroversilF gritis ontend tht it is unneessry to provide inentives for the retion of dtses nd merely impedes the )ow of ftul informtionF roweverD e'orts to test this ritiism empirilly y ompring the rtes of dtse innovtion in ountries with nd without dtse protetion rules hve thus fr een inonlusiveF ntil the dispute is resolvedD dtse protetion is unlikely to spred to developing ountriesF

5.8 Rental and Lending Rights

sn ddition to the rights desried oveD in some ountries the holders of opyrights in some kinds of works hve een given rights of vrious sorts in situtions where their works re temporrily mde ville to other personsF wo quite di'erent rights must e distinguishedF e rental right governs situtions in whih opy of opyrighted work is rented to someone for ommeril dvntgeF e public lending right governs situtions in whih opy of opyrighted work is provided temporrily y n institution to ptron for freeF he lending prties of lmost ll puli nd demi lirries would fll under the seond hedingF foth rights re reltively new nd remin highly ontroversilF he s egreement @in ertile IIAD the g @in ertile UAD nd the @in ertiles W nd IQA now ll require memer ountries to reognize rentl rights ! ut only with respet to three nrrow tegories of worksX omputer progrmsD moviesD nd phonogrmsF xone of these greements ! nd no other multilterl trety ! requires memer ountries to reognize puli lending rightsF hus frD only one regionl greement requires memer ountries to estlish puli lending rightsX the IWWP entl nd vending ights hiretive of the i10 F ertiles I nd P of tht
10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rental_Directive

QW diretive require memers to extend oth rentl nd lending rightsD not just to performersD phonogrm produersD nd (lm produersD ut lso to 4uthorsF4 ertile S of the diretive permits memer ountries to limit the lending rightD ut only if uthors re ompenstedD or to exempt tegories of institutions from its overgeD ut only if they do not therey e'etively exempt ll institutionsF he diretive proved extremely ontroversilD nd forml proeedings were neessry to fore severl i memers to onform to itF qiven the highly inomplete overge of rentl nd puli lending rights in the suprntionl greementsD it is not surprising tht mny ountries urrently do not reognize themF yf prtiulr importne to lirriesD urrently only PW ountries11 hve estlished puli lending rights systemsF wost of those ountries re in iuropeF he nited ttes does not hve oneD nor does ny ountry in vtin emeriD efriD or esiF virrins in developing ountries my soon e lled upon to prtiipte in disussions onerning whether their ountries should dopt puli lending right systemF ht position should they tkec he snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions nd snstitutions @spveA12 o'ers two sensile reommenE dtions13 F pirstD lirrins should not ept ny legisltive proposls tht would require the lirries themselves to py fees to uthorsD performersD nd produersF he only wys tht lirries ould mke suh pyments would e either to hrge users or to withdrw sre resoures from other progrmsF iither strtegy would fundmentlly impir the lirries9 ore missionF sn shortD the only eptle version of puli lending system would e one in whih the governmentD not the lirriesD pid the fees ! s ours in most iuropen ountriesF eondD the spve rgues tht even system in whih the government pid the fees would e unwise in developing ountriesD euse it would redue the money the government ould spend on even more essentil soil or ulturl funtions ! suh s providing its itizens dequte helth re or si edutionsF his issue will lmost ertinly require lirrins9 lose ttention in the ner futureF

5.9 Exceptions and Limitations

es ws shown in wodule PX he snterntionl prmework14 D ll of the interntionl opyright greements permit ountries to mke ertin exeptions to the rights we hve desried thus frF ivery ountry hs indeed mde suh exeptionsF he purposes of these exeptions vryF ome re justi(ed y the need to respet freedom of expression or privyF ythers re intended to prevent opyright lw from frustrting rther thn fostering retivityF till others reognize the impossiility of monitoring nd hrging for some usesF he list of exeptions is very longF sn generlD the exeptions should e onsidered just s importnt s the rights they qulifyF ogetherD they re intended to strike lne etween the interests of uthors nd the interests of users nd the puli t lrgeF por this resonD it is sometimes sid tht the exeptions rete 4user rightsF4 he exeptions tke one of two formsF ixeptions of the (rst type identify spei( permissile tivitiesF en in)uentil exmple of this pproh is ertile S of the i gopyright hiretive15 F etion P of tht rtile uthorizes i memer ountries to provide for the following exeptions to the right of reprodutionX
(a) in respect of reproductions on paper or any similar medium, eected by the use of any kind of photographic technique or by some other process having similar eects, with the exception of sheet music, provided that the rightholders receive fair compensation;

(b) in respect of reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non-application of technological measures referred to in Article 6 to the work or subject-matter concerned;

11 http://www.plrinternational.com/established/established.htm 12 http://www.ia.org/en/about 13 http://www.ia.org/en/publications/the-ia-position-on-public-lending-right 14 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework 15 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=32001L0029&model=guichett

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CHAPTER 5.

RIGHTS, EXCEPTIONS, AND LIMITATIONS

(c) in respect of specic acts of reproduction made by publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments or museums, or by archives, which are not for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage;

(d) in respect of ephemeral recordings of works made by broadcasting organisations by means of their own facilities and for their own broadcasts; the preservation of these recordings in ocial archives may, on the grounds of their exceptional documentary character, be permitted;

(e) in respect of reproductions of broadcasts made by social institutions pursuing non-commercial purposes, such as hospitals or prisons, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation.

etion Q then uthorizes memer sttes to rete ny of the following exeptions oth to the right of reprodution nd to the right to ommunite or mke works ville to the puliX
(a) use for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientic research, as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible and to the extent justied by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;

(b) uses, for the benet of people with a disability, which are directly related to the disability and of a non-commercial nature, to the extent required by the specic disability;

(c) reproduction by the press, communication to the public or making available of published articles on current economic, political or religious topics or of broadcast works or other subjectmatter of the same character, in cases where such use is not expressly reserved, and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, or use of works or other subject-matter in connection with the reporting of current events, to the extent justied by the informatory purpose and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible;

(d) quotations for purposes such as criticism or review, provided that they relate to a work or other subject-matter which has already been lawfully made available to the public, that, unless this turns out to be impossible, the source, including the author's name, is indicated, and that their use is in accordance with fair practice, and to the extent required by the specic purpose;

(e) use for the purposes of public security or to ensure the proper performance or reporting of administrative, parliamentary or judicial proceedings;

(f ) use of political speeches as well as extracts of public lectures or similar works or subject-matter to the extent justied by the informatory purpose and provided that the source, including the author's name, is indicated, except where this turns out to be impossible;

(g) use during religious celebrations or ocial celebrations organised by a public authority;

(h) use of works, such as works of architecture or sculpture, made to be located permanently in public places;

RI
(i) incidental inclusion of a work or other subject-matter in other material;

(j) use for the purpose of advertising the public exhibition or sale of artistic works, to the extent necessary to promote the event, excluding any other commercial use;

(k) use for the purpose of caricature, parody or pastiche;

(l) use in connection with the demonstration or repair of equipment;

(m) use of an artistic work in the form of a building or a drawing or plan of a building for the purposes of reconstructing the building;

(n) use by communication or making available, for the purpose of research or private study, to individual members of the public by dedicated terminals on the premises of establishments referred to in paragraph 2(c) of works and other subject-matter not subject to purchase or licensing terms which are contained in their collections;

(o) use in certain other cases of minor importance where exceptions or limitations already exist under national law, provided that they only concern analogue uses and do not aect the free circulation of goods and services within the Community, without prejudice to the other exceptions and limitations contained in this Article.

wny of these exeptions plinly ene(t the lirries @nd their usersA in the i ountries tht hve reognized themF ispeilly noteworthy re the exeptions for 4spei( ts of reprodution mde y pulily essile lirries4 so long s they re not for 4eonomi or ommeril dvntge4 nd 4uses for the ene(t of people with disilityF4 ht sidD the set of exeptions ontined in ertile S of the i gopyright hiretive is surely not the only exmple of the enumertedElist pprohF he threeEstep testD disussed in wodule P16 D gives individul ountries onsiderly more ltitude in seleting exeptions nd limittions thn the i hs exerisedF ome ountries hve gone good del furtherF he seond generl pproh is to stte some generl guidelines for permissile uses nd then delegte to the ourts responsiility for pplying those ftors to individul sesF he premier exmple of this pproh is the fir use dotrine in the nited ttesD whih is emodied in setion IHU of the FF gopyright etX
Notwithstanding the [statutory provisions granting copyright holders exclusive rights], the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specied by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprot educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the eect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a nding of fair use if such nding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.

16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

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CHAPTER 5.

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gourts in the nited ttes hve relied on this provision to reognize exeptions for wide rnge of tivitiesD inluding the mking of prody of opyrighted workD reproduing portion of opyrighted work for the purpose of sholrshipD nd using videossette reorder to reord television progrm or movie for viewing t lter timeF sn etween these two generl pprohes is strtegy sometimes known s 4fir delingF4 e good exmple is the system used in eustrliF he eustrlin gopyright et @s mended in PHHTA identi(es some rod irumstnes in whih n unuthorized use of opyrighted work might e onsidered firX reserhD ritiism or reviewD news reportingD legl dvieD nd prody or stireF werely flling into one of these oxes does not menD howeverD tht prtiulr tivity will e deemed firF therD the ourts onsider individul ses y onsulting set of ftors tht loosely prllel the ftors used in the systemF sn generlD the ourts will exuse ondut within these oxes if they deem it pproprite 4judged y the riterion of fir minded nd honest personF4 he eustrlin pproh is generlly thought to e less unpreditle ! ut lso less )exile ! thn the pprohF e seprte nd nerly universl exeption to the rights of opyright holder is the rst sale doctrine. he (rst sle dotrine sys tht one onsumer hs lwfully purhsed opy of opyrighted workD the opyright holder no longer hs the ility to ontrol tht prtiulr opyF por this resonD resleD lendingD or rentl of lwfully purhsed opyrighted work is generlly permissileF roweverD ountries n impose ertin limittions on these rightsF hey my restrit or require ompulsory lienses for ertin uses of opyrighted worksF por exmpleD s indited oveD ntion my prohiit the rentl of goods tht re esily nd frequently opiedD suh s softwre or phonoreordsF edditionllyD ntion my require tht the uthor of the work e pid ertin fee upon resle of opy of opyrighted workF @his soElled 4droit de suite4 only exists in few jurisditionsD nd even there only pplies to unique works of (ne rtFA he opertion of the (rst sle dotrine is less intuitive with digitl worksF his is euse wht my seem like norml use from onsumer9s perspetive my tully involve the mking of dditionl digitl opiesF his in turn ould e prohiited y the uthor9s exlusive right of reprodutionF por exmpleD if onsumer purhses ghD she n listen to it on ny gh plyer without worrying out infringing the uthor9s opyrightF he n lsoD euse of the (rst sle dotrineD lend tht gh to friend who n listen to it on gh plyer nd then give it kD without worrying out infringing the uthor9s rightsF roweverD if tht sme onsumer purhses sound reording onlineD listens to itD nd then emils opy to friendD she will hve violted the opyright lw @even if she deletes her originl opyA euse the originl reording hs een reproduedF here remins serious poliy question s to whether the (rst sle dotrine to govern suh sesD ut s yet tht hs not ourredF

5.10 Library Exceptions

vst ut not lestD the opyright lws of mny ountries ontin exeptions or limittions designed to enle lirrins to use opyrighted mterils in wys tht dvne their missionsF hese provisions vry widely y ountryF por thorough review of the lirry exeptions in limittions in IPV ountriesD you should onsult uenneth grews9s tudy on gopyright vimittions nd ixeptions for virries nd erhives17 F et forth elow re desriptions of some ommon situtions in whih lirrins need )exiility in using opyrighted mterilsD plus summries of the wys in whih mny ountries del with those situtionsF

5.10.1 Allowing Library Patrons to Use the Library's Copy Machines or Other Copy Equipment
trons frequently wish the ptron is opying is the opying exeeds the opyright infringementF to mke opies of exerpts of lirryEowned mterilsF nless the ook or rtile in puli dominD suh opying is regulted y the ountry9s opyright sttuteF sf mximum set y other exeptions nd limittionsD the ptron my e ommitting sn some situtionsD sent sttutory or other sfe hrorD the lirry ould e

17 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192/

RQ held seondrily or indiretly lile for llowing the infringement to tke ple y providing the equipmentF @he onepts of seondry nd indiret liility will e disussed in more detil inwodule U18 FA portuntelyD mny ountries hve ented spei( sttutory provisions tht shield lirrins nd lirries from liility for opyright infringement ommitted y ptrons who use photoopiers or other equipment the lirry providesF o qulify for the sttutory exemptionD lirries typilly must post notie nd dislimerD stting tht the mking of photoopies or other reprodutions is governed y opyright lwD nd tht the person using the equipment is lile for ny infringementF

5.10.2 Making Copyrighted Materials Available on the Library's Computers

virries sometimes mke mterils ville to the puli on omputersF por exmpleD they sometimes operte wesites nd post on those wesites mterils tht the puli t lrge n reh vi the snternetF sf those mterils re sujet to opyrightD nd if the lirry fils to otin permission for displying themD it my e sujet to liilityF roweverD mny ountries hve ented soElled sfe hror exeptions to limit the liility of online servie providersF o the extent tht universities nd lirries my e onsidered suh providersD they re shielded from liilityD s long s they omply with the proedures set forth in eh ountry9s lwsF

5.10.3 Making Copies for Library Patrons

virry ptrons often sk lirrins to mke opies of opyrighted mterils for their personl useF wny ountries provide sttutory exeptions tht permit lirrins to mke limited opies for this purposeF ome llow suh reprodutions only for ertin spei(ed lsses of works suh s periodilsD while others mke no suh distintionsF purtherD some ountries only permit opying for purposes suh s reserhD while others do not hve this limittionF fy wy of exmpleD the nited uingdom llows lirrins to mke opies of rtiles in periodilsD ut limits suh opying to single rtile per issueD nd requires the ptron to prove tht the opy is for privte nonommeril reserh or studyF gndD on the other hndD does not hve the singleErtile restritionD ut does limit the reprodution exeption to rtiles pulished in sholrlyD sienti(D or tehnil journlsF gnd lso exludes works of (tionD poetryD etF from the lss of works tht my e opiedF

5.10.4 Making Digital Copies for Preservation and Replacement

virrins re permittedD in ertin irumstnesD to mke opies of lirry mterils for their preservtion or replementF hese irumstnes re typilly tightly regulted y lol opyright sttutesF wny ountries permit opying s long sX

the lirry owns the originl work the work is pulily essile the originl is t risk for dmge or deteriortionD is in osolete formtD or nnot e viewed euse of the onditions in whih it must e keptF
he permitted reprodution is often limited to smll numer of opiesF sf n pproprite opy is ommerE illy villeD the right to reprodue for preservtion or replement is typilly limitedF purtherD opying is often limited to pper reprodutionD nd opies mde in digitl formt typilly my not e mde ville to the puli outside of the lirry premisesF

5.10.5 Creating Course Packs for Students

niversity lirrins re sometimes sked to rete ourse pksF gourse pks re typilly olletion of exerpts from journlsD rtilesD ook hptersD nd so forth tht teher ssigns for students enrolled in prtiulr ourseF
18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_7:_Enforcement

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CHAPTER 5.

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sn the nited ttesD mny universities used to ssemle ourse pks without otining permission from the opyright holders of the individul rtilesD elieving tht suh opying quli(ed for the fir use exeption for demi purposesF roweverD ourt deisions in the IWWHs held tht the preprtion nd sle of suh ourse pks y ommeril 4opy shops4 did not onstitute fir useF st is not ertin tht those deisions would pply to universitiesD ut the lwyers dvising most universities hve tken utious pprohF et their urgingD most universities hve now dopted systems for otining lienses to ll mterils inluded in ourse pksF st is possile tht ountry thtD unlike the nited ttesD relies upon list of spei( exeptions nd limittionsD rther thn generl fir use dotrineD to set the limits of opyright protetion my hve spei( provision tht uthorizes the retion of ourse pksF sf notD lirrins in suh ountry must otin written liense from the opyright holders in order to rete ourse pksF o redue the dministrtive urden of seeking permission from mny di'erent opyright holdersD lirrins my wish to ontrt with olletive mngement orgniztions like those desried in wodule S19 F hese privte servies who enter into 0litions with demi pulishers nd otin lnket lerne lienses for the pulisher9s entire tlogD or enter into greements with olletive mngement orgniztion representing pulishersF

5.10.6 Adapting Materials for the Blind, Visually Impaired and other Reading Disabled Persons
sn most ountriesD spei( exemptions llow lirrins to provide modi(ed opies of works to serve the needs of visully impired ptronsF e more detiled disussion of the opyright exeption for visully impired persons n e found in tudith ullivn9s report of the pifteenth ession of the sy tnding gommittee on gopyright nd elted ightsD whih is ville here20 F his sitution my hnge soon if trety urrently eing onsidered y sy is doptedF

5.10.7 Inter-Library Loans

he opyright sttutes of some ountries ontin exeptions for interElirry lonsF his enles lirry to mke opy of work for the purpose of lending it to ptron of nother lirryF ometimes the sttutory exeption for interElirry lon will require the lirry to py liensing fee in order to mke the reprodutionD the mount of whih is typilly determined y the government or olleting soietyF sn ertin ountriesD suh s eustrliD xew elndD nd ingporeD lirrin must determine tht the rtile or work is not ommerilly ville efore the interElirry lon exeption n e invokedF imilr to interElirry lon sttutes re soElled supply sttutesD whih llow lirry to mke opy of work for nother lirryD ut do not require tht the purpose of the opy e for the privte use of ptronF upply sttutes vry mong jurisditionsF ome ountries @for exmpleD pijiA require tht the lirrin (rst ttempt to purhse the work t mrket vlueF ythers @for exmpleD entiguA llow suh opying only when it is not prtile to purhse opyF till others @for exmpleD srelndA only llow suh opying if it would not e resonle to sk the opyright holder9s permissionF sn some sesD ountry my not hve spei( sttutory lirry exeptionF et lirries my still e entitled to engge in mny of the tivities desried oveD if those ountries hve roder provision tht would permit ny itizenD whih would inlude lirrins nd lirry ptronsD to undertke these tivitiesF his is trueD for exmpleD in srq nd xmiiF ome ountries limit their exeptions to list of designted lirriesY in other ountriesD the exeptions re ville to ll lirries tht meet ertin requirementsD suh s eing open to the puli nd ting for nonEommeril purposesF
19 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_5:_Managing_Rights 20 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_15/sccr_15_7.html#P421_37845/

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5.11 Compulsory Licenses

sn ddition to the exeptions nd limittions surveyed oveD mny ountries limit the rights of opyright holders with soElled 4ompulsory liensesF4 gompulsory lienses re often seen s ompromises etween the eonomi interests of opyright holders nd the puli9s interest in using opyrighted mterilF por exmpleD ertile IQ of the ferne gonvention21 gives ountries the uthority to impose ompulsory lienses for the use of musil ompositionsF ixmples of ompulsory lienses existing in some ountries inlude the right of puli lending y lirriesD nd the right of privte oping of udio reordings in exhnge for tx on lnk ghsF his will e further disussed in wodule SX wnging ights22 F

5.12 5.13 Back to the case study

nfortuntelyD unless the ompositions in engel9s olletion hve fllen into the puli dominD there is no simple nswer to engel9s questionF xdi would e oliged to review the detils of the prtiulr system of exeptions nd limittions ontined in her ountry9s opyright lw to sertinD (rstD whether she would e permitted to mke digitl opy of eh piee of sheet musi ndD seondD whether the lirry would e permitted to post the digitl opy of it on the lirry9s serversF st is more likely tht the (rst of these tivities would e permitted thn tht the seond tivity would e permittedD ut neither issue ould e de(nitively resolved without onsulting the ountry9s lwsF

5.14 Additional Resources

sn PHHID iv idhynthn pulished Copyrights and Copywrongs: the Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens CreativityF he thesis of this highly essile ook is well ptured y its titleF por n interview with idhynthnD in whih he summrizes his rgumentD see gopyrights nd gopywrongs23 F por similrly essile study tht tkes muh more fvorle view of the evolution of the rights nd exeptions ssoited with opyrightD see ul qoldsteinD Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the 24 or vi udio downlod25 F Celestial Jukebox @PHHQA ! ville only in print he most omprehensive exmintion of the provisions of eh ountry9s opyright lws tht provide )exiility to lirrins is uenneth grewsD tudy on gopyright vimittions nd ixeptions for virries nd erhives26 F enother highly useful study is snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions nd snstitutionsD vimitE tions nd ixeptions to gopyright nd xeighouring ights in the higitl invironmentX en snterntionl virry erspetive27 F wo helpful sy studies re sy tudy on gopyright vimittions nd ixeptions for the isully smpired28 nd sy tudy on vimittions nd ixeptions of gopyright nd elted ights in the higitl invironment29 F gopyright ixeptions in the u30 is just wht it sysF
21 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P170_31589 22 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_5:_Managing_Rights 23 http://www.stayfreemagazine.org/archives/20/siva_vaidhyanathan.html 24 http://www.amazon.com/Copyrights-Highway-Gutenberg-Celestial-Jukebox/dp/0804747482 25 http://www.learnoutloud.com/Catalog/Business/Entrepreneurship/Copyrights-Highway/1365 26 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192 27 http://www.ia.org/III/clm/p1/ilp.htm 28 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696 29 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805 30 http://www.ipit-update.com/copy36.htm

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por highly essile study of ltitude tht (lmmkers @prtiulrly in the nited ttesA enjoy when quoting opyrighted mterilD see t eufderheide nd eter tsziD eutD efrmeD eyle31 @genter for oil wedi PHHVAF

5.15 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX vrrikin wusi vF wen t ork32 @eustrli PHIHA @right of reprodutionA gse gESGHVD snfopq snterntionl eG vF hnske hgldes porening33 @right of reprodutionA qilhm vF D gourt of eppel of inglnd nd les @gourt of eppel of inglnd nd lesAD PHHW34 @right of reprodutionA tFuF owling vF h fooksD SUS pFuppFPd SIQ @PHHWA35 @derivtive worksA gse gEQHTGHSD oiedd qenerl de eutores y iditores de isp @qeiA vF fel roteles e36 @wening of gommunition to the uliA gse gERUWGHRD vserdisken ep vF uulturministeriet37 @ixhustionA gse gEPRSGHHD tihting ter ixploittie vn xurige ehten @ixeA vF xederlndse ymroep tihting @xyA38 @entl ights ! iquitle emunertionA gour de sstion @Ire hF ivFAD PV fvrier PHHTD tudio gnlD niversl itures video prne et i G F erquin et f que ghoisi39 r40 @rivte gopies ! ehnologil rotetionsA wedenX f IQQHIEHTD IU epril PHHW @irte fy gseA41 @wening of wking evilleA fu'et vF persigD tudgment of wy QHD IWTPD gour d9ppelD risD IWTP eueil hlloz hF turF SUH @desried in werrymnD he efrigertor of fernrd fu'et42 D PU rstings vFtF IHPQ @IWUTAA @morl rightsA gmpell vF eu' ose wusiD snFD SIH FF STW @IWWRA43 @fir useA qermnyX fundesverfssungsgerihtD rteil vom IUF perur IWWVD E I fvp IGWU44 @ight to hort eportingA

5.16 Assignment and discussion questions

5.16.1 Assignment
IF ere the restritions tht opyright lw ples on lirrins in your ountry too stritD too loose or the right lnec se the referenes in the list of edditionl esoures @elowA to lote the list of lirry exeptions pplile in your own ountryF ummrize the prinipl exeptionsF PF smgine nd desrie projet tht you would like to develop t your lirry ut tht would not e permitted y the opyright lws in your ountryF hrft n mendment to your ntionl opyright sttute tht would over this useF
31 http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/les/pdf/CSM_Recut_Reframe_Recycle_report.pdf 32 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8497433.stm 33 http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?lang=en&num=79909283C19080005&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET 34 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/2293.html 35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._and_JK_Rowling_vs._RDR_Books 36 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0306:EN:HTML 37 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62004J0479:EN:HTML 38 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62000J0245:EN:HTML 39 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2006/4/article20.en.html 40 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2006/4/article20.en.html 41 http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2009/04/piratebayverdicts.pdf 42 http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hastlj27&div=45&id=&page= 43 http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/92-1292.ZO.html 44 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/1998/3/article10.en.html

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5.16.2 Discussion Question(s)

gomment upon some of the mendment proposls of your olleguesF

5.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y imily gox45 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz46 D illim pisher47 D rs qsser48 D edm rollnd49 D uimerley ssell50 D eter tszi51 D golin wly52 D endrew woshirni53 D nd ghris eterson54 F

45 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 46 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 47 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 48 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 49 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 50 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 51 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 52 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 53 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 54 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

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Chapter 6
Managing Rights
1

6.1 Module 5: Managing Rights 6.2 Learning objective

his module desries the legl rules tht 'et the ility of opyright holders to ollet revenue from users of their works ! nd how lirrins n either use those rules to their est dvntge or seek to hnge themF

6.3 Case study

xdi previously helped engel identify severl items tht engel is permitted to inlude without permission in the pket of ourse mterils she is prepring for her studentsF engel now wnts xdi9s help in otining permissions for the remining mterilsF pei(llyD she sks xdiX

ht tivities my e overed y lienses the lirry hs lredy otined from pulishers or olleting soietiesc por the tivities tht require seprte lienseD wht luses should s negotitec row should s hndle those mterils whose uthors nnot e identi(ed or lotedc

6.4 Lesson 6.5 Individual management

6.5.1 Licenses and Assignments

ememer tht opyright gives the opyright holder severl exlusive rights with respet to the opyrighted workF gopyright holders ommonly use licenses to uthorize other people to engge in the tivities overed y those rightsF yftenD though not lwysD the opyright owner will demnd fee in return for grnting suh lienseF e typil liense will speify the followingX

the uthorized use @eFgFD reprodutionD the preprtion of derivtive worksD puli performnesAY the durtion of the uthoriztion @eFgF one yerAY the nture of the uthoriztion @eFgF exlusive or nonEexlusiveAY the fee relted to the trnstion @eFgF )t fee or fee proportionl to the numer of opies or of usesAY

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22655/1.4/>.

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CHAPTER 6.

MANAGING RIGHTS

the formt or medi type @eFgF print only or lso digitlY text only or lso in nother mediD suh s reording or (lmAY the udiene nd lotion @eFgF prtiulr ountryD the premises of the lirryD the lssroomD distne lerning ourseAF
ometimes the opyright holder nd the prospetive liensee negotite the liense diretlyF et other timesD liense my e o'ered y the opyright holder in stndrd form to ll potentil usersF sn suh irumstnesD individul users my hve little or no power to negotite modi(tions of the liense termsF ome lienses re exlusiveF sn other wordsD the liensor grees not to permit ny other prty to engge in the tivities overed y the lienseF ythers re nonEexlusiveD mening tht the liensor remins free to permit other prties to engge in the sme tivitiesF en assignment ours when opyright holder permnently trnsfers some or ll of his exlusive rights to nother prtyF por exmpleD historilly pulishing ontrts for ooks nd rtiles hve often required the uthor to ssign ll rights to the pulisherF @wore reentlyD mny uthors hve resisted ssigning the opyrights in their works s prt of pulishing greementF he holrly ulishing 8 edemi esoures golition @egA hs reted model ddendum for pulishing ontrts tht llows uthors to retin the opyrights to their worksD while liensing pulishers to mke spei( uses of those worksF wore informtion out the eg euthor eddendum n e found here2 FA e few ountries llow the uthors of ertin types of works to 4repture4 the rights ssoited with opyright tht hs een ssigned or liensed fter set period of timeD sujet to ertin limittionsF o repture the opyrightD the uthor or her heirs must omply with forml notie requirementsF por exmpleD FF lw ontins two provisions ddressing the repture of opyrightsF @IU FFgF setions PHQD QHRFA hen nd how opyright n e reptured depends upon numer of ftorsD inluding when the work ws retedD who signed the greement liensing or ssigning the workD when the greement ws signedD nd whether the work hs een pulishedF gretive gommons hs reted tool3 to help uthors nd their heirs determine when or if opyright n e repturedF gnd nd eustrli hve repture systems tht di'er sustntilly in their detils ut emody the sme generl prinipleF felgium nd weden use di'erent pprohY in those ountriesD ertin kinds of ssignments lpse if the rights tht hve een grnted re not exerisedF gopyright holders re generlly permitted to divide nd liense the rights to di'erent uses of their work s they pleseF roweverD the opyright lws in some ountries limit the freedom of ontrting for opyrighted works or ontin spei( provisions regulting trnstions involving opyrighted worksF por instneD some ountries require lienses or ssignments to e in writing nd to desrie the terms of use spei(llyD or else the liense or ssignment will e invlidF he degree to whih the terms of liense re negotile depends on the type of work t issue nd the rgining power of the liensor nd lienseeF otentil liensees n sometimes inrese their rgining power y ting olletivelyF por exmpleD onsortium suh s espvFnetD y pooling the resoures of mny lirriesD hs muh more power thn its individul memersF glik here to lern more out espvFnet wodel lienses4 F

6.5.2 Licenses in the Digital Environment

wny online nd eletroni resoures re now sujet to eletroni liensesF yne ommon form of eletroni liense is lled unilateral or shrinkwrap liense euse it omes with presried terms nd is rrely sujet to modi(tionF nilterl lienses re most often used y liensors of softwre produtsF @he term 4shrinkwrp4 omes from the plsti wrpping often found on softwre oxesY the originl shrinkwrp lienses provided tht removing the wrpping onstituted eptne of the terms of the liense printed on the ox or ontined within itFA he enforeility of these lienses will e disussed in more detil in wodule
2 http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml 3 http://labs.creativecommons.org/demos/termination/ 4 http://www.ei.net/faq/ei-licensing

SI W5 F enother ommon form is lled n endEuser liense greement @iveA or browsewrap lienseF ives re frequently used y the liensors of online ontentF ives llow prospetive liensees to red the terms of the liense on the liensor9s wesiteF sf they deide they wnt to use the liensor9s produt or servieD they enter into the liense y liking on utton stting s egreeF ome lienses do not even require lik @the eletroni mnifesttion of signtureAD ut insted presume tht use of the liensor9s wesite is su0ient to demonstrte tit eptne nd thus form lienseF hrinkwrp lienses nd ives re often limited to the spei( user of the mterilD nd do not extend to n orgniztion of whih the user my e memerF foth shrinkwrp lienses nd ives ontin preEset termsD nd re lmost lwys nonEnegotileF hile mny legl systems hve not fully ddressed the e'et of these types of liensesD ourts in some ountries hve ruled tht vlid onsentD giving rise to inding ontrtsD n e formed in these fshionsF sn most ountriesD howeverD the terms of suh greements will e sujet to onsumer protetion lws nd other limittions on unonsionle provisionsF

6.5.3 Content of a Typical License: The Example Of an Online Database

vet9s now exmine the terms of liense more loselyF smgine tht you re lirrin negotiting the terms of liense ! for exmpleD to n online dtseF ht issues will or should the liense ddressc
6.5.3.1 Identication of the Parties to the Agreement

st is importnt not only to identify the prties to n greementD ut lso to on(rm tht the persons negotiting tully hve the legl uthority to mke greements on ehlf of their orgniztionF sf lirry is prt of n edutionl institution or is funded y the lol governmentD for exmpleD not every lirrin my hve this uthorityF e liensor might wnt proof tht the person liming to negotite on ehlf of the liensee is in ft permitted to ind the liensee y ontrtF he lirrin might wnt to mke sure the sme is true of the person negotiting on ehlf of the liensorD nd tht the liensor is entitled to exerise the rights of the opyright holderF his should e lerly ddressed nd inluded in the greementF
6.5.3.2 Denition of Terms That Will Be Used in the Agreement

feuse lirries often otin lienses from opyright holders from other ountries nd from vrious indusE triesD similr terms n hve di'erent menings to the negotiting prtiesF por exmpleD one importnt term in liensing greements is material breach. e mteril reh is n tion y one of the prties to liensing greement tht permits the other prty to terminte the ontrtul reltionshipF feuse of the importne nd miguity of this termD the lirrin should speify in the greement wht tions y eh prty would mount to mteril rehF por instneD suppose the lirry were to negotite liense to ess mterils from n online dtseF sn this seD it might e mteril reh if the dtse is inessile for long periods of timeF vikewiseD the st' should onsider wht potentil filures y the lirry to live up to its end of liensing greement might legitimtely e onsidered mteril rehesF
6.5.3.3 Subject of Agreement

rties to n greement should e very spei( out wht opyrighted work is eing liensedF sf it9s n online reserh dtseD for exmpleD liensee should mke sure tht the liense entitles ptrons to view the full text of rtilesD rther thn just strts or summriesF sf the resoure is something tht should ontin tle of ontentsD index or imgesD the liensee should ensure tht these re inluded in the liense s wellF sf there re imgesD one might even wnt to determine whether they will e viewle ndGor printle in lk nd white or olorF
5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_9:_Activism

SP
6.5.3.4 Use Rights in the Agreement

CHAPTER 6.

MANAGING RIGHTS

viensing greements often ontin luses tht reserve to the liensor the exlusive right to ll uses of opyrighted works tht re not spei(lly mentioned in the greementF e liensee should therefore think of ll possile uses tht it might wnt to mke of opyrighted work efore it engges in negotitionsF hese use rights provisions re the most importnt prt of liensing greement euse they ontrol wht the greement tully llows the liensee to doF here n eletroni resoure is onernedD some si use rights might inludeX serhing or rowsing the dtseD viewing nd downloding mterilD forwrding rtiles to othersD printing mterilsD nd inluding listing of the works nd possily their strts in the lirry9s own tlogueF e lirry tht is 0lited with n edutionl institution my lso wnt to mke sure tht liense llows fulty nd st' to ple mterils in eletroni reservesD inlude them in ourse pksD nd distriute ndGor disply portions of the mterils in letures or other speking enggementsF purtherD while the prtie of loning mterils to other lirries or shring resonle mount of mterils with ollegues for sholrly purposes is implied in some jurisditions y lwD liensee nnot normlly shre opyrighted mterils for ommeril purposesF sf liensee wishes to do soD it will hve to negotite for the right nd inlude it in the greementF sf modifying work in order to ide y lol norms is neessryD lirry should mke sure tht the modi(tion does not on)it with the uthor9s morl rightsF yn one (nl issueD the liensee should e espeilly refulF wny liense greements hve the e'et of displing the generl set of exeptions nd limittions @disussed t length in wodule R6 A pertining to the works overed y the lienseF husD the liensee should not ssume tht it will ontinue to enjoy the use rights reted y those exeptions nd limittionsF sf the liense wishes to retin themD it must insist upon inlusion in the liense greement of provision preserving those rightsF
6.5.3.5 Other Conditions on Licensed Uses

e liensor might wnt to limit ertin uses y lotion or frequeny of essF sn return for the right to unlimited printing of the opyrighted mterilD for exmpleD liensor might wnt dditionl ompenstionF sn this eventD liensee n negotite for the right to hrge its ptrons fees to reover opying or printing ostsF e lirry should lso determine who its users re going to e nd where they will e le to ess given resoureF por exmpleD it my wish its users to e le to ess the opyrighted mteril from ny omputer or only from omputers loted in the lirryF st should lso deide whether ess to the opyrighted mteril or ertin uses of it will require pssword or will e open to ny memer of the puliF
6.5.3.6 Licensor Obligations

viensor oligtions re the duties liensor hs to her lienseeF his luse is prtiulrly importnt for eletroni resouresF por instneD it is resonle for susrier to n online journlD dtse or other resoure to expet tht the mteril will e essile very lose to PR hours dyD every dyF here lirry hs softwre lienseD it might wnt to negotite for the right to mintin kEup opy of the progrmF sn either seD liensing greements for eletroni mterils typilly inlude some oligtion on the prt of the liensor to provide the liensee with tehnil supportF feuse liensor nd its tehnil support st' might e loted in nother ountryD liensee should mke sure tht tehnil support will e ville during the lirry9s pek hoursF yn relted noteD most online resoures hve periods of downtime during whih the liensor9s tehnil st' will updte the online mterilsF e liensee might wnt to ensure tht this is not normlly done during the lirry9s pek hoursF hen n online servie or other eletroni resoure is unville for signi(nt period of timeD liensing greements typilly inlude penlty luse tht requires the liensor to prtilly refund the liensee9s susription feeF
6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights,_Exceptions,_and_Limitations

SQ yften liensors re oligted to provide the liensee periodilly with n 4udit of useF4 en udit of use is report tht gives the liensee detils out how its ptrons re using the liensor9s progrm or dtseF uh use udits n help lirry st' memers in future liensing negotitionsD enling them to determine etter whih fetures nd uses of liensed mterils re most vlule to the lirry ptronsF here use udits re performedD the prties might lso wnt to inlude refunds to the liensee for periods of underuse nd dditionl fees to the liensor for periods of overuseF vstlyD liensee should mke sure tht the liense ontins warranty nd n indemnity clause. he e'et of these luses is tht the liensor gurntees tht it hs the uthority to grnt the rights ontined in the liense nd epts liility for ny lims mde y persons or orgniztions tht lter lim to hve inonsistent rightsF
6.5.3.7 Term, Termination and Renewal of a License

xegotiting prties should speify how long they intend the liense to lstF sf the lirry wishes to hve ess dtse perpetullyD for exmpleD it should e sure to insert suh term in the liense greementF es disussed erlierD the prties should lso list ll of the onditions tht would led to termintion of the liensing reltionshipF his might require the prties to rete n endEofEterm greementD whih spei(es the proedures tht will e followed in the event of termintionD inluding the osts tht my e reovered y either prtyF sf n greement is terminted euse of the liensor9s filure to mke the liensed mteril ville to the lienseeD for exmpleD the prties will wnt to rete formul to ompenste the lienseeF hile most liensing greements ontin provision tht provides for utomti renewl of the liensing reltionshipD mny do not gurntee tht the sme terms will e ville for the following susription periodF e liensee should mke sure thtD if the terms of the previous susription period re sujet to hngeD the renewl luse inludes n oligtion on the prt of the liensor to notify the liensee of these hnges in dvne of the new susription periodF pinllyD it is ruil to disuss the lirry9s rights if the liense is not renewedF por exmpleD if the liense pertins to olletion of demi journlsD will the lirry ontinue to hve ess to k issues of the journlsD or will ll ess to those journls e ut o'c sf the ltter ! nd if the liensor refuses to udge on this issue ! the lirry might seriously onsider ontinuing to quire pper versions of the journls insted of @orD oneivlyD in ddition toA susriing to the online versionF
6.5.3.8 Fees

pees for susriptions to journlsD online dtses or other resoures re typilly pid on n nnul or monthly sisF hen works re eing liensed to lirries or other lrge edutionl institutionsD liensors typilly tke into ount the size of the institutionD the numer of usersD nd the numer of pges tht re downloded when determining the pproprite susription feeF viensors of online journls nd eletroni dtses vry widely in their )exiility regrding fee rE rngementsF ome liensors re willing to negotite feesD others o'er vrious pkgesD nd others o'er only one rrngementF e susription fee ould inlude unlimited use of the liensor9s mterilsD limited use for prtiulr purposeD pyEperEuse rrngementD or omintion of theseF yEperEuse rrngements might set fee for eh logEon essD eh time user serhes for ontentD or might llow unlimited ess ut hrge users or susriing institutions for eh downlodF niversities often purhse wht is lled site licenseD whih gives ll the memers of the university ommunity ess to the mteril for set feeF

6.6 Collective Management

6.6.1 Purpose and Functions of Collective Management Organizations

he system of individul lienses desried in the previous setion is strightforwrdX the opyright holder uthorizes the use of the work y spei( liensee under spei(ed onditionsF roweverD euse opyright liensing often involves widely distriuted worksD individul liensing n eome oth very di0ult nd

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CHAPTER 6.

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prohiitively expensiveF st would not e prtilD for exmpleD for the holder of the opyright to populr song to ttempt to respond to thousnds of liensing requests from rdio sttions ll over the worldF es resultD opyright holders frequently llow collective management organizations @lso known s olleting soietiesA to grnt liensesD monitor uses of opyrighted mterilD nd ollet nd shre omE penstion from liensees on their ehlfF his llows opyright holders to exerise their rights s e0iently s possileD s they n grnt mny more lienses thn they would e le to under diret liensing sysE temF hey lso ene(t from the rgining power of n orgniztion tht negotites pyments on ehlf of them nd mny other uthorsD nd n ring infringement suits ginst persons or orgniztions tht use opyrighted works without permissionF viensees n lso ene(t from the use of olletive mngement orgniztions euse those orgniztions provide users with onvenient ess to lrge olletions of mterilsF e rdio sttion wnting to rodst musi from round the world on dily sis would not e le to do so if it hd to seek out nd quire rights from the opyright nd neighoring rights holders of eh songD ut n esily enter into lienses with smll numer of olletive mngement orgniztionsF roweverD liensees should er in mind tht most suh orgniztions t s gents for opyright holdersY their primry ojetive is to mximize the opyright holders9 revenuesF hey should thus not e thought of s neutrl ritersF e opyright holder tht uses olletive mngement orgniztion for someD ut not llD of her rights is engged in prtil olletive mngementF eginD opyright holder9s exlusive rights in work mens tht he or she lone is le to deide whether to uthorize or prohiit ny use overed y tht opyrightF sn prinipleD this gives opyright holder )exiility in deidingD if he hooses to use olletive mngement t llD extly whih funtions olletive mngement orgniztion will perform on his ehlfF sn prtieD howeverD some olletive mngement orgniztions require prtiipting opyright holder to ssign ll of his rights in opyrighted work to the orgniztionF sn these situtionsD the uthor will not e le to liense others to use the opyrighted workD exept through the olletive mngement orgniztionF golletive mngement orgniztions my lso provide soil welfre ene(ts to their memers in ddition to their roylty pymentsD suh s medil insurne nd retirement pkgesF hey my lso use prt of the roylties they ollet to fund drm festivlsD musi ompetitionsD or the prodution or export of ntionl worksF

6.6.2 Compulsory Collective Management

gompulsory olletive mngement systems ensure tht the ene(ts of olletive mngement re tully relizedF sf olletive mngement orgniztion does not hve the rights to signi(nt numer of works within its prtiulr (eldD then it no longer serves the soilly vlule purpose of eing le to liense lrge repertoire in single greementF es resultD some ountries hoose to mke olletive mngement for ertin types of works mndtoryF his often hppens where use serves n importnt puli purpose or where works of tht type re used primrily for nonEommeril purposesF sn suh situtionsD roylties re usully gthered either through tx on opying equipmentD or through predetermined fee to e pid y users @suh s ompniesD lirriesD or universitiesA to the olleting soietyF hose roylties re then divided mong the opyright holders ording to how frequently eh work is usedF golletive mngement orgniztions ! nd ompulsory olletive mngement orgniztions in prtiulr ! re sometimes ritiized for the omplexity nd lk of trnspreny of the rules they employ for olleting nd distriuting royltiesF he res in whih ompulsory olletive mngement is most ommon reX

neighoring rights for puli performneD rodstingD nd le trnsmission of sound reordingsF puli lending rights reprogrphi reprodution rights for literry worksF
he seond nd third of these ontexts re espeilly importnt for lirriesF uli lending rights were disussed t length in wodule R7 F es ws desried thereD puli lending rights re urrently reognized in
7 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations

SS very few ountries outside iuropeD nd they pose dngers to the entrl mission of lirries in developing ountriesF golletive mngement of suh rightsD prtiulrly if the liense fees re pid y the governmentD redue those dngersD ut it is proly est if puli lending rights re not extended to developing ountries t llF eprodution rightsD y ontrstD re reognized in ll ountriesF golletive mngement of those rights n e ene(ilD espeilly for lirriesD whih would (nd it di0ult to negotite individul lienses for ll of the irumstnes in whih they would like to reprodue mterils in their olletions ! nd re not le to invoke one of the exeptions or limittions disussed in wodule R8 F he orgniztions tht ful(ll this funtion re ommonly lled eprodution ights yrgniztions @ysAF heir tivities re disussed in detil in the rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries prepred y espv9 F ome reformers hve proposed using ompulsory olletive mngement to del with the distriution of works on the snternet through peerEtoEpeer networksD rguing tht suh system would ene(t oth users @y leglizing (leEshring of opyrighted mteril urrently unlwful in most ountriesA nd retors @y providing them with relile soure of revenueAF en importnt nd often ttrtive vrition on the ompulsoryEolletiveEmngement model is known s 4extended olletive mngementF4 e system of this sort llows n orgniztion to liense the works of ll opyright holders for ertin retive lss one it represents lrge perentge of the memers of tht lssF his generlly inludes foreign nd nonEmemer opyright holdersF golletive mngement orgniztions often enter into greements with their sister orgniztions in other ountries in order to represent their repertoiresF ometimes suh orgniztions re lso orgnized into interE ntionl networksF ixmples inlude the snterntionl gonfedertion of oieties of euthors nd gomposers @gsegA nd the snterntionl pedertion of eprogrphi eprodution yrgnistions @spyAF hese networks typilly prtiipte tively in negotition of new opyright legisltion t the interntionl nd ntionl levelsF

6.7 Technological Protection Measures

sn reent yersD the holders of the opyrights in works tht re distriuted in digitl formt ! suh s softwreD digitl sound reordingsD digitl video reordingsD nd eletroni ooks ! hve eome inresingly disstis(ed with the rights tht opyright lw gives them nd hve sought to enhne those rights with Technological Protection MeasuresD or wsF e simple form of w is opy ontrol ! tehnologyD often omining hrdwre nd softwreD tht prevents the possessor of opy of the work from reproduing itF e more omplex form is region ontrol ! for exmpleD mehnism tht restrits the prts of the world in whih prtiulr hh n e plyedF wuh more elorte forms of ws hve een developed reentlyF he invention of ws enhned the rights of opyright holders signi(ntlyF fut soon they found tht users employed other tehnologies to irumvent the wsD rendering them uselessF o ur suh irumE ventionsD they turned one gin to the legl systemF sn the IWWT gD they otined n importnt weponX requirement tht ll memer ountries dopt prohiitions on w irumventionF he requirement hs sine een reinfored y regionl greementsF por exmpleD oth the PHHI i snformtion oiety hiretive nd the revised fngui egreement @ennex ssD itle sD rt piveAD whih governs IS frnophone ountries in efriD ontin ntiEirumvention requirementsF wny ountries tht re ound y one or nother of these greements hve now inorported into their ntionl lws prohiitions on irumvention of wsF he terms of those provisions vry widely ! espeilly with regrd to the penlties they impose on violtors nd with regrd to exeptions they reognizeF gurE rentlyD PT ountries hve provisions spei(lly exempting lirries from liility if they irumvent ws in spei(ed irumstnesF sn other ountriesD lirrins re fored to rely upon more generl exemptionsF w nd the ntiEirumvention rules tht reinfore them hve mny disdvntgesD oth from the stndpoint of lirries nd from the stndpoint of soiety t lrgeX
8 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 9 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/handbook/handbook-e/#crm

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CHAPTER 6.

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hey prevent mny tivities tht opyright lw would permitF es resultD they frustrte the importnt soil poliies tht lie ehind the exeptions nd limittions disussed in wodule R10 feuse ws re often proprietryD they impede the interoperility of retive works nd onsumer eletroni produts otined from di'erent soures hen the tehnologies in whih they re emedded eome osoleteD they frustrte users9 ility to gin ess to the proteted works
wore extensive disussion of ws nd the hzrds they pose to lirries my e found in the espv rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries11 F

6.8 Orphan Works

ometimes liensee would like to otin liense to prtiulr work ut nnot lote the opyright holderF his my our for vrious resonsF he nme of the uthor my e missing from the doumentF he doument my hve een pulished nonymouslyF he uthor my hve died nd the person who inherited his or her rights my e unknownF yr the uthor my hve ssigned his or her rights to pulisherD whih lter went out of usiness without ler suessorF sn suh situtionsD the work is sid to e n orphan work. e smll numer of ountries hve implemented systems tht mke it possile to mke use of orphn worksF por exmpleD in gndD those who wish to use suh works must pply to the gopyright ford for lienseF uh pplints must (rst show tht resonle e'ort to lote the opyright holder hs een fruitlessF sf the work hd previously een pulishedD the gopyright ford will then grnt the pplint nonEexlusive liense @e'etive only within gndA to use the workF he liense is limited to prtiulr types of usesD nd requires the pplint to py designted roylty feeF his roylty n e limed y the opyright holder for up to (ve yers fter the trnstionD in the event tht she lter omes forthF he xordi ountries of henmrkD pinlndD selndD xorwyD nd weden hve lso ented sttutes governing the liensing of orphn worksF sn henmrkD for exmpleD the liensing of orphn works is rrnged through olletive mngement orgniztionF he hnish gopyright et provides tht n individul interested in using n orphn work my rrnge to py rights mngement orgniztion for tht useD provided tht the orgniztion represents sustntil numer of hnish opyright holdersF he roylties pid to these orgniztions my e limed y opyright holder for up to (ve yersD nd unlimed roylties for orphn works re donted to puli works progrmsF enother ountry tht implements liensing regime for the use of orphn works is tpnD whih opertes ompulsory liensing system for orphn works odi(ed in etion VD ertile TU of its opyright lwsF tpn requires tht prospetive user perform due diligene in ttempting to lote the opyright holderD ut does not explin wht quli(es s due diligeneF vike gndD tpn requires tht the work hve een previously pulishedD nd llows the government to grnt liense to the user upon pyment of royltyF oylties re pled in fund from whih opyright holders my reeive ompenstion if they lter disover nd ojet to the use of their worksF xotlyD the holder my petition the government for n inrese in the roylty rte within three months of the issune of the liense if she lerns of the use nd elieves the initil rte to e unstisftoryF yther ountries do not urrently hve sttutory provisions deling with orphn worksD ut my ent suh provisions in the ner futureF emerin legisltion12 deling with orphn works is urrently eing onsidered y the FF gongressF he proposl would limit remedies in ivil suits over the use of opyrighted worksD s long sX @IA the user hd mde resonleD ut unsuessfulD e'orts to lote nd identify the holderD nd @PA the work ws ttriuted to the holder @if identi(ed ut not lotedAF he proposl hs een ritiized y mny sholrs13 nd is opposed y representtives of photogrphersF rtly s resultD it is unlikely to e dopted soonF
10 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 11 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/handbook/handbook-e/#tpm 12 http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s110-2913 13 http://lessig.org/blog/2007/02/copyright_policy_orphan_works.html

SU sn epril PHHVD the iuropen gommission9s righ vevel ixpert qroup pulished report on higitl reservtionD yrphn orksD nd yutEofErint orks14 D whih reommended ourses of tion for memer sttes of the iuropen nion to estlish liensing systems tht would del with the prolem of orphn worksF et the sme timeD numerous rights holders nd representtives of lirries nd rhives signed wemorndum of nderstnding on orphn works15 whih expressed the ommitment of these orgniztions to filitte nd enourge the liensing of orphn works for ertin purposesF he wemorndum of nderstnding nd the iuropen gommission9s report re not lw nd re therefore not indingF virrins in the mjority of ountries tht urrently lk system for mnging orphn works hve strong interest in ollorting with other stkeholders to rete suh systemF his is espeilly true of lirrins who wish to initite digitiztion projets for the preservtion nd distriution of older works in deteriortingD nonEdigitl formtsF elthough the exeptions nd limittions disussed in wodule R16 my permit lirries to undertke suh digitiztion projets purely for preservtion purposesD they typilly do not permit the lirries to mke the digitized works ville to the puliF por thtD the lirries usully need liensesD whih re impossile to otin for orphn worksF pinding workle nd fir solution is thus impertiveF por disussion of this issueD nd the positions tht vrious lirry orgniztions hve lredy tken on itD see the espv rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries17 F

6.9 Back to the case study

xdi nd engel hve identi(ed works tht engel wishes to use tht re opyrighted nd not in the puli dominF hey need to get permission from the rightsholders for uses tht re not overed y exeptions nd limittionsF pirstD they hve to identify the opyright holdersF yriginl uthors my hve liensed or trnsferred rights to pulisher or olleting soietyD or the retion my e workEforEhireF por the resons explored in wodule Q18 D other persons9 rights my lso e involvedD suh s musi performersD or persons depited in photogrphs @who re proteted y the right of puliity ginst ertin uses of their imgeAD in ddition to the photogrpher or entity who owns the opyrightF hen the ontt informtion for the opyright holder is not ville on the workD it might e possile to lote the holder though ntionl opyright o0es or olletive rights orgniztionsF yne they hve identi(ed nd loted the rightsholdersD xdi nd engel will request permission to use the worksF hile (rst ontt y emil or phone n e useful to explin the use they re onsideringD they will likely e required to follow up with request in writing tht desries urtely the opyrighted work @titleD uthorD opyright holderD vAD the purpose of the use @ desription of the use in the ourse pkAD nd the onditions of the permission tht hve een disussed @for smll feeD for freeD etFAF sf the deide to seek rod liense to dtse ontining the works t issueD they should refully review the guidelines for the negotition of suh lienses set forth in this moduleF pinllyD if they re unle to identify the owners of the opyrights in some of the mterilsD they should onsult their ountry9s opyright lw to sertin whether it ontins provision deling with 4orphn worksF4

6.10 Additional Resources

e rief overview of olletive liensing systems y sy n e found in golletive wngement of gopyE rights nd elted ights 19 F
14 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/experts/hleg/index_en.htm 15 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/doc/hleg/orphan/mou.pdf 16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 17 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/handbook/handbook-e/#orphan 18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_3:_The_Scope_of_Copyright_Law 19 http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/copyright/450/wipo_pub_l450cm.pdf

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CHAPTER 6.

MANAGING RIGHTS

e muh more inEdepth nlysis of voluntry olletive rights orgniztions my e found in oert wergesD 4gontrting snto viility ulesX sntelletul roperty ights nd golletive ights yrgnizE tions20 D4 VR glifF vF evFIPWQ @IWWTAF e thorough exmintion of olletive liensing orgniztions in iurope is uie tudyE golletive wnE gement of ights in iuropeX e uest for i0ieny21 @PHHTAF pvorle disussions of ompulsory olletive liensingD prtiulrly s solution to the prolem of peerEtoEpeer (leshring of opyrighted worksD my e found in xeil xetnelD 4smpose xonommeril se vevy to ellow pree eerEtoEeer pile hringD422 IU rrvrd tournl of vw 8 ehnology I @PHHQAD nd illim pisherD romises to ueepX ehnologyD vwD nd the puture of intertinment23 @PHHRAF wuh more skeptil views re expressed in oert wergesD 4gompulsory viensing vsF the hree 4qolden yldies4 roperty ightsD gontrtsD nd wrkets424 @gto oliy enlysis xoF SHVD tnF ISD PHHRAF e thoughtful nlysis of the dvntges nd disdvntges of olletive liensing systems in tpn is lil uF wehrD 4he iod xX hy the higitl gopyright ystem of emerin vw rofessors9 hrems piled in tpnD425 UW F goloF vF evF RPI @PHHVAF e ruil guide for lirrins seeking to nvigte these wters is imnuell qivrrD 4viensing higitl esouresX row to evoid the vegl itfllsF26

6.11 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX uX qrisrook vF wqx vimitedD righ gourt ghnery hivision @righ gourt ghnery hivisionA27 @smplied liensesA gse gEITWGHSD rdex gv vF nion rofessionnelle de l dio nd de l ldistriution @hA nd oit snterommunle pour l hi'usion de l lvision @fiviA28 @golleting oieties ! xeighoring ightsA prneX heision of the prenh gonstitutionl gounil noF PHHTESRH hg of PU tuly PHHT29 @higitl ights wngementA hvidson vF tungD RPP pFQd TQH @Vth girF PHHSA30 @ehnologil rotetion wesuresA uX qilhm vF D gourt of eppel of inglnd nd les @gourt of eppel of inglnd nd lesAD PHHW31 @ehnologil rotetion wesuresA gse gEPUSGHTD rodutores de wsi de isp @romusieA vF elefni de isp e32 @oliE gtions of servie providersA

6.12 Assignment and discussion questions

6.12.1 Assignment
IF nderstnd liense
collective-management-rights-en.pdf 22 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=468180 23 http://www.tsher.org/PTK.htm 24 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-508es.html 25 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010246 26 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/licensing-digital 27 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2009/2520.html 28 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0169:EN:HTML 29 http://www.ecln.net/documents/Decisons-France/cc_2006-07-27_no_2006-540_dc_information_english.pdf 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/2005%20Blizzard%20Abridged.pdf 31 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/2293.html 32 http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?where=&lang=en&num=79919870C19060275&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET
20 https://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/pubs/merges/contract.htm 21 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/study-collective-management-rights-/study-

SW elet liense governing ess to eletroni resoures in your lirry or (nd the stndrd terms of pulisher onlineF ed the use rights desried in the lienseD nd explin whetherD to wht extentD nd under whih onditions it overs the following tionsX

reprodution y the ptronsY reprodution y the lirrinsY downloding y the ptronsY interlirry lon of printed opyY interlirry lon of digitl versionY pulition in n eletroni reserve or ourse pkY rights when reusing resouresX trnsltionD ompiltionD indexingD strtD dtEminingD etFY nd other uses tht you my de(neF

PF golleting soieties ht olleting soietiesD opyright lering housesD opyright o0esD or other entities olletively mnE ging rights re operting in your ountryc por eh of themD provide the nme of the soietyD the wesite if nyD nd the type of medi or works overedF ed the pplile sttutes or ylwsF ixplin wht rights re mngedD if memers must trnsfer ll of their rights to the orgniztion or my only liense some of themD nd if it is voluntry or ompulsory systemF QF yrphn works hih of the systems urrently used y few ountries to filitte use of orphn works is estc ht system would e even etterc

6.12.2 Discussion Question(s)

gomment on the nswers of your ollegues to question ID nd selet the most fvorle terms nd lienses mong those whih hve een nlyzedF

6.13 Contributors
his module ws reted y hvid ott33 nd imily gox34 F st ws then edited y tem inluding esE tin hiz35 D illim pisher36 D rs qsser37 D edm rollnd38 D uimerley ssell39 D eter tszi40 D golin wly41 D endrew woshirni42 D nd ghris eterson43 F

33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#scott 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 35 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 36 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 37 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 43 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

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CHAPTER 6.

MANAGING RIGHTS

Chapter 7
Creative approaches and alternatives
1

7.1 Module 6: Creative Approaches and Alternatives 7.2 Learning objective

rditionl rights mngement often involves n exlusive ssignment of ll of the rights ssoited with opyright from the uthor to pulisherF he pulisher then mkes opies nd distriutes the work to the puli for feeF fy ontrstD free, libre nd open access models disseminte works t no ost to the userF his module desries these lterntive pprohesD fousing on gretive gommons liensing nd ypen eess poliy for sienti( pulitionsF

7.3 Case study

engel writes xdi the following emilX e professor t our university is the uthor of one of the rtiles s wnt to inlude in the ourse pkF roweverD when s ontted him to request his permissionD he nswered tht he hd lredy trnsferred ll his rights to pulisher nd thus wsn9t le to llow me to opy his workF row n it e possile tht someone n9t even uthorize use of his own workc ht ould e done to void this sitution in the futurec row should xdi respondc

7.4 Lesson 7.5 Introduction: Physical and Digital Commons

hysil ojets re often scarce nd rivalrous. his mens tht there re limited numer of suh ojetsD nd using one dereses the totl mount tht n e onsumedF por exmpleD n pple n e eten y only one personD nd when it is etenD fewer pples re ville to e onsumed y other peopleF fy ontrstD the intelletul produts governed y opyright lw typilly re nonrivalrousF e novelD for exmpleD my e red nd enjoyed y n unlimited numer of peopleF higitl tehnology hs shrply redued the ost of mking opies of emodiments of intelletul produts nd thus hs highlighted the nonrivlrous hrter of those produtsF sf the novel @to ontinue our exmpleA is in n eletroni formtD n unlimited numer of opies of it n e mde nd distriuted very heplyF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22653/1.4/>.

TI

TP

CHAPTER 7.

CREATIVE APPROACHES AND ALTERNATIVES

he wide distriution of intelletul produts is soilly ene(ilF sf tht widespred distriution n e omplished very inexpensivelyD why doesn9t the lw permit itc es we sw in wodule I2 D the onventionl nswer is tht prohiitions on opying re neessry to preserve inentives for novelists to write novels in the (rst instneF sn growing numer of ontextsD reformers re hllenging tht nswerF euthors of some works ! or some kinds of works ! my not need ll of the rights tht opyright lw gives them in order to remin motivted to produe retive worksF sn suh settingsD opyright lw my do more hrm thn goodF o del with situtions of this sortD the reformers hve developed vrious systems to filitte more widespred use of retive works thn the opyright system ontempltesF his module desries those systemsF

7.6 Free Software Licenses

wost ommeril softwre progrms re distriuted under restritive terms of useF woreoverD their soure ode ! the ode tht mkes the progrm run ! is closed. es resultD developers nnot study the ode to understnd how it worksD to (x ugsD or to ustomize it to their needsF e rdilly di'erent pproh to softwre ws (rst developed y ihrd tllmnD when he ws reserher t the wsshusetts snstitute of ehnologyF tllmn eme ngry when he ould not modify the softwre for printer in his o0e tht ws not working properlyF rovoked y this nd other experienesD tllmn reted the qxEqvD whih stnds for 4qx is not nix4 qenerl uli vienseF @nix ws the nme of populr 4losed4 operting systemFA he qxEqv llows users to runD opyD distriuteD studyD hngeD nd improve the softwre to whih it is ppliedF wore spei(llyD the qxEqv grnts users four kinds of freedoms3 X

he freedom to run the progrm for ny purpose @freedom HAF he freedom to study how the progrm worksD nd to dpt it to your needs @freedom IAF eess to the soure ode is preondition for thisF he freedom to redistriute opies so you n help your neighor @freedom PAF he freedom to improve the progrmD nd relese your improvements @nd modi(ed versions in generlA to the puliD so tht the whole ommunity ene(ts @freedom QAF eess to the soure ode is preondition for thisD nd modi(tions must e shred with the sme degree of freedomF
sn wht senseD extlyD is softwre liensed on these termsD 4free4c tllmn suggested tht nlytil lrity ould e enhned y di'erentiting two menings of 4free4 ! one tht ppers in the phrseD free speehY the other tht ppers in the phrseD free eerF yther ommenttors distinguish these onepts y using the prenh termsD libre @mening freedomA nd gratis @mening no ostAF elying on this distintionD tllmn rgued tht free softwre ws 4free4 in the (rst senseD ut not neessrily in the seond senseF sn other wordsD some 4free softwre4 is sold for feeF ht sidD in prtie most free softwre urrently is 4free4 in oth senses ! in other wordsD oth lire exh grtisF here re mny inentives tht drive the retion of free softwreF e developer might (nd it entertining to do soF he might e driven y desire to ontriute to the puli dominF he might wnt to uild her reputtion s progrmmerF he might distriute the softwre for free ut hrge users for help in ustomizing it to their needsF ionomists ontinue to disuss whether inentives of these vrious sorts re su0ient to sustin vile usinessF wenwhileD usinesses relying on this pproh re )ourishingF
2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_1:_Copyright_and_the_Public_Domain 3 http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

TQ

7.7 Creative Commons

7.7.1 Introduction
gretive gommons is nonEpro(t orgniztion reted in PHHI y group of sholrs nd tivistsF st ws founded nd led for long time y renowned yerlw sholr vwrene vessig4 F gretive gommons provides uthors onvenient wys to uthorize spei( uses of their worksD while retining ontrol over other usesF sn other wordsD it llows them esily to rete their own liensesD minimize the orphn works prolemD nd ontriute to ulture nd free expressionF

7.7.2 The license options

gretive gommons o'ers set of six lienses from whih uthors nd rtists n hoose online5 F he gg lienses re omintions of oneD two or three of the following four elementsX

ettriution @fAX ou let others use your work ut only if they give redit the wy you requestF ettriution is required for ll gretive gommons liensesF xonEgommeril @xgAX ou let others use your work ut for nonommeril purposes onlyF his does not men tht works nnot e used for ommeril purposesD ut tht seprte liense must e otined y user who wishes to use the work ommerillysF xon herivtive @xhAX ou let others opyD distriuteD displyD nd perform only vertim opies of your workD not derivtive works sed upon itF he right to mke dpttions n e liensed under seprte greementF hre elike @eAX ou llow others to mke derivtives from your originl work ut they re permitted to distriute derivtive works only under the sme terms s the liense tht governs your workD or liense tht is omptile with those termsF e is used to prevent people from tking something from the ommons nd then loking it up y using more restritive lienseF
he liense termsD xon herivtive nd hre elikeD re not omptile nd nnot e found in the sme lienseF his is euse it doesn9t mke sense to tell people they should inorporte your work nd shre it like while lso telling them they my not mke derivtive opies of itF ell of the lienses re nonEexlusiveF sn other wordsD uthors re free to enter into other greements with spei( usersF por exmpleD it is possile for opyright holders who hve issued gg lienses to enter into feeEering lienses for rights to engge in tivities not overed y the gg liense in questionF sn this wy songwriter might relese her musi for free on the snternet nd still hrge ompny for using it in ommerilF gretive gommons lienses do not ddress n uthor9s morl rights in ny ountry exept gndF eordinglyD work tht is governed y even the most lierl gretive gommons liense my still e sujet to ertin restritions on useD in ordne with your ountry9s provisions on morl rightsF gretive gommonsD like the opyright regime s wholeD hs no registrtion systemY it merely provides informtion for uthors who wish to liense their works on nontrditionl termsF he gretive gommons wesite provides simple quiz sking retors wht freedoms they9d like to llow with their workF st then gives the retor hoie of pproprite lienses from whih to hooseF he quiz lso llows the uthor to speify whih ountry9s lws will govern the lienseF gurrentlyD the gretive gommons liense hs een trnslted or 4ported4 to the lws of SP ountriesD nd mny more ountries re urrently under developmentF yne retor hs seleted lienseD she tthes this liense to opies of her workD thus lerting users to wht they n nd nnot doF sf the work is @or is o'ered throughA wesiteD the uthor n do this y dding to the site piee of rwv ode tht genertes utton with the gretive gommons logo ontining link to the liense t issueF
4 http://lessig.org/ 5 http://creativecommons.org/license/

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CHAPTER 7.

CREATIVE APPROACHES AND ALTERNATIVES

7.7.3 Creative Commons Licenses Formats

ih of the gg lienses is ville in three formts suitle for online useX

e mhineEredle versionD or digitl odeD whih is emedded in the gretive gommons logo nd informs other omputers of the lienseF he humn redle odeD or ommon deed @ summry explining the min rights nd freedomsD with ions orresponding to the elements whih hve een seletedAD ville from the link emedded in the logoF he legl ode @ liense of severl pges written in legl lngugeD detiling the lusesD whih re represented y the ionsAD ville from link t the end of the humn redle odeF
gretive gommons lienses n e used for works mde nd distriuted o1ine s wellF por instneD work reted in the physil world might hve physil liense tthed tht redsX "This work is licensed
under the Creative Commons BY-SA License. To view a copy of this license, visit the Creative Commons

nfortuntelyD o1ine works nnot e inluded in the gretive gommons serh engine tht tlogs freely ville works on the wesiteF here is n extended explntion of how to tth gretive gommons lienses to works on the gretive gommons wesite6 F
website."

7.7.4 The Scope of the License

e gretive gommons liense only pplies to mteril to whih the liensor hs rightsF st does not pply to mteril the liensor hs quired from other soures nd to whih he does not hve rightsF upposeD for exmpleD tht teher prepres owerpoint slide presenttionD whih he plns to use for lssroom tehingF re downlods some photogrphs illustrting his rguments from the snternet nd inserts them into the presenttion ! elievingD plusilyD tht the use of the photos for tehing flls within one of the exeptions nd limittions ontined in the opyright lw of his ountryF re tthes simple 4ettriution4 gretive gommons liense to eh of his slidesF sn other wordsD he grnts nyone permission to use the slides for ny purposeD provided tht they give him reditF yne of the students in the lss otins digitl opy of the slide presenttion nd emils it to friend working in forEpro(t ompnyF he friend (nds the slides helpful nd distriutes opies of them t ommeril sles meetingF wost likelyD the friend will hve violted the ntion9s opyright lwF hyc feuse the gretive gommons liense does not pply to the photosD nd the reprodution of them for ommeril purposes proly does not fll into ny of the exeptions nd limittionsF his priniple is not widely understoodD nd even the forml version of the gretive gommons liense is not rystl ler on this pointF o void onfusionD it is est for liensors using gretive gommons lienses to speify wht those lienses do nd do not overF

7.7.5 Other Creative Commons Projects

7.7.5.1 Creative Commons International

he gretive gommons snterntionl7 @ggiA tem oordintes the proess of trnslting the gretive gommons lienses into other lnguges nd dpting them to other legl systemsF his is omplex nd hllenging proessF ggi lso provides tems to work with lol user ommunities nd governments in order to inrese understnding nd use of gg liensesF he lol tems lso work losely with gg st' to improve the liense luses nd mterilF
6 http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Marking 7 http://creativecommons.org/international/

TS
7.7.5.2 Educational and Science Commons

wo other divisions of gretive gommons lso engge in speilized workX vern8 for open edutionl resoures nd iene gommons9 for open ess to sieneF
7.7.5.3 New Creative Commons Protocols

sn ddition to the six liensesD gretive gommons hs reently developed two new protoolsX ggC nd ggHF ggC10 @gg lusA is not lienseD ut tehnology for o'ering users rights eyond the gg liense grnt ! for instne ommeril rightsD or dditionl wrrntiesF ggH11 @gg eroA is universl wiver of opyrightD neighoring nd relted rightsD nd sui generis rightsF ggH thus enles uthors to ple their works in the puli dominF ggH is sometimes known s the no rights reserved optionF nder the lws of ertin ountriesD howeverD it is not possile for n uthor to grnt lnket wiver of his or her morl rightsF xor n n uthor wive the rights tht others my hve relting to the use of work @for exmpleD the puliity rights tht the sujet of photogrph my hveAF e possile implementtion model for digitl lirries would e to propose omintion ofX

gg lienses for works reted y lirrinsX strtsD ommentsD photogrphsD mpsD other opyE rightle elements of the editoril strutureY gg lienses for works reted y ptronsX ommentsD strtsD ritisD log postsY ggH lienses for dtses of puli domin works to whih the lirries hve dded potentilly opyE rightle mterilF
7.7.5.4 Implications for Authors and for Users

euthors onsidering pplying gretive gommons lienses to their retions should onsider the following issuesX he lienses re sed on opyright lwD nd re thus pplile only to opyrightle worksF sn mny ountriesD olleting soieties require their memers to ssign ll of their rights in present nd future works to the soietiesF husD memers nnot use gretive gommons liensesD even for some of their works or some of their rightsF wny uthors do not understnd why the two systems re not omptileD espeilly in the musi industryF hey would like to liense their nonEommeril rights for free under gretive gommons lienseD nd ssign the mngement of their ommeril rights to olleting soietyF his model is possile for some olleting soieties in some ountriesD suh s the nited ttesD the xetherlnds or henmrkF fut other olleting soieties do not use the sme legl tegories s gretive gommonsF por instneD they my not reognize the distintion etween ommeril nd nonEommeril usesF sn those ountriesD uthors re urrently fored to hoose one system or the otherF gretive gommons st' nd interntionl 0lites hve een working with olleting soieties in hopes of resolving this inomptiilityF nfortuntelyD some olleting soieties nd other opyright stkeholders re skeptil of gretive gommons lienses nd re thus relutnt to move forwrdF heir ritiisms of the gretive gommons model inludeX

he gretive gommons system does not provide retors wy to ollet moneyY retors thus must orgnize for themselves wy to hrge for tivities tht fll outside the gg liense termsF gretive gommons does not trk infringements nd is not uthorized to represent liensors in lwsuits or help them enfore the liensesF
8 http://learn.creativecommons.org/ 9 http://sciencecommons.org/ 10 http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CCPlus 11 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/

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CHAPTER 7.

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gretive gommons lienses re nonErevoleD nd the liense grnt is perpetulF euthors who employ gg lienses thus nnot lter hnge their mindsF hey nD of ourseD ese distriuting the works or distriute them under di'erent onditionsD ut this will not 'et the rights ssoited with the opies tht re lredy in irultionF hetermining wht does nd does not onstitute ommeril use is di0ult questionD nd nswers my vry mong individuls nd user ommunitiesF st is questionle whether jurisditionEspei( liensesD whih hve een dpted to ntionl legl systemsD re relly omptile with eh otherF por instneD some versions of the gg lienses inlude morl rights or dtse rightsY others do notF

7.8 The Open Access movement

he ypen eess @yeA movement seeks to inrese the puli vilility of works of sholrshipF st ws provoked y rpid rise in the prie of sienti( journlsD foring mny lirries to nel journl susripE tionsF he movement lims tht uthors should e le to ess freely their ollegues9 reserh for the ene(t of siene nd the generl puliF ye journls o'er rtiles to the puli online for freeF hey often use very open online liensesD suh s the gretive gommons ettriution lienseF his strtegy is sometimes known s qold ypen eessF feuse they forgo trditionl soures of revenueD ye journls must devise lterntive usiness modelsF ome hrge uthors for pulition of their workF ythers rely entirely the work of volunteersF ome journls re not ye journlsD ut uthorize the uthors of the rtiles they pulish to rhive versions of their rtiles in institutionl repositories set up y their universitiesF his strtegy is sometimes lled qreen ypen eessF ome qreen ypen eess journls lso llow uthors to uplod their work to freeD disiplineEspei( puli repositoriesD like the oil iene eserh xetwork12 F tournl opyright poliies regrding selfErhiving re nlyzed y the projet herp owiy13 F wore thn SH7 of pyEjournl poliies llow their uthors to rhive their preEprint rtiles in open ess repositoriesF ome journls do not generlly llow uthors to host openEopies of their rtiles on their own wesitesF sn these situtionsD uthors my formlly request tht the pulishing ontrt llow them to do soF everl ddendum models re villeF 4geiD4 the iene gommons holrs9 gopyright eddendum ingine14 genertes one suh formF punding institutions n filitte or ompel the use of one or more of these strtegies ! y enourging or requiring grnt reipients to mke the fruits of their projets pulily villeF gurrentlyD the xtionl snstitutes of relth in the nited ttesD the iuropen eserh gounilD nd the ellome rust in the nited uingdom require their grntees to mke their work pulily essileF niversities n lso helpF rrvrd niversity hs led the wy on this issueF trting in PHHVD some shools within rrvrd hve required fulty memers to provide the university with nonEexlusiveD irrevoleD worldwide liense to distriute their sholrly rtiles for nonEommeril usesF roweverD fulty memer my override this defult rule y otining wiver for spei( rtileF

7.9 Back to the case study

engel omplins to xdi tht she nnot inlude in her ourse pk the rtile from ollegue euse he trnsferred his rights to the pulisherF xdi informs engel tht some pulishers hve very strit poliiesD ut tht sometimes pulishing ontrts re in ft less restritive thn some uthors my thinkF ogetherD they will serh for the journl poliy to see whether the rtile ould e inludedF ogetherD they will rowse herp owiy15 euse it provides listing of pulishers9 opyright onditions s they relte to uthors rhiving their work onElineF
12 http://www.ssrn.com/ 13 http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ 14 http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/ 15 http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

TU pinllyD xdi will suggest to engel thtD togetherD they provide the ollegue informtion onerning gretive gommonsD ypen eessD nd other systems tht hve een developed reently tht might enle the ollegue in the future to ensure tht ess to his sholrship is more openF

7.10 Additional resources

en extensive set of tehing mterils on pree nd ypen oure oftwre n e found t the ourse wesite for he snternetX sssues t the prontier16 F yther vlule resoures on free softwre inludeX

toseph peller et lFD erspetives on pree nd ypen oure oftwre @PHHUA17 tosh verner nd ten iroleD 4he imple ionomis of ypen oure4 @PHHHA18 ien woglenD pulty resenttion on ypen oureD eptemer IID PHHV19 ghristopher ueltyD wo fitsX he gulturl igni(ne of pree oftwre @PHHV20 A endy eltzerD ypen oure s ypen vw21 @owerpoint resenttionA

he min wesite for gretive gommons is httpXGGretiveommonsForgG22 e lrge repository of photogrphs ville under gretive gommons lienses is ville through plikr23 e thorough disussionD prepred in PHHU y eter uerD of the vrious dimensions of the ypen eess wovement n e found t the ypen eess yverview24 he most importnt doument in the ye wovement is the fudpest ypen eess snititiveF sts history nd impt re disussed on the wesite of the oros poundtion25 e hiretory of ypen eess tournls @hyetA n e found here26 e smpler of ypen eess tournls in the relth ienesX

he ypen hentistry tournl27 snterntionl tournl of hentistry28 vo wediine29 fiowed ye wedil tournls30 fiovine snterntionl ye tournls31 ypen eess wedil tournls32 ypen eess imergeny wediine tournl33 outh efrin pmily rtie34 efrin tournl of rimry relth gre nd pmily wediine35

5tUD8K5tZuQFhNL6BTV_z_8LgQ 22 http://creativecommons.org/ 23 http://www.ickr.com/creativecommons/ 24 http://www.earlham.edu/peters/fos/overview.htm 25 http://www.soros.org/openaccess/index.shtml 26 http://www.doaj.org/ 27 http://www.bentham.org/open/todentj/ 28 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijd/ 29 http://www.plosmedicine.org/ 30 http://www.biomedcentral.com/browse/journals/ 31 http://www.bioline.org.br/journals 32 http://www.la-press.com/ 33 http://www.dovepress.com/open-access-emergency-medicine-journal 34 http://www.safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj 35 http://www.phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/about

16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/iif/Encouraging_the_Intellectual_Commons 17 http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11216&mode=toc 18 http://www.people.hbs.edu/jlerner/simple.pdf 19 http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/911/ 20 http://twobits.net/pub/Kelty-TwoBits.pdf 21 http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=1&q=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wseltzer/openlaw.ppt&ei=bvqMSemGB9WDtweirqWqCw&u

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7.11 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX gurry vF eekend @histrit gourt of emsterdmD wrh WD PHHTA36 @gretive gommons lienseA qvEioltionsForg vF hEvink @histrit gourt of prnkfurt PHHTA37 tosen vF utzerD SQS pFQd IQUQ @gepg PHHVA38 @ypen oure viensesA

7.12 Assignment and discussion questions

7.12.1 Assignment
ghoose one of the followingX uestion IF gretive gommons urrently supports the liensing of retive works in SP ountriesF sf your ountry is one of theseD use serh engines nd other diretories to lote some douments ville under gg lienses tht you ould help promote nd reEdistriuteF uestion PF hetermine if there re ny ye journls pulished in your ountryF wke list suitle for distriution to your ptronsF uestion QF repre slides or oneEpge hndout tht you ould use to edute lirrins nd demis onerning the gretive gommons system nd ye optionsF ulish your doument online with the gretive gommons liense of your hoie nd send the link to the groupF sf your lirry doesn9t hve wesiteD you my use lidehre39 F uestion RF row would you design nd implement n ye poliy in your ountryc

7.12.2 Discussion Question(s)

gomment on strtegies proposed y your ollegues in response to ound I question RF

7.13 Contributors
his module ws reted y welnie hulong de osny40 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz41 D illim pisher42 D rs qsser43 D edm rollnd44 D uimerley ssell45 D eter tszi46 D golin wly47 D endrew woshirni48 D nd ghris eterson49 F

%20Westlaw.pdf 39 http://www.slideshare.net/ 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#rosnay 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 43 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 44 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 45 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 46 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 47 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 48 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 49 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

36 http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/5822 37 http://gpl-violations.org/news/20060922-dlink-judgement_frankfurt.html 38 http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/students/2009_spring_intro_ip/Jacobsen%20v%20Katzer%20-

Chapter 8
Enforcement
1

8.1 Module 7: Enforcement 8.2 Learning objective

his module will provide generl overview of wht it mens to infringe nother9s opyright nd explin the vrious wys in whih infringement my ourF st will lso provide desription of some of the issues tht ommonly rise when opyright holder deides to ring opyright infringement lwsuitD nd how suh ses typilly proeed nd onludeF st will review some sttutory provisions disussed in previous modules tht provide liility exemptions for servie providersD inluding lirriesF pinllyD the module will onsider the pproprite roles of lirrins with regrd to opyright nd opyright enforementF

8.3 Case Study

engel leves xdi n urgent phone messgeX s reeived ese nd desist letter from pulisher omE plining thtD y inluding some of his works in one of my ourse pksD s m infringing his opyrightF ht should s doc row should xdi respondc

8.4 Lesson 8.5 What Infringes Copyright?

8.5.1 Acts That May Infringe Copyright

es we hve seenD the unuthorized exerise of n exlusive right of the opyright holder infringes opyright unless the use is overed y one of the exeptions or limittions disussed in wodule R2 F por exmpleD mking opy of ook or reord implites the exlusive right of reprodutionD ndD if done without permission in mnner not overed y one of the exeptionsD would infringe the rightsholder9s opyrightF snfringement my lso our when one violtes ny of the morl rights reognized y the prtiulr ountry9s opyright lwsF hese my inlude the right of n uthor to prevent distortion or mutiltion of his or her workD the right to e ttriuted s the uthor of work or not to hve uthorship flsely ttriutedF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m22654/1.5/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations

TW

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CHAPTER 8.

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8.5.2 Direct and Indirect Infringement

gopyright lw typilly distinguishes etween two di'erent kinds of infringementF hiret infringement ours when one exerises one of the opyright holder9s exlusive rights without uthoriztion or legl justi(tionF es stted in the previous setionD this would inlude opying ook or reord without permissionF roweverD mny opyright regimes lso reognize forms of indiret or 4seondry4 infringementF nder ertin irumstnesD one n e found lile for the ts of notherF por exmpleD in the nited ttesD one my e lile for ontriutory infringement if he or she knows out the infringing tivity of nother nd does something to indueD useD or mterilly ontriute to tht infringementF yne my e lile for virious infringement sed on the tions of nother personD even without tul knowledge of the infringementD if she hs the right nd ility to ontrol the other person9s ts nd ene(ts diretly from the infringementF werely providing devie ple of ommitting diret infringement is usully not enough to inur liE ility for ontriutory or virious infringementF qenerlly spekingD if the devie is ple of substantial non-infringing uses E like opy mhine or omputer E then the mker of tht devie will ordinrily not e lile for the tions of the devie9s usersF roweverD under ertin irumstnes the mker of devie used y others to ommit infringement n e lile for 4induement4 of opyright infringementF sn wetroEqoldwynEwyer tudios snF vF qroksterD vtdFD the upreme gourt held tht the distriutor of (le shring softwre ould e lile for opyright infringement if the distriutor intended to promote the softwre9s use for infringing purposes nd took 40rmtive steps4 to hieve tht golF yther ountries lso impose seondry liility for opyright infringementF sn ddition to punishing diret infringementD for exmpleD the nited uingdom lso imposes liility for providing mens of reting unuthorized opiesD or supplying sound reordings or (lms for n infringing performneF imilrlyD under outh efrin lwD infringement my our when one either exerises one of the exlusive rights of the opyright holder without liense @or other legl justi(tionAD or uses nother person to do soF

8.5.3 The Liability of Online Service Providers

wny ountries hve ented sfe hror sttutes tht protet online servie providers suh s serh enginesD internet servie providersD lirries or universities from liility for opyright infringement ommitted y their usersF sn order to e eligile for these exemptionsD the servie provider must omply with ertin rulesF ome ountries require online servie providers to omply with soElled notice and takedown proviE sions to e proteted y sfe hrorF por exmpleD in the nited ttesD if opyright holder elieves tht (le hosted y servie provider infringes her opyrightD the opyright holder my sumit notie to the provider to request tht the (le e removedF he notie must typilly inlude the nme of the omplining prty nd list ny infringing mterilsD inluding the URLF st must lso ontin goodEfith sttement y the opyright holder tht the mterils infringe on her opyrightF st must onlude with sworn sttement of the ury of the notie nd the notie provider9s uthoriztion to t on ehlf of the rightsholderF pon reeipt of tkeEdown notieD the servie provider must quikly remove the infringing mteril or disle ess to itF st must lso notify the individul responsile for the infringing mteril of its removlF st is not neessry for the opyright holder to otin judiil deision tht the mteril isD in ftD infringing in order to send tkeEdown notieF he sfe hror provisions llow the individul responsile for the ontent to (le wht9s lled acounter-notice to hllenge tkeEdown notieF sf the poster sumits ounterEnotie sserting tht the mteril removed ws not infringingD the servie provider must notify the opyright holderF sf the opyright holder does not (le lwsuit within two weeksD the servie provider must then restore ess to the mterilF he sttute exempts servie providers for liility for its goodEfith removl of mterils pursunt to tkeEdown notieD even if the mteril is ultimtely determined not to e infringingF he iuropen nion hs reted similrD though more openEendedD tkeEdown system in hiretive

UI PHHHGQIGig @hiretive on iletroni gommereA disussed in wodule P3 F his hiretive ontins di'erent rules for di'erent kinds of servie providersF were onduitsD or servies tht only route nd he online tr0D re exempted from liility entirelyF roviders tht tully host dtD howeverD re exempted only if they hve no tul knowledge or wreness of illegl tivitiesD nd if they t quikly to remove or disle ess to the infringing mterils one they hve een noti(edF roweverD the question of wht onstitutes tul knowledge of hosting infringing mterils hs een left lrgely unnsweredF his retes serious prolemsF st is unler whether servie provider who reeives notie from opyright holder tht it my e hosting infringing mterils will e deemed to hve 4tul knowledge4 of hosting the mterilsF vikewiseD it is unertin whtD if nyD evidene suh noties must inludeD whether the person sending it is required to identify himself nd inlude goodEfith sttement of elief of infringementD nd under wht irumstnes the servie provider is oligted to remove the ontent in order to tke dvntge of the sfeEhror provisionsF he wreness of illegl tivities riterion is similrly vgueD nd it is fr from ler how rigorously providers must selfEregulte nd monitor the dt they host or provide ess to in order to ome within the sfe hror provisionsF he iuropen nion diretive is roder thn the pproh in tht it does not provide lerly rtiultedD multiEstep pproh for inititing nd responding to tkeEdown notiesF feuse of this lk of lrityD servie providers hve inentives to respond ggressively to tkeEdown notiesF purtherD under the hiretiveD there does not pper to e set proedure in ple for user to ojet to removl of the mterilD nor re providers required to notify user when mteril is removed or mde inessileF he pprohes tken y other ountries to the exemption of online servie providers from liility for infringement ommitted y their users my di'er sustntillyF eustrlin lwD for exmpleD ontins n exemption tht is similr to tht odi(ed in the nited ttesF roweverD it does not require servie providers to notify the person who posted the mteril tht hs een removedF ssrel likewise hs notie nd tkeE down proedure s prt of its sfe hror sttuteF nlike the nited ttesD thoughD it does not require the servie provider to remove the mteril quikly upon the reeipt of omplintF snstedD it llows users three dys to respond to the omplint efore the mteril will e removedF ome ountries E suh s sndi E do not reognize sfe hror provisions for snternet servie providersD nd my hold them lile for opyright infringement ommitted y their users even if the provider hs no tive or diret involvement in tht infringementF urprisingly enoughD these rules my 'et some lirries in developing ountriesF he reson is tht some lirries my ssist in running or mnging the networks in universities with whih the lirries re 0litedF sn suh irumstnesD it is possile tht some of the lirries9 tivities my qulify for protetion under sfeEhror provisionF sf soD lirrins should py lose ttention to the detils of the notieEndEtkedown systems @if nyA ontined in their ountries9 opyright lwsF

8.6 Procedures and Penalties

8.6.1 Legal Procedures and Remedies

e opyright holder my deide to (le opyright infringement lwsuit if she elieves tht infringement of one of her exlusive rights hs ourredF ypillyD only the holder of the exlusive right tht ws infringed or ene(il holder of tht right my ring opyright infringement limF he opyright holder my hoose to sue the person or persons who ommitted diret infringementD nd G or nyone else who my e found to e lile under the severl theories of seondry or indiret infringement desried oveF sn mny ountriesD the opyright holder must ring the lim within ertin period of time fter the t of opyright infringement oursD or it will e rred y the sttute of limittionsF he length of the sttute of limittions vries y ountryF por exmpleD the sttute of limittions for opyright infringement tions is Q yers in the nited ttesD nd six yers in eustrliF @IU FFgF setion SHU@AY etion IQR@IA of the eustrlin gopyright etFA
3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

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CHAPTER 8.

ENFORCEMENT

et the outset of litigtionD the defendnt ! who ould e n individul userD lirrinD or lirry ! should onsider whether settlement is etter lterntive thn proeeding towrd full trilF feuse the (ner points of opyright infringement litigtion re often omplexD defending ginst n llegtion of opyright infringement n e very expensiveF purtherD euse some ountries llow plinti' who sueeds in his opyright infringement lwsuit to ollet dmges s set y sttuteD insted of hving to prove tul dmgesD the (nl wrds in opyright infringement tions n e lrgeF pinllyD sttutes or ourts my even wrd ttorney9s fees nd other osts to the plinti' if he previls in his litigtionF sn light of these onsidertionsD the defendnt my deide tht settling with the plinti' is etter option thn fing the unertinty nd potentil expense of litigtionF sn settlement proedureD one the prties hve greed to set of terms nd one the defendnt hs omplied with those termsD the plinti' will dismiss his lwsuitF he terms of settlement n vry signi(ntlyF sn some instnesD the plinti' my e ontent with the defendnt simply removing the mterils from her we siteF sn other sesD the plinti' my demnd tht the defendnt py some mount of money in ddition to removing the infringing mterilF prequentlyD s prt of settlementD the prties will gree to permnent injuntion tht prohiits the defendnt from engging in the sme ehvior in the futureF et other timesD howeverD the defendnt my deide tht settlement is not ppropriteD nd thus will proeed with the litigtionF sn order to previl in opyright infringement lwsuitD the opyright holder must proveX

tht the work is opyrightle tht she is the holder of the opyright tht the defendnt used the plinti'9s work tht unuthorized exerise of one or more of the exlusive rights ourredF ih of these requirements is disussed in depth in erlier modulesY we review them here rie)yF

nuthorized opying nd reprodution is the most ommon form of opyright infringementF gopying my e demonstrted y diret proofD ut suh evidene is often unvilleF gopying my lso y demonstrted indiretlyD y presenting evidene of sustntil similrity etween the originl work nd the opied workD nd y demonstrting tht the defendnt hd ess to the opyright holder9s workF eess my e proven y fts showing spei(lly how the defendnt ould hve otined the opyrighted workF elterntivelyD it my e shown y the ft tht the opyrighted work ws generlly ville nd widely distriutedF he sustntilEsimilrity requirement nd the ess requirement re interonneted in tht the more similr the two works reD the less evidene the plinti' needs to introdue regrding ess to the workF sn defending ginst lim of opyright infringementD the defendnt my lim severl defenses nd exeptionsD suh s fir useD sttute of limittionsD unopyrightility of the originl workD puli dominD (rst sle dotrineD sfeEhror provisionsD independent retionD nd other sttutory exemptionsF e exmined those ixeptions nd vimittions in detil in wodule R4 F wost ountries9 opyright regimes provide rod rnge of remedies for opyright infringementF his is required y severl of interntionl greements disussed in wodule P5 F he opyright holder n typilly seek temporry or permnent injuntive reliefD tul dmges su'ered s the result of the infringementD wrd of tril osts nd ttorney feesF pinllyD in extremely rre irumstnes involving ltnt opyright infringementD the infringing prty my e found to e riminlly lileD nd sntioned with (nes nd imprisonmentF st should e emphsized tht suessful opyright infringement suits re unusulF he lrge mjority of opyright holders re ontent with settlements in whih defendnts gree to ese their ehvior nd perhps py modest dmge wrdsF virries re espeilly unlikely to e trgets of suessful opyright infringement suitsF here re very few reported judiil opinions in ny ountry in whih puli or demi lirry hs een found lile for violting the opyright lwsF husD it is importnt tht lirrins e wre of the potentil sntions for opyright infringementD prtiulrly so tht they n give relile dvie to
4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

UQ their vrious onstitueniesF fut the lirries themselves should not e unduly worried out the prospet of eing suedF

8.6.2 Cross-border Infringement, Extraterritoriality, Conict of Laws and Jurisdictional Limitations

hespite ttempts to rete some uniformity in interntionl opyright lwsD domesti legl proeduresD urE dens of proofD nd the vilility nd mount of dmges vry onsiderly ross ountriesF feuse of these di'erenesD the plinti'9s hoie of whih ountry nd ourt to ring her suit in eomes importntF roweverD whether prtiulr forum is ville is likely to e limited y the sustntive lw of opyright nd the dotrines of extrterritorilityD hoie of lwD nd on)it of lwsF por instneD opyright holder nnot usully sue in one ountry for ts of opyright infringement tht ourred in di'erent ountryF his is euseD with few exeptionsD the dotrine of extrterritorility mens tht ountry9s lws only pply within the geogrphi orders of tht ountryF epplying this dotrineD ourts in the nited ttes hve lmost uniformly rejeted ttempts to pply FF opyright lw to ondut outside of the nited ttesF wost other ountries hve tken the sme positionF he dotrine of extrterritorility hs een omplitedD howeverD y digitl tehnologies nd the rise of the snternetF ith physil goodsD it is usully esy to identify 4where4 n t of opyright infringement ourredF roweverD infringement in the digitl environment my involve severl steps tht our in di'erent ountries governed y di'erent opyright regimesF his muddles the question of where n tul infringement took pleF sn the nited ttesD ourts onfronted with suh prolems hve generlly held tht lws pply only when the defendnt hs engged in some onrete t on FF soilF fut most ountries hve yet to e onfronted with ses of this sortF row the ourts in those ountries will respond remins unertinF sf prtiulr infringement is lleged to hve ourred t lest in prt in more thn one ountryD ourt will engge in on)it of lws nlysis to determine whih ountry9s lw will govern the infringement tionF feuse the sme t of infringement my our in severl di'erent ountriesD it is possile tht ourts in di'erent ountries might pply di'erent ountries9 lws to the sme tionF ometimesD ourt will rule tht the pplile lw is the lw of the ountry in whih the infringement ourredF es suhD tht lw will govern ll elements of the tion without regrd to the ntionlity of the uthorD the ountry of origin of the opyrighted workD or the ple of (rst pulition of the opyrighted workF roweverD this view hs een ritiized y some ommenttors euse its pplition would result in the pplition of di'erent lws every time the work rosses ntionl orderF en lterntive pproh is to pply di'erent lws to the issues of originlityD ownershipD nd infringement ! the di'erent elements of the infringement tionF nder this viewD FF ourt would hve to pply FF lw to resolve issues of originlity if the work is (rst pulished in the FF he lw pplile to ownership is likely to e the lw of the ountry tht hs the most signi(nt reltionship to the opyrighted work nd to the prties involvedF pinllyD under the generl priniple of lex loci delicti @the ple of wrongAD the lw pplile to the tul infringement is likely to e tht of the ountry in whih the tul infringement ourredF he dominnt view seems to e tht ourts should pply the lw of the ple where the infringement tully ourredF his view is onsistent with the territoril limittions of opyright lwD s well s the generl onsensus tht the protetions grnted y opyright re lrgely domestiF st is lso onsistent with ertile S@PA of the ferne gonventionD whih provides tht opyright protetion is to e governed exlusively y the lws of the ountry where protetion is limedF et the sme timeD pplition of this view to digitl ts of infringement my rete signi(nt enforement di0ulties nd gretly inrese the omplexity of the seD s digitl distriution nd reprodution mke it esy to disseminte opyrighted works to persons in di'erent ountries with di'erent opyright regimesF sn shortD it is urrently unertin whih lws govern whih spets of opyright disputes tht involve more thn one ountryF uh disputes re eoming inresingly ommonF qreter ttention to this mtter is inevitleF yne hopes tht suh ttention will led to greter lrityF

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8.7 The Complex Responsibilities of Librarians

virries re mjor purhsers of opyrighted works nd mke these works ville to the puliF elthough lirrins typilly seek to prevent opyright infringement of lirry mterilsD the ultimte responsiility of lirrins is to provide ess to mterils nd informtion serviesD not to enfore opyright lwF everl lirry orgniztions hve ttempted to provide guidne s to the pproprite lne etween proteting the rights of uthors nd serving the needs of lirry ptronsF por exmpleD the emerin virry essoition gode of ithis notes tht reognition nd respet for intelletul property rights is one of the priniples tht should guide lirrins9 ethil deisionEmkingF roweverD the gode lso emphsizes tht the eve is ommitted to upholding the priniples of intelletul freedom nd resisting e'orts to ensor lirry resouresF he nited uingdom9s ghrtered snstitute of virry nd snformtion rofessionls @gsvsA supports similr vlues in its gode of rofessionl rtieF sts ode requires memers to defend the legitimte needs nd interests of informtion usersD while upholding the morl nd legl rights of the retors nd distriutors of intelletul propertyF pinllyD the snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions nd snstitutions @spveA hs relesed sttement setting forth its position on opyrightF he spve hs knowledged tht lirrins hve longE stnding role in informing nd eduting users out the importne of opyright lw nd ompline with itF roweverD it lso emphsizes tht overprotetion of opyright leds to unresonle restritions to ess nd knowledgeF st hs suggested tht opyright lw should estlish ler limittions on liility of third prtiesD suh s lirrinsD in instnes where ompline nnot prtilly or resonly e enforedF

8.8 Back to the case study

xdi nd engel should (rst sertin whether there is ny merit to the pulisher9s omplintF por exmpleD they should hek to determine whether the opyright on the work hs expired or whether the inlusion of opy of the work in the pket of ourse mterils is proteted y ny of the exeptions nd limittions in their ntion9s opyright lwsF sf they hve ny douts on this soreD they should onsult lwyerF he lwyer will provide them dvie not just onerning the permissiility of their ehviorD ut lso onerning the sntions they might fe if they re unle to resolve the dispute with the pulisher milyF ith the lwyer9s idD they should then deide whether to remove the mteril t issue from the ourse mterilsF

8.9 Additional resources

sn 4eondry viility for gopyright snfringement in the 46 @PHHTAD rofessor tne qinsurg provides good review of the lw governing ontriutory nd virious opyright infringementF he tnford ehnology vw eview exmines the sme sujet in 4snterpreting qroksterX vimits on the ope of eondry viility for gopyright snfringement47 @PHHTAF enother good tretment of the sme sujet is ty hrtlerD 4e heory of eondry viility for gopyE right snfringement48 @PHHSAF e shrewdD forwrdElooking study of seondry liility dotrines with spei( referene to (leshring is quy esshD 4en snterntionlEgomprtive erspetive on eerEtoEeer pileEhring nd hird rty viility in gopyright vwX prming the stD resentD nd xext qenertions9 uestionsD49 RH nderilt tournl of rnsntionl vw VU @PHHUAF e thoughtful reent sttement y the spve onerning the opyright system nd its impt on lirries n e found rere10 F
6 http://www.law.columbia.edu/law_school/communications/reports/winter06/facforum1 7 http://stlr.stanford.edu/pdf/CDT-grokster.pdf 8 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=872903 9 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=924527 10 http://www.ia.org/en/publications/statement-by-ia-at-the-inter-sessional-intergovernmental-meeting-on-a-development-

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8.10 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX ony gorportion of emeri vF niversl gity tudiosD snFD RTR FF RIU @IWVRA11 @seondry liilityA gf ongs vimited 8 ythers vF emstrd gonsumer iletronis l nd enorFD rouse of vordsD IP wy IWVV12 @seondry liilityA

8.11 Assignment and discussion questions

8.11.1 Assignment
IF hoes your ountry hve sfe hror limiting servie providers9 liilityc sf yesD plese desrie the mehnismF PF elet one tivity of your lirryD desrie it nd elorte est prties to void opyright infringeE mentF por exmpleD you might drft set of guidelines for professors who prepre ourse pks or notie to e displyed next to the printing mhine or the omputers ville to ptronsF

8.11.2 Discussion Question(s)

IF lese review the sfe hror poliies ville in the ountries of your olleguesF hih ones o'er the most fvorle onditions for lirries nd for wht resonsc PF lese omment on few noties of your olleguesF hese should e ler nd inlusiveD ut not overrodF

8.12 Contributors
his module ws reted y hmitriy ishyevih13 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz14 D illim pisher15 D rs qsser16 D edm rollnd17 D uimerley ssell18 D eter tszi19 D golin wly20 D endrew woshirni21 D nd ghris eterson22 F

age

11 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/1984%20Sony%20Abridged.pdf 12 http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipcass/ipcass-legislation/ipcass-legislation-copyact-1956/ipcass-cbs.htm 13 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#tishyevich 14 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 15 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 17 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 19 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 20 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 21 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 22 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson

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CHAPTER 8.

ENFORCEMENT

Chapter 9
Traditional Knowledge
1

9.1 Module 8: Traditional Knowledge 9.2 Learning objective

yne of the most omplex reent extensions of opyright lw involves trditionl knowledgeF his module (rst desries the intrite nd rpidly hnging set of legl rules pertining to trditionl knowledgeD nd then explores the (ere ontinuing dete onerning the pproprite sope of protetion for this novel topiF

9.3 Case Study

engel is memer of n indigenous ommunity tht hs unique trdition of dneF erformnes of these dnes ttrt memers of other indigenous ommunities nd touristsF engel lls xdi when she sees elements of one of the dnes in reently relesed musi video y the emerin singerD wdonnF engle sks whether she hs ny legl reourse either to stop the use of the dne or to otin ompenstion for herself or for her ommunityF

9.4 Lesson

9.4.1 What Is Traditional Knowledge?

hough di0ult to de(neD traditional knowledge (TK) is generlly understood to enompss four types of retive worksX verbal expressions @storiesD episD legendsD folk tlesD poetryD riddlesD etFAD musical expressions @folk songs nd instrumentl musiAD expressions by action @dnesD plysD eremoniesD rituls nd other performnesA nd tangible expressions tht must e (xed on permnent mteril @drwingsD designsD pintings @inluding odyEpintingsAD rvingsD sulpturesD potteryD mosisD jewelryD sket workD textilesD rpetsD ostumesD musil instrumentsD etFA wore detiled de(nitions n e found in the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syA2 nd nited xtions idutionlD ienti( nd gulturl yrE gniztion @xigyA3 wodel rovisionsF u is used interhngely with the term traditional cultural expressions (TCEs)Y oth refer to musiD rtD designsD nmesD signs nd symolsD performnesD rhiteE turl formsD hndirfts nd nrrtivesF gis re integrl to the ulturl nd soil identities of indigenous nd lol ommunitiesF hey emody knowledge nd skillsD nd they trnsmit ore vlues nd eliefsF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m38519/1.2/>. 2 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_7/wipo_grtkf_ic_7_3.pdf 3 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=34325&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

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9.4.2 What is the Debate About?

everl omined fores hve reently led to ommeriliztion of gis on glol sle without due respet eing given to the ulturl or eonomi interests of the ommunities from whih they originteF he snternet provides pervsive ess to gisF he demnd of western onsumers for wht is sometimes @disrespetfullyA lled 4primitive rt4 hs inresedF pinllyD tourism in developing ountries hs exposed more potentil onsumers to mnifesttions of folklore tht n e found thereF es resultD indigenous groups re seeking protetion for their gis nd their responses hve 'eted legisltion t ntionlD regionl nd interntionl levelsF

9.4.3 What types of Traditional Knowledge are Most Frequently Used?

ixploittion of u ours in di'erent formsF ixmples inlude the unuthorized prodution of indigenous rft ojets in the souvenir mrket4 D the unuthorized use of indigenous imgery on lothing5 D food produts6 D or toys7 D the unuthorized use of indigenous nmes or phrses s trdemrks8 D the unuthorized inorportion of trditionl dne into ommeril performnes9 D nd the unuthorized use of trditionl musi in ommeril musil produtions10 F

9.4.4 What Kind of Legal Liability Governs?

ht kinds of legl rules @if nyA should govern use of trditionl knowledge y people who re not memers of ommunities from whih the u origintesc his issue is eing ddressed on ntionlD regionl nd interntionl levelsF u might e proteted through onventionl s lw ! for exmpleD through the use of gopyright lwD tent lwD qeogrphil snditorsD or gerti(tion rdemrksF roweverD mny regions nd ountries hve found it di0ult to (t u into trditionl s protetion shemesF es resultD some hve dopted sui generis lws tht pply spei(lly to uF ixmples of these di'erent pprohes re disussed elowF

9.5 How Individual Nations deal with Traditional Knowledge

9.5.1 Countries Whose Traditional IP Laws Do Not Cover Traditional Knowledge

everl ntions hve opyright lws tht expressly exlude folklore from the list of works eligile for opyE right protetionF hese inludeX Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Slovenia, The Ukraine, Uzbekistan nd YemenF hese ountries tend to lssify trditionl knowledge s within the 4puli domin4 nd thus do not restrit use of or ess to uF por instneD ertile W11 of the PHHP gopyright

et of Bosnia and Herzegovina sttes tht 4the use of folk literture nd rt retions for the purpose of literryD rtisti or sienti( rrngement shll e freeF4

9.5.2 Countries Whose Traditional IP Laws Cover Traditional Knowledge

9.5.2.1 Protection Despite No Explicit Reference to TCE

he trditionl s sttutes in some ntions ontin no expliit referenes to folkloreD ut gis my still e proteted in those ntions under opyright lwD other trditionl intelletul property dotrinesD or through
4 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/carpetscase-main.pdf 5 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en//studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/rockart.pdf 6 http://cita.chattanooga.org/chml.html 7 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacic/1627209.stm 8 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/trademarks.pdf 9 http://www.villagevoice.com/2004-04-13/news/rap-rage-redvolution/ 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines 11 http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/legal/oth-legist/doc/BH-LAW-ON-COPYRIGHT-AND-RELATED-RIGHTS.doc

UW speil sttutesF por exmpleD most ountries in iurope hve opyright legisltion tht my e used to over trditionl knowledgeD ut do not hve ny provisions expliitly mentioning gisF hese inludeX Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, nd SwitzerlandF everl other 4mjor inE dustrilized ountries4 lk expliit gi referenes s wellF hese inludeX Australia, Canada, Japan, nd the United StatesF edditionllyD severl ountries with reentlyEented opyright legisltion hve

not expressly inluded gis within its sopeF snluded in this group re severl esin ountries @suh s India, Malaysia, Philippines, nd ThailandA nd severl grien nd outh emerin ounE tries @suh s Barbados, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, nd VenezuelaAF ilene in these sttutesD howeverD does not men tht trditionl knowledge is unproE tetedF therD in these ountries gis re proteted on the sis of trditionl sD ustomryD regionl or interntionl lws or through sui generis legisltionF sn AustraliaD gis re proteted through trditionl opyright lwF por exmpleD in wilpurrurru vF sndofurn ly vtdF12 D originl eustrlin rtists sued to prevent the importtion y erthEsed ompny of rpets mnuftured in ietnmD upon whih were reprodued the designs of severl prominent originl rtists without their permissionF he designs hd een opied from portfolio of rtworks produed y the eustrlin xtionl qlleryF he federl ourt wrded the originl rtists sustntil dmges for opyright infringement nd grnted n injuntion ginst ny further infringementF he ourt pointed out tht the unuthorized use of the rtwork involved the pirting of ulturl heritge nd tht suh ehvior ould hve fr rehing e'ets on the eustrlin ulturl environmentF st ws deemed espeilly o'ensive tht the imges hd een used on medium @rpetA tht ws designed to e wlked uponF yther ntions hve egun using trdemrk lw to protet gisD even when gis re not mentioned in ntionl sttutesF por exmpleD in Canada, New Zealand nd the United StatesD s well s AustraliaD indigenous people hve sometimes relied @with vrying degrees of suessA upon trdemrk lw or its equivE lent to protet tril nmes nd other designs nd motifs ginst unuthorized use y othersF gonsiderle e'orts hve lso een mde to protet sred nd ulturlly signi(nt symols s well s olletive nd erE ti(tion mrks under trditionl trdemrk lwF por instneD Australiaprovides for design registrtionD whih llows for the registrtion of fetures of shpeD on(gurtionD pttern or ornmenttion pplile to n rtileF his system protets the visul form for IT yersD provided tht it is new nd originl nd is not sed on preEexisting designF tillD euse of the originlity requirementD this system hs not yet een e'etive for proteting folkloreF wore e'etive is the system used in New ZealandF hereD the reently dopted rde wrks et of PHHP13 D prevents the registrtion of trdemrks sed on wori text or imgery where the use or registrtion of suh mrks would e o'ensive to the woriF he gommissioner of rde wrks hs set up wori edvisory gommittee to dvise on whether the proposed registrtion or use of mrk is likely to e o'ensiveF elthough the United States hs not ted to provide generl protetion for indigenous peoples9 trE ditionl knowledgeD it hs sometimes dopted nrrow sttutes in response to xtive emerins9 ttempts to regin selfEgovernne nd to ontrol the use of their trditionl knowledge y nonEommunity memersF i'orts of this sort inludeX

the entiquities et of IWHT14 @IT FFgF RQIEQQ @PHHHAAD giving the resident power to set side s ntionl monuments ertin histori lndmrksD strutures nd other ojets of histori interestD the ristori itesD fuildings nd entiquities et of IWQS15 @IT FFgF RTIETUAD empowering the xtionl rk ervie to restoreD reonstrutD nd mintin sites nd ojets of histori interestD the xtionl ristori reservtion et of IWTT16 @IT FFgF RUHAD providing for the mintenne of xtionl egister of ristori les nd requiring the eretry of the snterior to estlish progrm to help xtive emerin tries to preserve their propertiesD tking into ount tril vluesD
12 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AILR/1996/20.html 13 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/latest/DLM164240.html?search=ts_act_Trade+Marks+Act_resel&sr=1 14 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm 15 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/hsact35.htm 16 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/nhpa1966.htm

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the xtive emerin erts nd grfts et17 @PS FFgF QHS @PHHHAAD intended to ssure the uthentiity of xtive emerin rtiftsD nd the xtive emerin qrves rotetion nd eptrition et18 @xeqeA@ PS FFgF QHHI@IAE@IQA @PHHHAAD whih provided tht the ownership or ontrol of xtive emerin ulturl items exvted or disovered on federl or tril lnds remined with linel desendntsD xtive emerin triesD or rwiin yrgniztionsF
9.5.2.2 Protection Using Explicit Reference to TCEs

wny ountries now expliitly refer to folklore in their opyright legisltionF uh referenes tke vrious formsF ome ountries hve setionsD hptersD or speil prts of opyright lw tht re entirely devoted to folkloreF gountries within this group inlude Algeria, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chile,
Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Rwanda, Seychelles, Togo, Tanzania, Tunisia, nd ZimbabweF sn the CongoD for exmpleD folklore is onsidered prty of the ountry9s heritgeD nd gongolese opyright

lw protets folklore without time limittionF e 4fody of euthors4 soiety is responsile for olleting royltiesD representing uthors9 interestsD nd overseeing the use of folkloreF ermission must e sought from the soiety efore ny puli performneD reprodutionD or dpttion of folklore for ommeril purposesF his inludes the import or distriution of opies of works of ntionl folklore mde rodF uli genies re exempted from the oligtion to otin prior uthoriztion to use folklore for nonEpro(t tivitiesD though they still must notify the soiety efore useF sn GhanaD the reently dopted gopyright et of PHHS19 signi(ntly hnged the wy trditionl knowledge is protetedF sn the etD opyright protetion extends to literry worksD rtisti worksD musil worksD sound reordingsD rodstsD inemtogrphi worksD horeogrphi worksD derivtive worksD nd progrmErrying rodst signlsF o e eligile for opyrightD the work must e originlD in writing @or otherwise redued to mteril formAD nd reted y itizen or resident of qhnF he work must lso hve een (rst pulished in qhnD orD if (rst pulished outside qhnD pulished in qhn within thirty dys of its originl pulitionF e work reted y n individul is proteted for the life of tht individul plus (fty yersY work reted y orportion is proteted for (fty yers from the dte on whih the work ws (rst mde puliF sn qhnD n uthor hs exlusive rights to reprodue the work @with the exeption of privte useD quottions in other worksD nd use in pedgogyD whih re permittedAF st is n infringement of the opyright to reprodueD sell or exhiit in puli for ommeril purposes ny work without uthoriztionD or to use the work in mnner tht dversely 'ets the reputtion of the uthorF foth ivil nd riminl penlties my pplyF ertile SW of the et estlishes xtionl polklore fordD whih governs the dministrtionD preservtionD registrtion nd promotion of expressions of folkloreF he ford my uthorize the use of folklore nd my determine fee to e pidF he et provides tht the opyrights of uthors of folklore vest in the government s if the government were the retor of the worksF sn qhn @s in the gentrl efrin epuli nd gongoAD funds from fees or other money ruing from the use of folklore re to e used for soil welfre ene(tsF Namibia grnts indigenous ommunities inde(nite exlusive rights to ontrol expressions of folklore nd their dpttionsD trnsltionsD nd trnsformtionsF hese exlusive rights inlude the right to puliizeD mke reprodutionD or distriute opies of n expression of folkloreY ommunite n expression of folklore to the puli y performneD rodstingD distriution y le or other mensY inlude n expression of folklore in inemtogrphi (lm or television rodstY use the folklore expressionD or television progrm or other progrm inluding the expressionD to e trnsmitted in di'usion servie @unless suh servie trnsmits lwful rodstD inluding the expressionD nd is operted y the originl rodsterAY
17 http://www.doi.gov/iacb/act.html 18 http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/MANDATES/25USC3001etseq.htm 19 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_pdf.jsp?lang=EN&id=1789.

VI mke dpttionsD trnsltions nd other trnsformtion of the expression @ertile TH20 AF ertile TI21 D howeverD llows seondry user to use expressions of folklore for personl or privte useD ritiism or reviewD tehing or sienti( reserhD nd inidentl useF ertile TI lso llows the use of the originl expression if the use is 4omptile with fir prtieD4 suh s for reting n illustrtion or orrowing the expression to rete n originl workF vikewiseD Nigerian gopyright vw22 protets expressions of folklore 4ginst reprodutionD ommuE nition to the puli y performneD rodstingD or distriution y leF4 sn dditionD it forids dpttionsD trnsltionsD nd other trnsformtions of suh folkloreD when mde either for ommeril purE poses or outside their trditionl ustomry ontextF he right to uthorize ny of these ts lies with the xigerin gopyright gounilF roweverD xigerin folklore my e used without uthoriztion for privteD edutionlD or illustrtive purposesF he lw requires identi(tion of the soure of the folklore y referene to the ommunity or ple from whih the folklore is derivedF ioltions of the lw sujet the user to liility in dmgesD injuntionsD nd other remedies the ourt deems ppropriteF xigeri lso protets trditionl knowledge through ptents nd trdemrksF o e ptentleD n invention must e newD result from inventive tivityD nd e ple of industril pplitionF he ptent right is vested in the inventorD nd the ptent is vlid for PH yers fter the (ling dteF edditionllyD xigerin legisltion protets registered trdemrksF egistrtion is vlid for seven yers nd then n e renewedY registrtion is limited to mrks tht re distintiveF sn RwandaD ertF Q of the gopyright vw @IWVQA23 provides generous protetion to folkloreF snluded in its overge re trditions nd literry produtions @tlesD legendsD mythsD proversD ountsD nd poemsAD rtisti works @dnes nd spetles of ny kindD musil works of ny kindD styles nd works of deortive rtD nd rhiteturl stylesAD religious works @ritul ritesD ojetsD lothingD nd ples of worshipsAD sienti( knowledge @prties nd produts of mediine nd phrmologyD theoretil nd prtil (elds of the nturl siene nd nthropologyAD nd tehnologil knowledgeF he gopyright vw of Zimbabwe protets performers9 rights to reordD rodst nd distriute opies of their performnes @etion TV24 AF sn dditionD it extends protetion to 4work of folkloreD4 whih it de(nes s literryD musil or rtisti workD whether or not it is reordedD of whihX @A no person n lim to e the uthorY nd @A the form or ontent is emodied in the trditions peulir to one or more ommunities in imweY nd inludesX @iA folk tlesD folk poetry nd trditionl riddlesY @iiA folk songs nd instrumentl folk musiY @iiiA folk dnesD plys nd rtisti forms of ritulY nd @ivA produtions of folk rtD in prtiulr drwingsD pintingsD sulpturesD potteryD woodworkD metlworkD jeweleryD skets nd ostumes @etion VH25 AF he opyright lws in severl other ountries shield trditionl knowledge y inluding folklore in the list of literry nd rtisti works eligile for regulr opyright protetionF gountries dopting this pproh inlude Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Madagascar, must seek permission from the xtionl gopyright gorportion efore ny ommeril exploittion of folklore my ourF egents uthorized y the gorportion regulte the use of folklore in gmeroonD while the gorportion ollets roylties (xed y greement etween the prties nd rings infringement tions ginst unlwful users of proteted worksF Lesotho's gopyright yrder of IWVW27 de(nes folklore s ulturl produtions with 4hrteristi eleE ments of the trditionl rtisti heritge developed nd mintined over genertions y ommunity or y individuls re)eting the trditionl rtisti expettions of their ommunityF4 orks inspired y expressions
Mali, Mozambique, Oman, Republic of Central Africa, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, and Zaire. por instneD Cameroonian lw extends opyright protetion to 4works derived from folkloreF426 sers

20 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/consultations/questionnaires/ic-2-7/namibia.pdf 21 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/consultations/questionnaires/ic-2-7/namibia.pdf 22 http://www.nigeria-law.org/CopyrightAct.htm 23 http://www.amategeko.net/display_rubrique.php?ActDo=ShowArt&Information_ID=874&Parent_ID=3070032&type=public&Langue_ID= 24 http://www.unesco.org/culture/pdf/anti-piracy/Zimbabwe/zb_copyright_2000_en 25 http://www.unesco.org/culture/pdf/anti-piracy/Zimbabwe/zb_copyright_2000_en 26 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=836 27 http://www.copyright-watch.org/sites/default/les/LesothoCopyrightOrder1989.pdf

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CHAPTER 9.

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of folklore re proteted s originl works @ertile R@AAF sn Mali ll persons @exept puli entitiesA seeking to use folklore for pro(t must otin prior uthoE riztion from the winister of erts nd gulture who my impose fee for suh useF he lw prohiits the ssignment or liensing of 4works derived from folklore4 without the pprovl of the winisterF he lw lso ples in the puli domin nd hrges user fee for ll 4works whose uthors re unknownD inluding the songsD legendsD dnesD nd other mnifesttions of the ommon ulturl heritgeF4 Senegal inludes folklore in the list of works eligile for opyright protetionF ertile I of the eneglese gopyright et provides speil protetion for folkloreD nd ertile W sttes tht ny 4diret or indiret4 (xtion of suh mteril for 4pro(tEmking purposes4 is sujet to prior uthoriztion y the gopyright y0e of eneglF ell folklore uses require prior uthoriztion from the y0eD whih hrges users fee whose mount depends on the nture of the use nd prior rrngementsF enegl riminlizes the importtion of works into enegl tht violte its opyright lwF Uganda's gopyright nd xeighouring ights etD PHHT28 grnts opyright protetion to 4work in the (eld of litertureD trditionl folklore nd knowledgeD siene nd rt4 @ertile SAF st grnts performers ! persons who tD singD deliverD delimD ply inD interpretD or otherwise perform literry or rtisti works or expressions of folklore ! the right to ontrol the (xtionD trnsmission nd reprodution of their performnes @ertiles P nd PPAF e (nl group of ountries protet gis y grnting rights to the tte for its protetionF snluded in this group re Egypt, Jordan, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, nd QatarF por instneD in SudanD ertile U29 of the gopyright et notes tht 4xtionl folklore of the udnese ommunity is deemed to e the property of the tte4 nd tht the 4tte represented y the winistry of gulture nd snformtionD shll endevor to protet works of folklore y ll legl wys nd mensD nd shll exerise the rights of n uthor in ses of mutiltionD trnsformtion nd ommeril exploittionF4 imilrlyD in EgyptD ertile IRP30 of the vw on the rotetion of sntelletul roperty ights xoF VP @Q tune PHHPA de(nes 4ntionl folklore4 s prt of the 4puli domin of the peopleF4 he t sttesD 4he ompetent ministry shll exerise the uthor9s eonomi nd morl rights nd shll protet nd support suh folkloreF4 sn Saudi ArabiaD ertile U31 of the gopyright vw of PHHQ sttes tht 4folklore shll e the property of the stteD nd the winistry shll exerise the opyright pertining theretoD4 nd tht 4the import or distriution of opies of folklore worksD opies of their trnsltions or others whih re produed outside the uingdom without liense from the winistry shll e prohiitedF4 vikewiseD in QatarD ertile QP of the gopyright et of PHHP provides tht 4ntionl folklore shll e the puli property of the tte4 nd tht 4the tteFFFshll protet ntionl folklore y ll legl mensD nd shll t s the uthor of folklore works in fing ny deformtionD modi(tion or ommeril exploittionF4 sn JordanD ertile U@A@QA32 of the gopyright vw xoF PP of IWWP exludes from opyright protetion 4works whih reverted to the puli dominF por the purpose of this rtile folklore shll e onsidered in the puli domin with the minister exerising the opyrights of these works ginst distortionD misrepresenttion or dmge to ulturl interests4 unless 4the olletions of these works were distinguished y personl e'ort involving innovtion or rrngementF4
9.5.2.3 Countries with Sui Generis Traditional Knowledge Laws

he ountries disussed in the previous setion inlude trditionl knowledge in their regulr opyright lwsD ut typilly tret u somewht di'erently from other types of opyrighted worksF he memers of the (nl group of ountries go one step furtherF snsted of lssifying u s @speilA type of opyrighted workD these ountries hve dopted soElled sui generis lws tht rete n entirely di'erent sort of legl protetion for uF @es we will seeD the distintion etween ustomized opyright lws nd sui generis lws is lurryD ut is nevertheless helpful in di'erentiting the types of pprohes to this issueFA
28 http://www.i-network.or.ug/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=93&Itemid=130 29 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=3605#P116_9052 30 http://www.ecipit.org.eg/Arabic/pdf/IPR%20law%20no%2082%20year%202002%20English.pdf 31 http://www.boe.gov.sa/English/En%20Word/2%20Media,%20Culture%20and%20Publishing/Copyright%20Law.doc 32 http://www.agip.com/country_service.aspx?country_key=50&service_key=C&SubService_Order=3&lang=en

VQ wo erly exmples of ntionl sui generis lws grew out of ountries9 e'orts to protet the trditionl knowledge of indigenous groups onerning the mediinl vlue of plntsF Ecuador's vw on sntelletul roperty of IWWV33 protets the ountry9s iologil nd geneti heritge nd onditions the grnt of produt or proess ptents relting to tht heritge on the quisition of rights from the relevnt trditionl ownersF imilrlyD in IWWUD the Philippine Congress pssed the sndigenous eoples ights et34 to reognize nd promote ll the rights of sndigenous gulturl gommunitiesGsndigenous eoples @sggsGssAD inluding their rights to preserve nd develop their ulturesD trditionsD nd institutions in ulturl propertyF he et 0rms the right of sggsGss to the full ownership nd ontrol of their ulturl nd intelletul rightsF husD ess to iologil nd geneti resoures is permitted only fter otining the free nd informed onsent of suh ommunitiesF sn dditionD the et gurntees sggsGss the right to prtie nd revitlize their ulturl trditionsD inluding to prtie nd teh their spiritul nd religious trditionsD ustoms nd eremoniesY the right to mintinD protet nd hve ess to their religious nd ulturl sitesY the right to the use nd ontrol of eremonil ojetsY ndD the right to the reptrition of humn reminsF Panama's et xoF PH35 lunhed the sui generis protetion movement spei(lly for gis in tuneD PHHHF he et sujets the rights of use nd ommeriliztion of the rtsD rfts nd other ulturl expresE sions sed on the trdition of the indigenous ommunity to the regultion of eh indigenous ommunity pproved nd registered in the hsqis or in the xtionl gopyright y0e of the winistry of idutionF st de(nes indigenous olletive rights s indigenous intelletul nd ulturl property rights lw relting to rtD musiD litertureFFFnd other sujet mtter nd mnifesttions tht hve no known uthor or owner nd no dte of origin nd onstitute the heritge of n entire indigenous peopleF vikewiseD Peru's PHHP sui generis36 37 u vw38 ims to promote respet for nd protet the 4olletive knowledge of indigenous peoplesY to promote the fir nd equitle distriution of the ene(ts derived from the use of tht olletive knowledgeY to promote the use of the knowledge for the ene(t of the indigenous peoples nd mnkind in generlY to ensure tht the use of the knowledge tkes ple with the prior informed onsent of the indigenous peoplesY to promote the strengthening nd development of the potentil of the indigenous peoplesFFFnd to void situtions where the ptents re grnted for inventions mde or developed on the sis of olletive knowledge of the indigenous peoples of eru without ny ount eing tken of tht knowledge s prior rt in the exmintion of the novelty nd inventiveness of the sid inventionsF4 sn PHHQD Guatemala designed nd implemented speil sui generis set of intelletul property rights for indigenous folkloreD ked y oth ivil nd riminl penltiesF quteml9s 4gulturl reritge rotetion vw4 lso enles the ttorney generl to protet ny registered indigenous ulturl good @inluding orl or musil trditionsA nd provides perpetul intelletul property protetion for ny registered itemF he qutemln system is reiprolY it reognizes the registered folklore of ny other ountry tht reognizes the qutemln registryF st is likely tht mny other ountries will soon dopt sui generis u lwsF yne indition of the trend in this diretion is tht mny ntionl memers of sy9s sntergovernmentl gommittee on sntelletul roperty nd qeneti esouresD rditionl unowledgeD nd polklore hve lled for the estlishment of sui generis systems in their written sumissions to the gommitteeF emong suh ountries re Brazil,
Colombia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Thailand, nd VenezuelaF

9.6 Regional Codes Governing Traditional Knowledge

enother wy in whih some ountries ttempt to protet trditionl ulturl expressions @gisA is y pooling their resoures nd reting intergovernmentl orgniztions tht monitor nd seek to ontrol the
33 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=1205 34 http://www.grain.org/brl_les/philippines-ipra-1999-en.pdf 35 http://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/indigenous/aresioPanamaLawEng.html 36 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/laws/pdf/peru_law_27811.pdf 37 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/laws/pdf/peru_law_27811.pdf 38 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/laws/pdf/peru_law_27811.pdf

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CHAPTER 9.

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use of gis in foreign territoriesF edvntges of this pproh inlude hrmonizing lol lwsD entrlizing dministrtionD nd voiding duplition of ostly e'orts ross multiple ountriesF hile the ojetives of regionl lws my e soundD it is detle whether the regionl orgniztions provide e'etive forms of enforementF he mjor exmples of this strtegy re desried elowF

9.6.1 African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)

he efrin egionl sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @esyA @originlly nmed the efrin egionl sndustril roperty yrgniztionA ws formed in IWUT nd inludes mny of the inglishEspeking efrin ountriesX Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, nd ZimbabweF esy9s overE ll ojetives39 re to hrmonize intelletul property regimesD foster oopertionD nd provide oordinted dministrtive trining ross memer sttesF esy hs dopted two entrl protoolsX the rrre rotool40 D pertining to ptents nd industril designsD nd the fnjul rotool41 D relting to trdemrks nd servie mrksF urprisinglyD neither protoE ol spei(lly mentions protetion of trditionl knowledge or gisF ome hve ritiized the protools s insensitive to the needs of the memer sttesF roweverD sine the doption of the protoolsD esy hs ontinued to work with the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syA to protet indigenous knowledgeF purthermoreD esy9s edministrtive gounil hs initited study to ssess the fesiility of developing trditionl knowledge dtseF sn PHHWD esy9s edministrtive gounil suggested42 three primry wys to implement the yrgniztion9s mndte on the protetion of geneti resouresD trditionl knowledgeD nd expressions of folkloreX @IA develop esy9s rditionl unowledge higitl virryD @PA rete regionl frmeworks on ess nd ene(t shring relted to iologil resouresD nd @QA dopt the hrft rotool nd implementing regultions on the protetion of trditionl knowledge nd the expressions of folkloreF rogress on one or more of these pths n e expeted in the ner futureF

9.6.2 African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI)

he efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @yesA ws reted y the frnophone efrin ountries in IWTPF he orgniztion9s most importnt legl instrument is the fngui egreementD whih ws signed in IWUUF he following IT efrin ountries re ound y the egreementX Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Equitorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Chad, nd TogoF he fngui egreement43 ws mended

in IWWW so tht its forml nme is now the egreement of PR perury IWWW evising the fngui egreement of P wrh IWUU on the retion of n efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztionF elthough the IWUU version of the egreement is no longer e'etiveD ompring the IWUU nd IWWW versions helps to identify the strengths nd weknesses of yes9s most importnt greementF

9.6.3 Annex VII in the 1977 Bangui Agreement

he most notle di'erene etween the IWUU nd the IWWW egreements is the removl of diret protetion of folklore from the opyright setionF ennex ss of the IWUU egreement oliged memer sttes to delre use of folklore to ntionl geny nd to py fees for suh useF he fees olleted were diretedD in prtD to ulturl nd soil purposesF his setion ws ritiized for its vgueness euse most people were not sure how rodly to interpret the sope of use of elements orrowed from folklore @IWUU egreementD ennex ssD ghpter ID ertile VD prF SAF edditionllyD the older version of the fngui egreement imposed (ne for ny use of folklore work or work tht hs entered the puli domin without prior delrtion to
39 http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=53 40 http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=11 41 http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=5&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=11 42 http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=57&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=11 43 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/doc/en/bangui_agreement.pdf

VS the pproprite ntionl geny @IWUU egreementD ennex ssD ghpter ID ertile QVD prF PAF he older system n e desried s one in whih folklore utomtilly elongs to the puli domin nd folklore users simply py the puli domin for the use to e uthorizedF elterntivelyD this older system n e hrterized s one in whih folklore is owned nd regulted y the stte euseD s delred in the originl egreementD the stte hs n indefesile right with respet to folklore nd folklore is y its origin prt of ntionl heritge @IWUU egreementD ennex ssD ghpter ID ertile VD prF IAF he tension etween these two interprettions ultimtely reted onfusion regrding who owned gisF rotetion of folklore nd ulturl heritge ws then moved from the opyright setion of the IWUU egreement to the setion disussing provisions ommon to opyright nd neighoring rights in the IWWW egreementF es disussed elowD this new plement did not eliminte onfusion nd miguityF

9.6.4 Annex VII in the 1999 Bangui Agreement

he IWWW fngui egreement ontinues erlier ttempts to protet folklore nd ulturl heritgeF nder the new systemD users of folklore must reeive prior uthoriztionF he ojetives of the system re to protet @ghpter PAD to sfegurd @ghpter QAD nd to promote @ghpter RA ulturl heritgeF gulturl heritge is de(ned s omposition of ll those mteril or immteril humn produtions tht re hrteristi of ntion over time nd speF uh produtions relte to @iA folkloreD @iiA sites nd monumentsY nd @iiiA ensemles @ertile TUD prsF IEPAF he de(nitions of folklore @ertile TVA nd monuments @ertile UHA re very detiledF edditionllyD the de(nitions of sites nd ensemles n e found in ertiles TW nd UID respetivelyF rohiited ts re listed in ertile UQF hey inlude deformtionD exportD misppropritionD nd unlwful trnsferF ertile UR sttes three min exeptions to these prohiitionsX 4use for tehingD4 4use s illustrtion of the originl work of n uthor on ondition tht the sope of suh use remins omptile with honest prtieD4 nd 4orrowings for the retion of n originl work from one or more uthorsF4 e fee pyment sheme similr to the IWUU egreement still exists in whih the exploittions of expressions of folklore nd tht of works or produtions tht hve fllen into the puli domin F F F shll e sujet to the user entering into n undertking to py the ntionl olletive rights dministrtion ody relevnt roylty @IWWW egreementD ennex ssD ghpter SD ertile SWD prF IAF he fees will e dontedD in prtD to welfre nd ulturl purposes @IWWW egreementD ennex ssD ghpter SD ertile SWD prF QAF ome oservers ontend tht the IWWW egreement ompletely removed folklore from opyright lw nd insted provided it with sui generis protetion wherey folklore is regulted nd owned y the governmentF roweverD others see tht folklore n still e proteted s form of opyright s stted in ertile S of ennex ssF his miguity retes onfusion s to who owns folklore under the terms of the egreementF his onfusion is even greter thn in the IWUU egreement euse there re no longer spei( referenes to the ttes hving n indefesile right with respet to folklore nd ulturl heritgeF

9.6.5 Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)

wigy is regionl trde greement reted in IWWI y the rety of esunion etween Argentina, nd UruguayF sn IWWSD the regionl orgniztion dopted n importnt protool to protet indigenous heritgeX the rotool for the rrmoniztion of sntelletul roperty xorms in wiE gy with respet to rdemrks nd snditions of oure or henomintions of yriginF sn prtiulrD ertile IW of the rotool requires rty ttes to reiprolly protet their inditions of soure nd domE intions of originF henomintion of origin is de(ned rodly s the geogrphil nme of ountryD ityD region or lolity within rty tte9s territoryD whih designtes produts or servies whose qulities or hrteristis re exlusively or essentilly used y the geogrphil environmentD inluding nturl nd humn ftorsF uh rod de(nition of geogrphi origin ! whih notly inludes humn ftors ! enE ompsses trditionl ulturl expressionsF imilrlyD the rotool ttempts to protet trditionl knowledge through its de(nition of inditions of soure y sing the de(ned term on the lotion tht is known s enter ple for extrtionD prodution or mnufture of ertin produt or for the performne of ertin servieF sn IWWTD wigy 0rmed the importne of ulturl rights y reting the rotool
Brazil, Paraguay,

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CHAPTER 9.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

on the gulturl sntegrtion of wigyF elthough trditionl knowledge is not spei(lly mentionedD this protool fouses on the retion of ulturl poliies tht disply historil trditionsD ommon vluesD nd ulturl diversity of memer ountriesF

9.6.6 Andean Community

he enden gommunity @originlly known s the enden tA ws reted in IWTW with the signing of the grtgen egreementF he overll ojetive of the gommunity is to enle the memer ountries to work jointly to improve their people9s stndrd of living through integrtion nd eonomi nd soil oopertionF he urrent memer sttes re Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, nd Peru; Mexico nd Panama re oserver ountriesF sn PHHHD the gommunity ented heision RVT44 D the purpose of whih ws to improve intelletul property protetion nd provide more expeditious nd trnsprent proedures for trdemrk registrtion nd ptent issuesF elthough this heision fouses on iologil resouresD it lso provides for protetion of trditionl knowledge in the qenerl rovisionsF ertile Q sttes tht memer ountries must ensure tht the protetion grnted to intelletul property elements shll e orded while sfegurding nd respeting their iologil nd geneti heritgeD together with the trditionl knowledge of their indigenousD efrin emerinD or lol ommunitiesF es resultD the grnting of ptents on inventions tht hve een developed on the sis of mteril otined from tht heritge or tht knowledge shll e suordinted to the quisition of tht mteril in ordne with interntionlD enden gommunityD nd ntionl lwF he wemer gountries reognize the right nd the uthority of indigenousD efrin emerinD nd lol ommunities in respet of their olletive knowledgeF

9.6.7 Pacic Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expression of Culture
he i( egionl prmework for the rotetion of rditionl unowledge nd ixpression of gulture45 ws reted in PHHP ut hs not yet een implementedF st ws drfted y the i( sslnds porum ereE trit46 whose memer ountries re Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji,
Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Marshal Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, nd VanuatuF edditionllyD the following ountries hve ssoite memershipX New Caledonia nd French PolynesiaF pinllyD Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, the Commonwealth, the Asia Development Bank, nd Timor L'este ll hve oserver sttusF he porum hs developed spei( tion pln47 tht detils wys tht the memer ountries pln to

protet the egion9s trditionl knowledgeF sn prtiulrD the porum hs reted set of wodel vws to protet trditionl knowledge nd the expressions of ulture48 F he lws re noteworthy euse they not only protet u nd gis ut lso employ ustomry uses s the foundtion of the frmeworkF he prmework9s generl pproh is to rete new rights in trditionl knowledge nd expressions of ultureD whih previously my hve een regrded s prt of the puli dominF eople seeking to use gis must hve prior nd informed onsent from the trditionl ownersF he rights the prmework spei(es fll into two tegoriesX morl rights nd trditionl ulturl rightsF st is ruil to note tht neither morl nor trditionl ulturl rights depend on opyright formlities @eFgFD registrtion requirementsAF worl rights inlude the right of ttriutionD the right ginst flse ttriutionD nd the right of integrity of indigenous workF es stted in gluse U@PA of rt sD trditionl ulturl rights inlude the right to reprodueD pulishD performD mke ville onlineD nd rete derivtive worksD mong mny othersF hese re sid to e oth exlusive nd inlienleF gluse II is noteworthy euse it sttes tht trditionl rights exist in ddition to @nd do not 'etA the rights reted y other intelletul property lw regimesF gluse U@RA provides tht there is no trditionl
44 http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/normativa/D486e.htm 45 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/PacicModelLaw,ProtectionofTKandExprssnsofCulture20021.pdf 46 http://www.forumsec.org/index.cfm 47 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/Traditional%20Knowledge%20Action%20Plan%202009.pdf 48 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/PacicModelLaw,ProtectionofTKandExprssnsofCulture20021.pdf

VU knowledge protetion in the following ontextsX feEtoEfe tehingD ritiism or reviewD reporting news or urrent eventsD judiil proeedingsD nd inidentl useF gluse U of rt s of the prmework mkes ler who owns the proteted gisF rditionl owners re de(ned sX  groupD lnD or ommunity of peopleD or the individul who is reognized y groupD lnD or ommunity of people s the individulD in whom the ustody or protetion of the trditionl knowledge or expressions of ulture re entrusted in ordne with ustomry lw nd the prties of tht groupD lnD or ommunityF pinllyD gluse QU detils the role of the gulturl euthority in proteting gisF hose ttempting to seek permission to use elements of proteted gis hve two optionsX @IA pply diretly to the gulturl euthority or @PA ommunite diretly with the trditionl ownersF yne of the euthority9s mny roles is to dvise the trditionl ownersF lid gi users must prove they hve reeived onsent from the trditionl owners vi n uthorized user greementF his prmework is mitious nd my provide for strong gi protetion one doptedY howeverD its potentil impt is unknown s the lws hve not yet een implementedF

9.7 International Legal Instruments

he (nl set of lws pertining to trditionl knowledge onsist of interntionl greementsF hese greeE ments hve emerged from vrious interntionl orgniztionsD inluding the nited xtions idutionD iE enti( nd gulturl yrgniztion @xigyAD the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syAD the orld rde yrgniztion @yA nd the snterntionl vor yrgniztion @svyAF he types nd strength of the protetions they provide for gis vry rdillyY no onsistent pttern or theme is disernileF hey re disussed elow in reverse hronologil orderF

9.7.1 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)

he x hs een investigting49 the protetion of minorities nd indigenous popultions sine IWTWF yn QH tnury PHHUD the essemly of the nion dopted deision @essemlyGeG heF IRI @sssAAD known s the x helrtion on the rights of indigenous peoplesF IRQ ountries voted in fvor of the helrtionF Australia, Canada, New Zealand nd the United States voted ginst itF Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Georgia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Samoa nd Ukraine stinedF he helrtion is the most omprehensive sttement of the rights of

indigenous peoples ever developedD giving prominene to olletive rights to degree unpreedented in interntionl humn rights lwF he doption of this instrument is the lerest indition yet tht the interE ntionl ommunity is ommitting itself to the protetion of the individul nd olletive rights of indigenous peoplesF he key provisions followF
9.7.1.1 Article 8

IF sndigenous peoples nd individuls hve the right not to e sujeted to fored ssimiltion or deE strution of their ultureF ttes shll provide e'etive mehnisms for prevention ofD nd redress forX eny tion whih hs the im or e'et of depriving them of their integrity s distint peoplesD or of their ulturl vlues or ethni identitiesY eny tion whih hs the im or e'et of dispossessing them of their lndsD territories or resouresY eny form of fored popultion trnsfer whih hs the im or e'et of violting or undermining ny of their rightsY eny form of fored ssimiltion or integrtionY eny form of propgnd designed to promote or inite ril or ethni disrimintion direted ginst themF
49 http://www.sami.uit.no/girji/n02/en/102daes.html#Anchor-39228

VV
9.7.1.2 Article 11

CHAPTER 9.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to prtise nd revitlize their ulturl trditions nd ustomsF his inludes the right to mintinD protet nd develop the pstD present nd future mnifesttions of their ulturesD suh s rheologil nd historil sitesD rteftsD designsD eremoniesD tehnologies nd visul nd performing rts nd litertureF PF ttes shll provide redress through e'etive mehnismsD whih my inlude restitutionD developed in onjuntion with indigenous peoplesD with respet to their ulturlD intelletulD religious nd spiritul property tken without their freeD prior nd informed onsent or in violtion of their lwsD trditions nd ustomsF
9.7.1.3 Article 12

IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to mnifestD prtiseD develop nd teh their spiritul nd religious trditionsD ustoms nd eremoniesY the right to mintinD protetD nd hve ess in privy to their religious nd ulturl sitesY the right to the use nd ontrol of their eremonil ojetsY nd the right to the reptrition of their humn reminsF PF ttes shll seek to enle the ess ndGor reptrition of eremonil ojets nd humn remins in their possession through firD trnsprent nd e'etive mehnisms developed in onjuntion with indigenous peoples onernedF
9.7.1.4 Article 25

sndigenous peoples hve the right to mintin nd strengthen their distintive spiritul reltionship with their trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied nd used lndsD territoriesD wters nd ostl ses nd other resoures nd to uphold their responsiilities to future genertions in this regrdF
9.7.1.5 Article 27

ttes shll estlish nd implementD in onjuntion with indigenous peoples onernedD firD independentD imprtilD open nd trnsprent proessD giving due reognition to indigenous peoples9 lwsD trditionsD ustoms nd lnd tenure systemsD to reognize nd djudite the rights of indigenous peoples pertining to their lndsD territories nd resouresD inluding those whih were trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied or usedF sndigenous peoples shll hve the right to prtiipte in this proessF
9.7.1.6 Article 28

IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to redressD y mens tht n inlude restitution orD when this is not possileD justD fir nd equitle ompenstionD for the lndsD territories nd resoures whih they hve trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied or usedD nd whih hve een on(stedD tkenD oupiedD used or dmged without their freeD prior nd informed onsentF PF nless otherwise freely greed upon y the peoples onernedD ompenstion shll tke the form of lndsD territories nd resoures equl in qulityD size nd legl sttus or of monetry ompenstion or other pproprite redressF
9.7.1.7 Article 31

IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to mintinD ontrolD protet nd develop their ulturl heritgeD trditionl knowledge nd trditionl ulturl expressionsD s well s the mnifesttions of their siE enesD tehnologies nd ulturesD inluding humn nd geneti resouresD seedsD mediinesD knowledge of the properties of fun nd )orD orl trditionsD literturesD designsD sports nd trditionl gmes

VW nd visul nd performing rtsF hey lso hve the right to mintinD ontrolD protet nd develop their intelletul property over suh ulturl heritgeD trditionl knowledgeD nd trditionl ulturl expressionsF PF sn onjuntion with indigenous peoplesD ttes shll tke e'etive mesures to reognize nd protet the exerise of these rightsF
9.7.1.8 Article 34

sndigenous peoples hve the right to promoteD develop nd mintin their institutionl strutures nd their distintive ustomsD spiritulityD trditionsD proeduresD prties ndD in the ses where they existD juridil systems or ustomsD in ordne with interntionl humn rights stndrdsF

9.7.2 WIPO Draft Provisions on Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore and Traditional Knowledge (2006)
sn IWWVD the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syA emrked on ftE(nding mission to PV ountries to identify intelletul propertyErelted regultions of trditionl knowledgeF pollowing review of those mterilsD the sy sntergovernmentl gommittee on sntelletul roperty nd qeneti esouresD rditionl unowledge nd polklore @the sqgA ws formed in PHHIF ine PHHRD it hs een working50 on drft provisions for the enhned protetion of trditionl ulturl expressions ginst mispproprition nd misuseF elthough the provisions re still in drft formD they re ment to serve s points of referene for ongoing poliy disussions t the ntionlD regionlD nd interntionl levelsF he hrft rovisions hve the following ojetivesX to reognize vlueY to promote respetY to meet the tul needs of ommunitiesY to prevent the mispproprition of trditionl ulturl expressionsGexpressions of folkloreY to empower ommunitiesY to support ustomry prties nd ommunity oopertionY to onE triute to sfegurding trditionl ulturesY to enourge ommunity innovtion nd retivityY to promote intelletul nd rtisti freedomD reserh nd ulturl exhnge on equitle termsY to ontriute to ulturl diversityY to promote ommunity development nd legitimte trding tivitiesY to prelude unuthorized s rights nd to enhne ertintyD trnspreny nd mutul on(deneF he qenerl quiding riniples nd ustntive riniples re ville here51 F

9.7.3 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)
he gonvention on the rotetion nd romotion of the hiversity of gulturl ixpressions uilds o' the erlier niversl helrtion on gulturl hiversity52 of @PHHIAF Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, nd Senegal nd prnophone memer sttes of xigy strongly supE ported the gonventionF he United States opposed itF IHR ountries hve eded to or rti(ed the gonventionF he gonvention reognizes 4the importne of trditionl knowledge s soure of intngile nd mteril welthD nd in prtiulr the knowledge systems of indigenous peoplesD nd its positive ontriution to sustinle developmentD s well s the need for its dequte protetion nd promotionF4 st seeks to to re0rm the sovereign rights of ttes to mintinD dopt nd implement poliies nd mesures tht they deem pproprite for the protetion nd promotion of the diversity of ulturl expressions on their territory @ertile I@hAAF he gonvention lso seeks to mitigte the dilution of ulture tht follows from the movement of ulturl goods nd servies ross ntionl ordersF he gonvention mentions intelletul property rights oneD y reognizing 4the importne of intelletul property rights in sustining those involved in ulturl retivityF4 he gonvention is miguousD howeverD
50 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/consultations/draft_provisions/draft_provisions.html 51 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/consultations/draft_provisions/pdf/draft-provisions-booklet.pdf 52 http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

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CHAPTER 9.

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on how muh protetion to grnt to gisF ertile T lists the types of mesures memer sttes my dopt to protet nd promote ulturl diversityF usetion P@gA llows mesures imed t nurturing nd supporting rtists nd others involved in the retion of ulturl expressions ut susetion P@eA llows for mesure tht promote the free exhnge nd irultion of F F F ulturl expressions nd ulturl tivitiesD goods nd serviesF trong support for indigenous groups s retors of gis is not required y ertile UD s memers sttes need only endevour to reognize the importnt ontriution of rtistsD others involved in the retive proessD ulturl ommunitiesD nd orgniztions tht support their workD nd their entrl role in nurturing the diversity of ulturl expressionsF rofessor vurene F relfer hs noted53 tht the gonvention disregrds the protetion for gis tht ould e derived from the use of intelletul property lwF

9.7.4 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
sn PHHID xigy54 egn drfting de(nition of intngile ulturl heritge nd formulting provisions for its protetionF sn PHHQD the resulting gonvention ws dopted nd in PHHT it entered into foreF IPI55 ounE tries hve rti(ed the gonventionF Australia, Canada, New Zealand nd the United States hve not rtE i(ed the gonventionF Argentina, Columbia, Denmark, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles nd the Syrian Arab Republic ll entered delrtions or reservtionsF ertile I56 lists the purposes of the gonvention s 4to sfegurd the intngile ulturl heritgeY to ensure respet for the intngile ulturl heritge of the ommunitiesD groups nd individuls onernedY to rise wreness t the lolD ntionl nd interntionl levels of the importne of the intngile ulturl herE itgeD nd of ensuring mutul ppreition thereofY to provide for interntionl oopertion nd ssistneF4 elthough the gonvention does not diretly disuss intelletul property rightsD ertile Q57 notes tht nothE ing in the gonvention 'ets 4the rights nd oligtions of ttes rties deriving from ny interntionl instrument relting to intelletul property rights FFF to whih they re prtiesF4 ih tte rty shllX tke the neessry mesures to ensure the sfegurding of the intngile ulturl heritge present in its territoryY mong the sfegurding mesures referred to in ertile PD prgrph QD identify nd de(ne the vrious elements of the intngile ulturl heritge present in its territoryD with the prtiiption of ommunitiesD groups nd relevnt nongovernmentl orgniztionsF
Article 11 Role of States Parties

9.7.5 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)

es we sw in wodule PD the IWWR s egreement58 reted set of minimum intelletul property stndrds for ll memers of the orld rde yrgniztionF elthough the egreement requires developing ountries to inrese mny forms of intelletul property protetionD it does not mention folklore or gisF efter the pssge of sD the x rumn ights gommission studied its implitions for humn rightsF sn PHHHD the gommissionD relying on tht studyD dopted esolution PHHHGU on sntelletul roperty nd rumn ightsF he esolution notes tht tul or potentil on)its exist etween the implementtion of the s egreement nd the reliztion of eonomiD soil nd ulturl rights in reltion to F F F the redution of ommunities9 @espeilly indigenous ommunities9A ontrol over their own F F F nturl resoures nd ulturl vluesF st delres tht the implementtion of the s egreement does not dequtely re)et the fundmentl nture nd indivisiility of ll humn rightsD inluding F F F the right to
53 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=891303 54 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00007 55 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00024 56 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00006 57 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00022 58 http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm

WI selfEdetermintionF here re pprent on)its etween the intelletul property rights regime emodied in the s egreementD on the one hndD nd interntionl humn rights lwD on the otherF he uE gommission urged ntionl governmentsD intergovernmentl orgniztionsD nd ivil soiety groups to give humn rights primy over the eonomi poliies nd greementsF ine the pssge of the PHHHGU esolutionD rumn ights odies t the x hve investigted the reltionship etween intelletul property lw nd humn rightsD s disussed y vwrene relfer in this rtile59 F

9.7.6 ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal People (1989)

he snterntionl vor yrgniztionD speil geny under the uspies of the xD ws the (rst internE tionl orgniztion to ttempt to de(ne indigenous popultions nd to delre the rights of suh popultionsF svy gonvention xoF ITW repled svy sndigenous nd ril opultions gonvention xoF IHU60 @IWSUA tht hd een rti(ed y six efrin ttesF elthough no efrin sttes hve yet rti(ed61 svy gonvention ITWD the svy nd the efrin gommission on rumn nd eoples9 ights62 view this instrument s n inspirtion nd re)etion of trend towrds the protetion of indigenous rights glolly nd in efriF he ITW gonvention fouses on indigenous peoples9 rights to ontrol their own institutionD eonomi developmentD ustoms nd elief systemsF st pplies to 4tril peoples in independent ountries whose soilD ulturl nd eonomi onditions distinguish them from other setions of the ntionl ommunityD nd whose sttus is regulted wholly or prtilly y their own ustoms or trditions or y speil lws or regultions4 nd to 4peoples in independent ountries who re regrded s indigenous on ount of their desent from the popultions whih inhited the ountryD or geogrphil region to whih the ountry elongsD t the time of onquest or olonistion or the estlishment of present stte oundries nd whoD irrespetive of their legl sttusD retin some or ll of their own soilD eonomiD ulturl nd politil institutionsF4 ertile I63 F he gonvention does not mention intelletul property rightsD ut seeks to protet indignous ulture nd reognizes the olletive ownership tht hrterizes mny indigenous popultionsF peil mesures shll e dopted s pproprite for sfegurding the personsD institutionsD propertyD lourD ultures nd environment of the peoples onernedF the soilD ulturlD religious nd spiritul vlues nd prties of these peoples shll e reognised nd protetedD nd due ount shll e tken of the nture of the prolems whih fe them oth s groups nd s individulsY the integrity of the vluesD prties nd institutions of these peoples shll e respetedY poliies imed t mitigting the di0ulties experiened y these peoples in fing new onditions of life nd work shll e doptedD with the prtiiption nd oEopertion of the peoples 'etedF sn pplying the provisions of this rt of the gonvention governments shll respet the speil importne for the ultures nd spiritul vlues of the peoples onerned of their reltionship with the lnds or territoriesD or oth s pplileD whih they oupy or otherwise useD nd in prtiulr the olletive spets of this reltionshipF
Article 13 Article 5 Article 4(1)

9.7.7 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1979)
elthough the ferne gonvention @disussed t length in wodule PA does not mention trditionl knowledgeD ertile IS@RA n e interpreted to leve to the disretion of eh memer ountry how @if t llA to protet gisF
Article 15(4)
59 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=891303 60 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C107 61 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 62 http://www.ilo.org/indigenous/Resources/Publications/langen/docNameWCMS_115929/index.htm 63 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169

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CHAPTER 9.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

IF sn the se of unpulished works where the identity of the uthor is unknownD ut where there is every ground to presume tht he is ntionl of ountry of the nionD it shll e mtter for legisltion in tht ountry to designte the ompetent uthority whih shll represent the uthor nd shll e entitled to protet nd enfore his rights in the ountries of the nionF

9.7.8 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)

he snterntionl govennt on ionomiD oil nd gulturl ights @sgigA estlishes right to the protetion of the morl nd mteril interests resulting from ny sienti(D literry or rtisti produtionF sgig hs ITH prties64 D TW of whih re signtoriesF ed65 F66 sn onjuntion with the IWRV niversl helrtion of rumn ightsD nd reognizing the inding nture of the trety upon its signtoriesD the sgig n e interpreted67 s gurnteeing intelletul property rights s humn rightF sn PHHSD the gommittee on ionomiD oil nd gulturl ights @gigA ommented68 on ertile IS of the sgig @reprodued elowAD expnding it to protet indigenous groups9 expressions of ulturl heritgeF gig lls upon signtories to dopt protetive mesures tht 4reognizeD register nd protet the individul or olletive uthorship of indigenous peoples under ntionl intelletul property rights regimes nd should prevent the unuthorized use of sienti(D literry nd rtisti produtions of indigenous peoples y third prtiesF4 he ttes rties to the present govennt reognize the right of everyoneX o tke prt in ulturl lifeY o enjoy the ene(ts of sienti( progress nd its pplitionsY o ene(t from the protetion of the morl nd mteril interests resulting from ny sienti(D literry or rtisti prodution of whih he is the uthorF he steps to e tken y the ttes rties to the present govennt to hieve the full reliztion of this right shll inlude those neessry for the onservtionD the development nd the di'usion of siene nd ultureF he ttes rties to the present govennt undertke to respet the freedom indispensle for sienti( reserh nd retive tivityF
Article 15

9.7.9 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

he snterntionl govennt on givil nd olitil ights @sggA reognizes the self determintion of minority groups nd their right to ontrol their ultureF he sgg hs ITS prties69 D UP of whih re signtoriesF elthough the sgg is silent on most ulturl nd intelletul property rights issuesD onsidered70 in onjuntion with the IWTT snterntionl govennt on ionomiD oil nd gulturl ights nd the IWRV niversl helrtion of rumn ightsD the sgg n e viewed s estlishing intelletul property rights s humn rightsF ell peoples hve the right of selfEdetermintionF fy virtue of tht right they freely determine their politil sttus nd freely pursue their eonomiD soil nd ulturl developmentF sn those ttes in whih ethniD religious or linguisti minorities existD persons elonging to suh minorities shll not e denied the rightD in ommunity with the other memers of their groupD to enjoy their own ultureD to profess nd prtise their own religionD or to use their own lngugeF
Article 27 Article 1

64 http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en 65 https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=48+Am.+U.L.+Rev.+769 66 https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=48+Am.+U.L.+Rev.+769 67 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=891303 68 http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/E.C.12.GC.17.En?OpenDocument 69 http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en 70 https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=48+Am.+U.L.+Rev.+769

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9.7.10 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

he niversl helrtion of rumn ights @hrA estlishes the right to the protetion of morl interests nd mterils deriving from ny sienti(D literry or rtisti produtionF he hr is not inding doumentD ut it is foundtionl doument for the nited xtions nd for the two IWTT govenntsD the snterntionl govennt on ionomiD oil nd gulturl ights nd the snterntionl govennt on givil nd olitil ightsF elthough the hr does not ddress intelletul property rightsD ertile PU71 of the hr reognizes the 4morl nd mteril interests4 of uthors nd inventors nd the right of the puli to enjoy the rts nd to shre in sienti( dvnement nd its ene(tsF his rtile expresses the hllenge of lning privte intelletul property rights nd virnt puli dominF
Article 17

IF iveryone hs the right to own property lone s well s in ssoition with othersF PF xo one shll e ritrrily deprived of his propertyF IF iveryone hs the right to freely prtiipte in the ulturl life of the ommunityD to enjoy the rts nd to shre in sienti( dvnement nd its ene(tsF PF iveryone hs the right to the protetion of the morl nd mteril interests resulting from ny sienti(D literry or rtisti prodution of whih he is the uthorF
Article 27

9.8 Policy Arguments

es indited oveD the questions of whether nd how to protet trditionl knowledge re urrently eing deted nd re highly ontroversilF et the interntionl level nd within mny individul ountriesD strong di'erenes of opinion n e foundF et forth elow re summries of the primry rguments mde in this deteF

9.8.1 Why Protect TK?

por mny indigenous groupsD u enompsses ulturl elements tht re integrl to the group9s sense of identityF yne n rgue tht ojets nd expressions tht re fundmentl to person9s or group9s identity merit protetionD nd t the extremeD ould e onsidered inlienleF imilrlyD some dvotes for u protetion hve proposed 4ulturl stewrdship4 justi(tion for this protetionF por exmpleD uristen grpenterD ony utyl nd engel iley dvote llowing indigenous ommunities to retin ontrolD if not exlusive ess nd ownershipD of u euse of its importne in shping the identity of the indigenous group nd its ultureF glosely relted to rguments from personhood re rguments from morl rightsD whih we disussed in wodule RF st is rguedD just s n individul rtist should enjoy right of ttriution nd integrity with respet to her retionsD so should ommunity enjoy right of ttriution nd integrity with respet to its olletive retionsF Arguments based on Preservation. enother reson to dvote for protetion of u is tht unlike mny forms of intelletul propertyD ulturl expressions my require protetion in order to preserve their vlueF por exmpleD religious eremonies nd sred rituls my e vlule to ulture in prt euse they re not widespredY their rrity is integrl to their ple in the ultureF sn order to mintin the vlue of these trditionsD it my e neessry to restrit their useF Arguments based on Reparations. e third rgument in fvor of protetion for u is sed upon the ide tht mny indigenous ultures hve een dmged y invsive olonilism prtied y estern ountries in the pst few enturiesF upporters of this rgument elieve tht protetion of u is wy of providing reprtionsD symoli s well s monetryD for the wrongs ommitted ginst these indigenous groupsF
Arguments from Personhood.
71 http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml

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CHAPTER 9.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

9.8.2 How Should TK be protected?

9.8.2.1 Traditional IP Modes of Protection 9.8.2.1.1 Copyright

es we hve seenD mny ntions hve used opyright lw @either lone or in onjuntion with sui generis lwsA to protet uF roweverD there re mny rguments ginst using stndrd opyright to protet uF IF ome opyright systems require tht work e (xed in mteril formF his is n ostle in the protetion of gisD whih re not lwys mnifested in tngile expressionsF PF Originality. gopyright lw requires tht work e 4originl4 in order to merit protetionF ine most u is 4trditionl4 rther thn newD this originlity requirement will often e di0ult to stisfyF QF Authorship. wuh ulturl expression develops grdully over timeD through the ontriutions of severl memers of ommunityF sf no single uthor or group of uthors n e identi(edD it will e di0ult for opyright protetion to e otinedF RF The term of protection. he term of protetion for opyright in most ountries is trditionlly limitedD nd not in(niteF wny forms of u re in ft older thn the opyright termF es resultD opyright protetion my e unville for themF
The xation requirement.

o void these di0ultiesD it is possile for ountries to modify opyright legisltion so tht it hs di'erent requirements for folklore or ulturl expressionF por exmpleD the unis wodel vw for gopyright in the heveloping gountries72 D dopted in IWUTD dvotes extending opyright protetion to works of folklore without requiring (xtion nd with n unlimited term of protetionF
9.8.2.1.2 Trademark Law

ome expressions of folklore might e registered s trdemrksF rdemrk lw protets not only grphi representtionsD ut lso words nd @in some ountriesA soundsF en dvntge of protetion through trdeE mrk lw is its ner inde(nite term of protetionD nd its lk of novelty requirementY it is su0ient for purposes of protetion tht the trdemrk hs 4distintive hrterF4 roweverD t lest in some ountriesD trdemrk protetionD unlike opyright nd ptent protetionD requires tht the pplint demonstrte use of the mrk in ommereF wny ulturl expressions do not hve diret link to ommere nd re not used s designtions of soure to the onsuming puliF purthermoreD the pplition of trdemrk lw to u is omplitedD sine y registering mrk the ommunity mkes puli u tht the ommunity my desire to keep seret for religious or other resonsF
9.8.2.1.3 Collective Trademarks, Certication Marks, and Geographic Indicators

golletive trdemrksD erti(tion mrksD nd geogrphi inditors form suset of trdemrk lw tht ould e prtiulrly useful for the protetion of uF golletive trdemrks re trdemrks tht re used y group of produers rther thn one produerF golletive mrks re held y n ssoition rther thn n individulY in order to e useful for proteting uD memers of indigenous groups would need to form n ssoition for the purpose of mrking their ulturl expressionsF gerti(tion mrks indite tht the produer of good hs met ertin stndrds of qulityF @e populr exmple is the qood rousekeeping73 erti(tion prominent on household produts sold in the nited ttesFA gerti(tion mrks ould e used to speify whih gis meet the stndrds of the indigenous ommunity in whih they origintedF hisD like olletive trdemrkD would require the formtion n o0il oversight orgniztion to t on ehlf of the indigenous ommunity in determining whih expressions n er the erti(tion mrkF qeogrphi inditorsD s the nme suggestsD re mrks tht n e pled on produts tht ome from spei( geogrphi reF qeogrphi inditors re often used for food produtsD suh s winesD ut some
72 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31318&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 73 http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-testing/history/welcome-gh-seal

WS indigenous groups hve experimented with using geogrphi inditors s mens of proteting ulturl expressions y uthentiting produts tht re sold elsewhereF yne exmple of suh progrm is the elskn ilver rnd rogrm74 F
9.8.2.1.4 Sui Generis Laws

es we hve seenD where u does not mp onto trditionl intelletul property regimesD sui generis lws my e doptedF Sui generis legisltion is promising route for dvotes of u protetionD s it n provide strong protetion while voiding the hurdles tht seprte u from trditionl s sujet mtterF
9.8.2.1.5 Absolute Ownership

yne possiility for u protetion is to give solute ownership of the ulturl expression to the indigenous group from whih it origintedF roweverD this is reltively unpopulr optionD s it would impede the spred of knowledge nd risk the loss of ulturl expressions nd informtion in the event tht the group is disnded or its memers re ssimilted into the generl popultionF
9.8.2.1.6 Negotiation and Mutual Respect

wihel frown rgues tht the lw shouldD t mostD foster 4negotition nd mutul respet4 etween indigeE nous ultures nd those who seek to employ ulture9s trditionl expressionsF his pproh would give indigenous groups muh less protetionD ut would filitteD he rguesD ene(il ulturl interhngeF
9.8.2.1.7 International Human Rights

yther sholrsD suh s vurene F relferD pproh the issue s one of rumn ightsF hey dvote grnting u protetion tht is fir nd lned nd not overrehingF heir mition is to lne the needs of indigenous groups nd the ene(ts of roust puli dominF sn this veinD hunn wF wtthews75 points out tht 4 humn rights pproh tkes wht is often n impliit lne etween the rights of inventors nd retors nd the interests of the wider soiety within intelletul property prdigms nd it mkes it fr more expliit nd extingFFFF he rights of the retor re not solute ut onditionl on ontriuting to the ommon good nd welfre of soietyFFFF feuse humn rights pproh lso estlishes di'erent nd often more exting stndrd for evluting the ppropriteness of grnting intelletul property protetionD in order for intelletul property to ful(ll the onditions neessry to e reognised s universl humn rightD intelletul property regimes nd the mnner they re implemented (rst nd foremost must e onsistent with the relistion of the other humn rightsD prtiulrly those enumerted in the govenntF4
9.8.2.1.8 System of Domain Public Payant

he dotrine of domin puli pyntD dvoted y the unis wodel vw76 nd disussed t sy9s IWWW ound le on s nd u @setion Q of the ound le minutesA77 D dvotes pyment of roylties for worksD inluding gisD tht re in the puli domin euse they do not qulify for protetion under trditionl intelletul property lwF his would provide monetry ompenstion for indigenous ommunitiesD ut would not e stisftory solution for ommunities whose priority is ontrol over their gis rther thn remunertionF por more on di'erent versions of domin puli pyntD see the xigy gopyright fulletin from IWWRF
74 http://www.eed.state.ak.us/aksca/Native.htm 75 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1414900 76 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31318&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 77 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=1192

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CHAPTER 9.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

9.8.3 Why not protect TK?

ome oservers think tht legl protetion for trditionl knowledge is highly prolemtiF rere re some of their rgumentsX TK does not map onto IP law easilyF es indited oveD trditionl ulturl expressions re often not put into (xed formD re not 4originlD4 nd do not hve de(ned uthor ! three requirements for opyright protetionF purthermoreD s indited oveD most expressions of folklore re not used in ommere s mens of identifying their soureD nd so would not e eligile for trdemrk protetionF pinllyD ptent lw my not e ville to protet u euse y de(nitionD u hs een used nd pssed down through genertionsD nd this type of prior puli use my prelude ptent protetionD s lest if it is pulily reordedF husD it ppers tht ertin ttriutes of u mke it di0ult (t with ll three of the mjor types of intelletul property lwF edditionllyD protetion for u does not (t well with the prinipl gols underlying the protetion of intelletul property lwF here is little evidene tht protetion of u is neessry to inentivize the retion of ulturl expressionD s other ftors hve suessfully motivted the retion of these expressions for millenniF purthermoreD the lorEdesert theory does not esily (t with u protetionD s those who reted the trditionl expression re either unidenti(le euse the expression ws the produt of ollortionD or in some sesD long dedF gurrent memers of the ulture do not hve s strong lim for protetion from lorEdesert perspetiveF
Protection of TK would involve perpetuation of illiberal social hierarchies and oppressive customs within indigenous groups. enother rgument ginst providing protetion for u is tht doing

so my perpetute inequlity nd oppression within indigenous groupsF hen n indigenous group is given the right to ontrol the use of uD the powerful memers of tht indigenous group my ene(t t the expense of the group9s minoritiesF ul uuruk rgues tht protetion of u my further the oppression of women nd suordinted soil nd eonomi groups within n indigenous ultureF Protection of TK may deprive the world community of valuable knowledge. ome might rgue tht priniples of lierl demory ditte tht knowledge should e freely shred rther thn restrited to ertin people or groupsF rotetion of u might deprive outsiders of hne to ene(t from the trditionsD mediinl or otherwiseD of n indigenous ultureF hen dvning this rgumentD howeverD one should keep in mind tht priniples of lierl demoryD while widely epted in the estern worldD re not neessrily n greedEupon strting point for this deteF Increase awareness rather than changing the law. ome orgniztions hve dvoted protetion of u through nongovernmentl orgniztions nd projets rther thn through legisltionF por exmpleD the sntergovernmentl gommittee for the fegurding of sntngile gulturl reritge hs ompiled vist of sntngile reritge in xeed of rgent fegurding78 F xigy lists projets for sfegurding intngile ulturl heritge in efrin ountries here79 F pinllyD groups of demis nd tivists hve reted ommunity stndrds for thoseD suh s nthropologistsD whose work impts indigenous ultures nd my involve sensitive issues of dislosure of uF

9.9 Back to the case study

xdi should mke engel wre of the vrious types of ntionl intelletul property lws tht ould pply to this situtionF por exmpleD in their ountry trditionl dnes might e proteted under opyright or sui generis sttutesF roweverD those lws would only pply within their ountryD not to the distriution of the wdonn video in other ountriesF xdi should lso mke engel wre of regionl orgniztions of whih their ountry my e memerF pinllyD xdi ould help equip engel to dvote for protetion of her ommunity9s trditionl ulturl expressions y mking her wre of the poliy reommendtions nd reports of interntionl orgniztionsD suh s syD nd the relevnt ommittees tht my e proposing drft legisltion on trditionl knowledge in the ner future
78 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011#list 79 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00176

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9.10 Additional resources

9.10.1 In General
ilke on vewinski idFD sndigenous reritge nd sntelletul roperty @PdF PHHVAF sy9s htse80 ontins existing odesD guidesD poliiesD protools nd stndrd greements reltE ing to the reordingD digitiztion nd dissemintion of intngile ulturl heritgeD with n emphsis on intelletul property issuesF ho ywns xtive gulture y wihel pF frown81 is good resoure for understnding urrent detes out the legl sttus of indigenous rtD musiD folkloreD iologil knowledge nd sred sitesF sntelletul roperty ights ynline82 is ompendium rtiles out rditionl unowledge nd gulE turl ixpressions he efrin gopyright 8 eess to unowledge rojet @egePuA83 proes the reltionship etween ntionl opyright environments nd ess to knowledge in efrin ountriesF xtionl ixperienes with the rotetion of rditionl gulturl ixpressionsGixpressions of polkloreX refe84 sy9s resoures on rditionl gulturl ixpressions @polkloreA85 gretive reritge rojetX trtegi wngement of s ights nd snterests86 lists resoures for develE oping est prties nd surveys existing prtiesD protools nd poliiesF esoures on sndigenous gultures nd gulturl roperty87 is serhle dtse of odesD guidesD poliiesD protools nd greements relting to s nd the digitiztion of sgrF st lso inludes short se studies presenting informl summries of est prtiesD multimedi mterilsD rtilesD lws nd other resouresF ss ui qeneris ystem xeessryc88 reviews trditionl s lws nd outlines potentil prolems with sui generis systemsF sy89 list of legisltive texts on the protetion of uF sy se studies of pproprited trditionl ulturl expressions90

9.10.2 Examples of Nation Specic Rules Governing Traditional Knowledge

eter tsziD 4rditionl gultureX e tep porwrd for rotetion in sndonesi4 @PHHWA91 vuryn qrntD 4he rotetion of rditionl or sndigenous unowledgeD4 tHRW evsEefe RTW @PHHRAF ul uurukD 4qoding elutnt hinosurX wutul eognition egreements s oliy esponse to the wispproprition of poreign rditionl unowledge in the nited ttesD4 QR eppF vF evF TPW @PHHUAF ul uuruk D 4he ole of gustomry vw nder Sui Generis prmeworks of sntelletul roperty ights in rditionl nd sndigenous unowledgeD4 IU sndF snt9l 8 gompF vF evF TU @PHHUAF ul uurukD 4roteting polklore nder wodern sntelletul roperty egimesX e epprisl of the ensions fetween sndividul nd gommunl ights in efri nd the nited ttesD4 RV emF F vF evF UTW @IWWWAF tephen F wunzerD ul ustilD 4he nesy gse for sntelletul roperty ights in rditionl unowledgeD4 PU grdozo erts 8 intF vFtF QU @PHHWAF

vKUx386Lbgxl_JtZO798bxHrrw 89 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/laws/tk.html 90 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en//studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies 91 http://www.wcl.american.edu/pijip/go/news/professor-peter-jaszi-authors-report-on-protection-of-the-traditional-arts-inindonesia

80 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/creative_heritage/ 81 http://www.williams.edu/AnthSoc/native/index.htm 82 http://www.iprsonline.org/resources/tk.htm#2006 83 http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174&Itemid=60&lang=en 84 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/studies/cultural/expressions/preface/index.html 85 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/ 86 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/culturalheritage/index.html 87 http://www.caslon.com.au/ipguide14.htm 88 http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YpXBL2B8YW4J:www.iipi.org/speeches/newyork011404.pdf+what+are+sui+generis+laws+W

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CHAPTER 9.

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ikipedi site92 on the nited tte9s xtive emerin wsot gontroversyF

9.10.3 Examples of Regional Codes Governing Traditional Knowledge

edemo edewopoD 4he qlol sntelletul roperty ystem nd uEhr efriX e rognosti eE )etionD4 QQ F olF vF evF URW @PHHPAF efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @yesA93 efrin egionl sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @esyA94 enden gommunity95 gommon wrket of the outh @wigyA96 i( sslnds porum eretrit97

9.10.4 International Legal Instruments

vurene F relferD 4owrd rumn ights prmework for sntelletul ropertyD4 RH FgF hvis vw eview WUI @PHHUAF e ritique of sy9s hrft riniples from olition of indigenous groups98

9.10.5 Policy Arguments

wegn grpenterD sntelletul roperty vw nd sndigenous eoplesX 4edpting gopyright vw to the xeeds of qlol gommunityD4 U le rumF tsF 8 hevF vFtF SI @PHHRAF tty qerstenlithD 4sdentity nd gulturl ropertyX he rotetion of gulturl roperty in the nited ttesD4 US fF F vF iF SSWD SUH @IWWSAF vorie qrhm nd tephen wtohnD 4sndigenous eoples nd sntelletul ropertyD4 IW erF F tFvF 8 yv9 QIQ @PHHSAF uristen eF grpenterD 4el roperty nd eoplehoodD4 PU tnF invtlF vFtF QIQD QRSESID QSSESU @PHHVAF ul uurukD 4romoting polklore under wodern sntelletul roperty egimesX e epprisl of the ensions etween sndividul nd gommunl ights in efri nd the D4 RV emF F vF evF UTW @IWWWAF enupm ghnder 8 wdhvi underD 4he omne of the uli hominD4 WP gliforni vw eview IQQI @PHHRAF uristen eF grpenterD oni utylD nd engel ileyD 4sn hefense of ropertyD4 IIV le vFtF IHPP @PHHWAF

9.11 Assignment and discussion questions

9.11.1 Assignment
enswer one of the following questionsX IF hould intelletul property protetion of ny sort e grnted to trditionl knowledgec PF essuming some sort of intelletul property protetion for trditionl knowledge is ppropriteD whih of the mny legl systems disussed in this module is the estc
92 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy 93 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/en/OAPI/index.htm 94 http://www.aripo.org/ 95 http://www.comunidadandina.org/endex.htm 96 http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/12/10/5009.pdf 97 http://www.forumsec.org/index.cfm 98 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/igc/ngo/ciel_gap.pdf

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9.11.2 Discussion Question(s)

elet one of the nswers tht your ollegues provided to the essignment questionsD nd omment on itF ixplin why you gree or disgreeF

9.12 Contributors
his module ws reted y imily gox99 D edrienne fker100 D eriel osthstein101 D nd wirim eiler102 F st ws then edited y illim pisher103 F

99 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 100 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#Abaker 101 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#arothstein 102 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#weiler 103 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher

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CHAPTER 9.

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Chapter 10
Activism
1

10.1 Module 9: Activism 10.2 Learning objective

his module tries to ssist lirrins in developing ountries who re onsidering orgnizing to in)uene the shpe of opyright lwsF st does so y exmining how other groups hve sought in the pst to modify @or to resist modi(tions ofA opyright systemsF o tht endD it o'ers three ses studiesD involving shrply di'erent issues nd ountriesF xo simple lesson emerges from these se studiesF therD they re intended to provide the sis for re)etion nd disussion onerning wht forms of tivism re e'etive ! nd wht forms re notF

10.3 Case Study #1: The Swedish Pirate Party

10.3.1 Challenged Law

yn tuly ID PHHSD the wedish rlimentD the iksdgD mended its opyright lw to omply with PHHR iuropen nion diretive2 requiring ll memer ntions to n downlods of opyrighted mteril sent the rightsEholder9s onsentF fefore the end of the yerD wedish ourt hnded down the ountry9s (rst onvition nd (ne for n illegl downlodF

10.3.2 Local Factors

wedes were well poised to orgnize ginst the tightening opyright lw euse of the following lol ftorsX @IA the wedish government ws n erly dopter of puli high speed rodndD whih mde unuthoE rized downloding of udio nd video reordings prtiulrly esyF @PA wedes were ulturlly predisposed to understnd property rights s tools for puli good rther thn s nturl rights of the holdersF @QA grssroots think tnk nmed irtyrn3 @or iry fureuA hd een pulily ontesting opyE right protetion in weden sine PHHQF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m38527/1.2/>. 2 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0048R%2801%29:EN:NOT 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrn

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CHAPTER 10.

ACTIVISM

10.3.3 Founding the Pirate Party

yn xew ers hy of PHHTD just months fter the (rst (leEshring proseutionD n s entrepreneur nmed ikrd plkvinge formed PiratpartietD the wedish irte rtyF xeither plkvinge nor his oEfounders hd ny forml politil experiene when they mde the deision to strt the prtyF es resultD they did know tht the prty needed PDHHH signtures to register formlly with the wedish iletion euthorityD Valmyndigheten. hen they lernedD they hosted wesite for itizens to delre pulily their memership nd then egn olleting physil signtures in personF yne formlly registeredD the prty reruited ndidtes for the Riksdag eletions in eptemerD drfted prty pltformD fundrisedD nd uilt lol orgniztions in oth urn nd rurl res throughout wedenF

10.3.4 Drafting the Pirate Party's Platform

he irte rty rtiulted its opyright poliy gols s prt of lrger e'ort to expnd freedom of ess to ulture nd to protet fundmentl rightsF he prty issues its pltform in numered versionsF ine peurry PHHTD ll of the vrious versions of the pltform hve fetured three ore priniplesX fundmentl opyright reformD olition of ptentsD nd government respet for personl privyF nder the suheding 4pree yur gultureD4 the irte rty delres three detiled poliy imsX to redue opyright protetion for ny work to (ve yers fter its pulitionD to exempt ll derivtive works from opyright protetionD nd to limit exeptions to this generl rule to those grnted y expliit sttutory entmentF he urrent edition4 D titled 4irte rty helrtion of riniples QFPD4 desries n ongoing movement to ler legl ostles from the pth of 4the emerging informtion soietyF4 ersion QFP lso nnounes the prty9s open stne towrd prtnering with ny politil lline to hieve its strtegi ojetivesX 4yur gol is to use tie reker position in prliment s levergeF4

10.3.5 The Pirate Bay

he wotion iture essoition of emeri nd its wedish 0liteD the efD reted to the moiliztion y pressuring the wedish government to pursue the ountry9s lrgest filittor of illegl downlodsX the irte fyF reviouslyD emerin rightsEholders hd spent onsiderle resoures ringing suessful ivil lwsuits ginst the lrgest FFEsed (le shring serviesX xpsterD eimsterD qroksterD nd worpheusF he rightsE holders hd een less suessfulD howeverD in shutting down fittorrent trker serh enginesD suh s uprnovD ilite orrentsD orrentpyD nd ehonkeyD whih enle one omputer to downlod opyrighted work more e0iently y onneting it to multiple other omputersD eh tsked with trnsferring smll piee of the originl (leF es the lrgest nd most infmous fittorent trker serh engineD the irte fy ws prtiulrly onspiuous filittor of unheked illegl downlodingD nd it ws hedqurtered in wedenF he irte fy ws designed y qottfrig vrtholmD former memer of the Piratbyran think tnkF he s egreementD the i hiretives @oth disussed in wodule P5 AD nd the Riksdag 9s impleE menting legisltion ll strengthened the rightsEholders9 hndF sf weden refused to enfore its intelletul property lws ginst he irte fyD the rightsEholders ould enourge the FF government to initite orld rde yrgniztion dispute resolution proeedingD whihD if suessfulD would hve exposed weden to retlitory trde sntionsF he wotion iture essoition of emeri ontted the wedish winistry of tustie diretlyD enourging it to tF yn wy QID PHHTD weden9s government grnted domesti polie wrrnt to serh the irte fy9s filities nd seize its (le serversF
4 http://docs.piratpartiet.se/Principles%203.2.pdf 5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework

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10.3.6 September 2006 Riksdag Elections

he lmpdown provoked street protests in wedenD whih in turn ttrted interntionl medi ttentionF he irte rty9s memership inresed rpidlyD espeilly fter the irte fy resurfed in the xetherE lndsF he irte rty hs no forml onnetion to the irte fy or to the irte fureu think tnkD ut the puli pereived the three s linkedF he mjority of the new memers of the prty were too young to voteF wedish shools regulrly hold mok eletionsD nd the irte rty took pproximtely RH perent of the PHHT student voteF eognizing the potentil longEterm power of this groupD the irte rty deided to invest its resoures nd politil pitl in seuring the votes these memers would eventully representF he prty orgnized oung irtes student groupsF edult wedes in PHHT were less inlined to support the irte rty thn the youthD espeilly if the ost were to forego the hne to vote for one of the ruling prtiesF ht disinlintion ws reinfored y tuly PHHT newspper rtile reveling tht he irte fy ws pro(ting sustntilly through dvertising revenueF his seemed out of step with the puli servie ethos he irte fy9s leders hd hmpionedF eginD lthough the irte rty hs no forml onnetion to the irte fyD the puli pereived them s interonnetedF hen the PHHT llots were stD Piratpartiet erned less thn one perent of the vote nd therefore filed to qulify for set in the Riksdag.

10.3.7 June 2009 European Parliament Elections

he wedish irte rty ws more suessful seuring sets in the iuropen rlimentF sn the tune PHHW eletionsD the rty seured enough votes to e wrded P of UQT sets in the rlimentF he rty9s suess ws filitted y low turnout for the eletionsF he irte rty surged s support for its ompetitors lggedF Piratpartieterned more thn seven perent of the wedish voteD most of whih it piked up from weden9s veft rtyF he rty9s two eleted wemers were ghristin ingstromD n ntiEsoftwreEptent tivist nd former tehnology exeutiveD nd PPEyerEold emeli endersdotterD one of the erly student memersF

10.3.8 Present Day

he irte rty now hs RWDHHH memersF sf the prty gins Riksdag representtion in the PHIH eletions @sheduled for eptemer IWthAD its nonEprtisn stne will provide it su0ient )exiility either to ring the edEqreen voting lo to power or lterntively to inrese the nrrow mjority urrently enjoyed y the ruling loF tillD even efore the polls lose in PHIHD it is ertin tht the irte rty hs expnded its in)uene over the lst three yersF ell of weden9s mjor leftEwing prties now voie puli support for lierlizing opyright penlties for privte individuls who downlod udio nd video reordings for nonEommeril personl useF his is the most importnt plnk in the irte rty9s pltformF he hnes tht it will eventully e dopted seem to e inresingF

10.4 Case Study #2: "Click Wrap" Licenses and the Uniform Commercial Code

10.4.1 The UCC

sn the nited ttesD ontrt lw is shped nd enfored y the legisltures nd ourts of the individul sttesD not y the ntionl legislture nd ourtsF o promote ntionl uniformity of ontrt lwD promiE nent orgniztion of legl sholrs nd prtitionersD known s the emerin vw snstitute @evsAD works with the xtionl gonferene of gommissioners on niform tte vws @xggvA to promulgte the niform

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CHAPTER 10.

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gommeril gode @ggAD omprehensive model set of ontrt lws whih it o'ers s the idel version of stte lwF elthough no stte is oliged to dopt the ggD ll of the sttes hve done soF he gg is not pulished on ehlf of ny one set of politil interests or legl perspetivesF ht ur of ojetivityD whih the evsExggv sustins y opening their drfting proess to legl prtitioners nd sholrs of ll politil stripesD kgroundsD nd soures of expertiseD enourges stte legisltures to ent suessive versions of the gg with few ltertionsF sn IWWRD the evs egn work with the xggv to rft n ddendum to the existing gg tht would ddress the enforeility of lik wrp liensesF

10.4.2 "Click Wrap" Licenses

ine the IWVH9sD mny softwre ompnies hd een ensing the oxes ontining physil opies of their produts in plsti wrppers lled shrink wrpF yften they would inlude in the pkges douments setting forth provisions tht purhsers of the produts would e oliged to oeyF ometimes these terms were printed on the oxes themselves @nd thus visile through the plsti wrppingAY t other timesD they were printed on seprte piees of pper @nd thus invisile prior to purhseAF snvrilyD mong the list of terms ws provision inditing thtD y tering open the wrppingD the purhser greed to ide y ll of the other terms ! unless he or she returned the produt to the sellerF oftwre ompnies referred to this prtie s shrink wrp liensingF vterD it eme ustomry to distriute proprietry softwreD not through the sle of physil opiesD ut y enling onsumersD fter pying feeD to downlod the produt from the snternetF hen they shifted to this new pprohD the softwre (rms ltered their liensing strtegy somewhtF snsted of inluding set of terms in physil doumentD the (rms presented the sme terms on we pgeF o downlod the produtD onsumer hd to 4lik4 ox inditing tht he or she greed to the termsF his modi(ed strtegy me to e known s lik wrp liensingF es these prties spredD demis nd onsumer groups inresingly hllenged the enforeility of these liensesF heir ojetions were rooted in prt in forml ontrt lwF freking the plsti wrpping or 4liking4 ox ws insu0ientD they rguedD to onstitute 4eptne4 of the ontrt termsD prtiulrly in light of the onerous hrter of mny of those termsF heir ojetions lso drew strength from the pprent unfirness of the prtieF gonsumers hd no rel options ut to gree to set of provisions tht deprived them of mny of the rights they would otherwise enjoy under opyright lw nd under stte tort nd ontrt lwF sn light of these ojetionsD whether the lienses were inding on onsumers remined unertinF

10.4.3 The ALI Addresses the Issue

he evs nd the xggv set out to resolve the unertintyF hey ssigned the tsk of drfting new lik wrp ddendum to the gg to the hrfting gommittee on evision of FgFgF ertile PF he drfting ommittee pulished n initil set of drft model lwsD in whih it suggested tht 4lik wrp4 lienses were vlid ontrts nd should therefore e enforeleF wemers of the emerin vw snstitute relized tht this ws ontroversil positionF he evs invited potentil ritis of the drft to series of ommittee meetingsD nd lso soliited omments vi memornd nd lettersF

10.4.4 Criticism from Copyright Scholars

en importnt groups of demis ! led y gem unerD mel muelsonD nd hvid ximmer ! epted the invittionF sn their sumissions to the ommittee nd in series of rtiles pulished in legl periodilsD they rgued tht the lienses should not e enforele nd tht the gg should not e modi(ed to lend them supportF heir sumissions mingled legl nd eonomi rgumentsF

IHS
10.4.4.1 Legal Arguments

he nited ttes gonstitution limits the power of the ntionl legisltureD ut lso provides tht lws properly dopted y the ntionl legislture override or 4preempt4 inonsistent stte lwsF he federl ourts hve interpreted this priniple to invlidteD not only stte lws tht re lerly inonsistent with vlid federl sttutesD ut lso stte lws tht undermine the spirit or purposes of vlid federl sttutesF he result is tht the sope of this priniple of federl 4preemption4 is somewht vgueF ome federl sttutesD inluding the gopyright ttuteD try to redue tht vgueness y speifying the kinds of stte lws they preemptD ut suh provisions do not ltogether eliminte the unertintyF sn this murky environmentD the ritis of likEwrp lienses rgued tht using stte ontrt lw to enfore them should e deemed preempted y federl gopyright lwF he primry reson ws tht likE wrp lienses typilly deprived onsumers of mny ruil privileges under opyright lw nd therefore upset the delite lne lne etween the rights of opyrightEholders nd the exeptions nd limittions tht ene(t users ! lne thtD s we hve seenD is ruil to the opyright systemF et minimumD the ritis rguedD the issue ws su0iently omplex tht the federl ourts would struggle for yers to determine the extent to whih the preemption priniple pplied in this ontextD leving the enforeility of the lienses unler nd undermining the overll spirtion of the gg to seure ntionwide uniformity in ontrt lwF pinllyD demi ritis suh s hvid ximmer rgued thtD if mssEmrket likEwrp lienses were vliE dted y proposed revision of the ggD softwre vendors ould deprive onsumers of hoie nd ompetition y using the sme 4tkeEitEorEleveEit4 likEwrp lienses ross the industryF ximmer suggested tht this would mount to 49privte legisltion9 tht serves to lter en msse the puli9s rights grnted under the gopyright etF4
10.4.4.2 Economic Arguments

gem uner ontended in puli meetings nd in pulished forml letters tht the proposed modi(tion of the gg would shift the reltionship etween softwre ompnies nd their ustomersF hether or not you gree with meD it9s importnt tht you understnd tht the ground rules re out to hngeD he wrote in wrh IWWT mgzine rtileF uner knowledged the legitimy of the softwre ompnies9 onernsF sf ontrt lw were not ltered to limit the ompnies9 liility for the onsequenes of fulty produtsD the ompnies would e oliged to rise the pries of their produtsF ell onsumers would thus su'er to some degreeF wore preiselyD onsumers s group would er the ost of ompensting the reltively few onsumers who su'ered eonomi injuries resulting from defets in softwre produtsF roweverD uner rguedD enling the ompnies to use likEon lienses to void liility for defets would leve to even worse outomesF he inresed leverge for softwre sellersD he rguedD would not motivte them to onvert their svings into lower pries for their produtsF therD it would indue them to spend less money on testing their produts for mjor prolems or on (xing those prolems efore relesing their produts onto the open mrketF hvid ximmer rgued tht the sellers of other kinds of intelletul produts would likely follow the led of the softwre ompniesF re predited tht emerin onsumers would soon e le to uy poetryD rtD novelsD nd feture (lms only from online retil ontent stores tht used likEwrp lienses to dislim ll potentil wrrntiesF

10.4.5 McManis Amendment

sn wy of IWWUD rofessor ghrles wwnis o'ered motion6 t hrfting gommittee meeting to mend the initil drfts of the proposed ertile Pf ! the drft provision tht would hve mde the lienses enforeleF he wwnis emendment ddressed the preemption issue hed onD y prohiiting ny mssEmrket softwre liense tht limited the rights provided y the federl opyright sttuteF st ws dopted y slim mjorityF
6 http://www.ali.org/ali_old/mcmanis.htm

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CHAPTER 10.

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he wwnis emendment ws (erely ritiized y softwre ompniesF heir ojetions were ired t n importnt demi onferene held t the niversity of gliforni t ferkeleyF

10.4.6 UC Berkeley UCC 2B Conference/California Law Review Symposia

he niversity of gliforni t ferkeley9s genter for vw nd ehnology hosted onferene in epril IWWV to explore the implitions nd merits of proposed ertile PfF he onferene ws osponsored y the evs nd rought together prtitioners nd lw professors with di'ering viewsF e diverse rry of rguments were presentedF he keynote speker ws ymond ximmerD the eporter to the hrfting gommitteeD who rtiulted opposition to the wwnis emendment euse he elieved ertile Pf ws lredy 4neutrl4 in its e'ets on federl opyright lwF wny prtiipntsD howeverD disgreedF fy the endD the dominnt view seemed to e tht @A 4lik wrp4 lienses did not give onsumers the opportunity meningfully to ssent to or rejet the terms of nonEnegotile mss lienses nd @A the sope of federl preemption ws su0iently unertin tht federl ourts would likely disgreeD generting n undesirle pthwork of inonsistent lws ross the ountryF

10.4.7 Eects of the Conference/Symposia

e series of demi ppers y the onferene ttendees ws pulished in IWWW in gliforni vw eview symposium volume dedited to ertile PfF fy tht timeD howeverD the evs nd the xggv were su0E iently persuded tht ertile Pf9s interferene with federl opyright lw ws ftl )w tht they ked wy from the proposed revisionF he xggv issued delrtion tht ny (nl version of ertile Pf should ontin provision tht llows ourts to invlidte mss mrket softwre lienses tht were 4unonE sionleD4 nd the evs deferred pprovl of the ertile pending further onsidertion of its reltionship to federl opyright lwF pinllyD in epril IWWWD the evsExggv nnouned in press relese7 tht the two groups would not issue ertile PfF he xxgv lter pulished its own reommendtions to vlidte likEwrp lienses under model lw with seprte titleX he niform gomputer snformtion rnstions et @gseAF roweverD only two of (fty stte legisltures dopted the mesureD nd severl sttes dopted provisions tht sought to shield their own residents from its imptF he e'ort to solidify the enforeility of likEwrp lienses throughout the ntion hd filedF

10.5 Case Study #3: Copyright Law and Folklore

10.5.1 Seeking Greater Protection for Traditional Knowledge

es we sw in wodule V8 D mny indigenous groups view ulturl knowledge nd nient expressions in myths nd rtwork to e olletively owned nd sfegurdedF hey hve sought strengthened intelletul property rights for gis nd other forms of trditionl knowledge t oth the interntionl nd ntionl levelsF heir mjor grievnes re sene of su0ient remunertion for ommeril use of indigenous expressionsD widespred disregrd for indigenous ommunl rightsD misrepresenttion of sred indigenous ulturl elementsD nd unuthorized pulition of sensitive informtion nd folkloreF

10.5.2 Mobilization of Indigenous Communities

10.5.2.1 WIPO's 1998-1999 Fact Finding Missions

he nited xtion9s orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion reted to the growing pressure from indigeE nous groups ! nd from the ntionl governments of the ountries in whih those groups were loted ! y designing nine ftE(nding missions overing twenty eight ountries to determine the expettions nd s
7 http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/ucita/2brel.htm 8 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_8:_Traditional_Knowledge

IHU needs of the groupsF sndigenous representtives informed sy o0ils out the ostles to proteting their lol intelletul property prtiesD the di0ulty of doumenting sred elements of their ulturesD nd their struggles to ur mispproprition of indigenous expressions y emerin entertinment industriesF sy ollted the respondents9 ssessments of spei( ntionl regimes nd pulished report9 F ome respondents fvored ntionl puli roylty systems for the pproprition of indigenous ulturesF ythers dispproved of ny system for selling ess to folkloreF ome fvored government doumenttion of indigeE nous folkloreD ut others felt tht tht would filitte mispproprition y providing onvenient tlog for ompnies seeking new ulturl symols to ommoditizeF sy lso olleted lol perspetives on how est to orgnize indigenous popultions round intelletul property reformF ome suggested tht lol ustomry norms would hve to dopt some of the priniples of opyright lw in order to tke dvntge of opyright protetionF ythers lled for edutionGwreness progrmsD stronger restritions on puli ess to their folkloreD olletive drfting of regionl model lwsD puli funds for legl idD or more prolonged e'orts to lrify existing legl rights for indigenous ommunitiesF et forth elow is olletion of indigenous delrtions de(ning nd seeking protetion for trditionl knowledgeF
10.5.2.2 The Mataatua Declaration, New Zealand, 1993

yne of the most notle expressions of these grievnes ws the wttu helrtion on gulturl nd sntelE letul roperty ights of sndigenous eoples10 D forged fter onferene in tune of IWWQF he onferene ws hosted y the nine tries of wttu in xew elndF yver ISH delegtes from fourteen ountries ttendedF he helrtion prolimed tht indigenous groups were the exlusive owners nd primry ene(iries of indigenous knowledge nd folkloreD nd tht ll forms of misppropritionD whether disrimintory depition or ommeril exploittionD 4must eseF4 he helrtion provided suggestions for indigenous groups ross the worldD whih ws n essentil eleE ment to moilizing glolly dispersed politil seF sn setion leled 4eommendtionsD4 indigeneous groups were instruted to de(ne their own intelletul property prties nd develop ode for externl users to oserve whih inluded sntions for misuseF he helrtion lso demnded tht individul ntionl governments reognize indigenous groups s the keepers of their ulturl expressions nd leglly reognize multiEgenertionlD oopertiveD olletive ownership over ulturlly signi(nt itemsF
10.5.2.3 Kari-Oca Declaration and the Indigenous People's Earth Charter, 1992

et meetings in frzil nd sndonesi in IWWPD indigenous groups from esiD efriD iurope nd the i( promulgted the uriEy helrtion nd the sndigenous eople9s irth ghrter11 F he setion on ultureD siene nd intelletul propertyD delres thtX IF wteril ulture is eing used y the nonindigenous to gin ess to our lnds nd resouresD thus destroying our ulturesF PF wost of the medi t this onferene were only interested in the pitures whih will e sold for pro(tF his is nother se of exploittion of indigenous peoplesF his does not dvne the use of indigenous peoplesF QF es retors nd rriers of iviliztions whih hve given nd ontinue to shre knowledgeD experieneD nd vlues with humnityD we require tht our right to intelletul nd ulturl properties e gurnteed nd tht the mehnism for eh implementtion e in fvour of our peoples nd studied in depth nd implementedF his respet must inlude the right over geneti resouresD genenksD iotehnologyD nd knowledge of iodiversity progrmsF
9 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/m/report/index.html 10 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/creative_heritage/indigenous/link0002.html 11 http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30141-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

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RF e should list the suspet museums nd institutions tht hve misused our ulturl nd intelletul propertiesF SF he protetionD normsD nd mehnisms of rtisti nd rtisn retion of our peoples must e estE lished nd implemented in order to void plunderD plgirismD undue exposureD nd useF TF hen indigenous peoples leve their ommunitiesD they should mke every e'ort to return to the ommunityF UF sn mny instnesD our songsD dnesD nd eremonies hve een viewed s the only spets of our livesF sn some instnesD we hve een sked to hnge eremony or song to suit the osionF his is rismF VF et lolD ntionlD nd interntionl levelsD governments must ommit funds to new nd existing resoures to edution nd trining for indigenous peoplesD to hieve their sustinle developmentD to ontriute nd to prtiipte in sustinle nd equitle development t ll levelsF rtiulr ttention should e given to indigenous womenD hildrenD nd youthF WF ell kinds of folklori disrimintion must e stopped nd foriddenF
10.5.2.4 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Statement on Intellectual Property, Bolivia, 1994

he goordinting fody of the sndigenous eoples of the emzon fsin @gysgeA orgnized the snterntionl gonsulttion on sntelletul roperty ights nd fiodiversity held t nt gruz de l ierrD folivi in eptemer IWWRF he gysge ttement12 ehoed the self determintion theme of the wttu helrtionF st delres tht 4por memers of indigenous peoplesD knowledge nd determintion of the use of resoures re olletive nd intergenertionlF xo FFF individuls or ommunitiesD nor the qovernmentD n sell or trnsfer ownership of ulturl resoures whih re the property of the people nd whih eh genertion hs n oligtion to sfegurd for the nextF4 4ork must e onduted on the design of protetion nd reognition system whih is in ordne with FFF our own oneptionD nd mehnisms must e developed FFF whih will prevent pproprition of our resoures nd knowledgeF4 4here must e pproprite mehnisms for mintining nd ensuring the right of sndigenous peoples to deny indisriminte ess to the ulturl resoures of our ommunities or peoples nd mking it possile to ontest ptents or other exlusive rights to wht is essentilly sndigenousF4
10.5.2.5 Julayinbul Statement on Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights, Australia, 1993

he gonferene on gulturl nd sntelletul roperty held t tingrr dopted the tulyinul ttement on sndigenous sntelletul roperty ights13 F he delrtion re0rms the right of sndigenous eoples nd xtions 4to de(ne for themselves their own intelletul propertyD knowledging FFF the uniqueness of their own prtiulr heritge FFFF4 st sttes tht 4eoriginl intelletul propertyD within eoriginl gommon vwD is n inherentD inlienle right whih nnot e termintedD extinguishedD or tken FFF eny use of the intelletul property of eoriginl xtions nd eoples my only e done in ordne with eoriginl gommon vwD nd ny unuthorised use is stritly prohiitedF4

10.5.3 Action by Indigenous Groups to protect TK

sn ddition to gitting for legl hngeD indigenous groups hve reently egun to t ! sometimes on their ownD sometimes with the id of other orgniztions ! to protet their trditionl knowledgeF ome exmples followF
12 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AILR/2001/11.html 13 http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Indigenous_intellectual_property

IHW
10.5.3.1 Training about IP Rights and Technology Uses

sn PHHVD two memers of wsi14 ommunity from vikipiD ueny nd n expert from the xtionl wuseums of ueny trveled to the emerin polklife genter @epgA nd the genter for houmentry tudies @ghA in the nited ttes for intensiveD hndsEon trining in doumentry tehniques nd rhivl skills neessry for e'etive ommunityEsed ulturl onservtionF sy provided s trining15 F sn eugust PHHWD sy16 provided the wsi ommunity in ueny with digitl tehnology to reord their ulturl heritgeF sy trined ttendeesD providing them with requisite tehnil skillsD digitl merD sound reording equipment nd lptop to doument nd digitize their ulturl heritge on n onEgoing sisF
10.5.3.2 Contracting IP Rights at The Garma Festival, Gulkula, Australia

he qrm pestivl17 is elertion of the olngu ulturl inheritneF egrded s eustrli9s most signi(nt sndigenous ulturl exhnge eventD the qrm pestivl ttrts ln groups from northest ernhem vndD s well s representtives from ln groups nd neighouring sndigenous peoples throughout ernhem vndD the xorthern erritory nd eustrliF qrm is orgnised y the othu indi poundtionD notEforEpro(t eoriginl hritle orportionF ell ttendne fees nd other revenues reeived go to the opertion of the poundtion9s progrms nd projetsD suh s qrmD to hieve the following outomesX

inourging nd developing eonomi opportunities for olngu through edutionD triningD employE ment nd enterprise development hring knowledge nd ultureD therey fostering greter understnding etween indigenous nd nonE indigenous eustrlins xurturing nd mintining of olngu ulturl trditions nd prties
qrm pestivl orgnizers require tht ttendees sign the qenerl euthority to wke eord of the pestivl ontrt18 if ttendees seek to tke photogrphs or mke ny other reording of the eventF st is inpproprite to tke ny photogrphs of olngu without (rst seeking the permission of senior elderF
10.5.3.3 Seeking Consent from the Sto:lo Nation for use of Cultural Heritage

toXlo xtion reritge oliy19 requires users of toXlo xtion ulturl heritge to seek onsent from the xtion nd to give proper ttriutionF st prohiits users from misrepresenting their 0lition with toXlo xtionF he poliy llows for the fir use of exerpts of ulturl heritge @exept for property tht is on(dentilD seretD or privteA if the heritge is used for edutionlD informtionlD ommentryD or purposes other thn pro(tD s long s the tXl owner is properly referenedF rior onsent is still enourged for this o useD ut is not requiredF
10.5.3.4 Using Trademarks to protect TK

he q itui gulturl gentre20 D hursdy sslnd in the orres trit sslndsD eustrliD is puli keeping ple for historil sslnder rtifts nd trditionl nd modern rtF st hs registered trdemrk for orres trits ulturl mterilF @e rde wrk numer WWRPPIA he ilver rnd rogrm21 in elskD D uses the ilver rnd vogo nd tg to promote uthenti elskn xtive rt mde in the stteF e permit to use the tg is wrded for two yers from the dte issued nd must e renewed every two yers to remin tiveF ynly fullEtime residents of elsk over the ge of
14 http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html 15 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/folklore/culturalheritage/pdf/digit_trad_cult.pdf 16 http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2009/article_0030.html 17 http://www.garma.telstra.com/aboutgarma.htm 18 http://www.garma.telstra.com/pdfs/2010/GF10genauthority.pdf 19 http://www.srrmcentre.com/media_pdf/StoloHeritagePolicyManual.pdf 20 http://www.indigenoustourism.australia.com/business.asp?sub=0616 21 http://www.eed.state.ak.us/aksca/Native.htm

IIH

CHAPTER 10.

ACTIVISM

IVD who n verify elsk xtive tril enrollment nd who produe rt exlusively in the stteD re eligile for the selF ynly originl rtworkD not reprodutionsD my e identi(ed with the ilver rnd selF sn IWWWD the uktuutit snuit omen9s essoition of gnd22 sought to protet their intelletul property rights in the muti23 D trditionl snuit women9s prkF he e'ort ws provoked y visit to the western rti y representtive from honn urnD xD fshion designerD who ws seeking inspirtion for the PHHH fshion lineF he uktuutit snuit omen9s essoition moilized medi nd letter writing mpign to prevent wht they sw s mispproprition of snuit ultureF he pln to protet the muti involved three stgesF pirstD they sought the thoughts nd opinions of the key stkeholders " snuit lothing produersF his ws ompleted in wy PHHI t workshop in nkin snletD xunvutF he seond stge involved developing ntionl inventory or registry to reognize ll the semstresses nd designers nd to doument regionl vritions in designsF he third stge envisioned n ssoition of mnufturers who will shre trdemrk or mrk of uthentiity tht will gurntee onsumers tht they re uying true hndrfted produtsF es of peF IVD PHIHD no trdemrk mentioning emuti ws loted on the gndin sntelletul roperty y0e rdemrk htse24 D ut the projet ppers to e ongoingF

10.6 Additional Resources

10.6.1 General
usn uF ellD rivte owerD Public gmridge niversity ressD PHHQF
Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights.

gmridgeX

10.6.2 Sweden's Pirate Party

ikipediX irte rty @wedenA25 wiorn viD 4he irte rty nd the irte fyX row the irte fy sn)uenes weden nd snternE tionl gopyright eltionsD426 PI e snterntionl vw eview PVID PHHWF tons endersonD 4por the qood of the xetX he irte fy es trtegi overeignD427 Cultural Machine, olume IHX PHHWF renry ghuD 4weden9s irte rty fttles e vwsD428 Los Angeles Times, PUFIPFHWF 4wedish irte rty gins votes in iuropen eletionsD429 The Independent, HVFHTFHWF wrie hemkerD e xew ir of rty olitis in qlolised orldF he gonept of irtue rtiesD30 niversity yf qothenurgX he ulity of qovernment snstituteD eptemer PHHVF uinn xortonD 4e xtion hivided yver iryD431 Wired, IUFHVFHTF uinn xortonD 4erets of the irte fyD432 Wired, ITFHVFHTF uinn xortonD 4irte fy floodied fut nowedD433 Wired, HTFHTFHTF enn rrrisonD 4he irte fyX rere o tycD434 Wired, IQFHQFHTF 4weden gonvits pirst pileEhrerD435 BBC News PSFIIFHSF
22 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/igc/ngo/wssd_amauti.pdf 23 http://pauktuutit.ca/pdf/publications/pauktuutit/Amauti_e.pdf 24 http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/opic-cipo/trdmrks/srch/tmSrch.do?lang=eng 25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party_%28Sweden%29 26 http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/intlaw/290/ 27 http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/346/359 28 http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/27/world/la-fg-pirate-party27-2009dec27 29 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/swedish-pirate-party-gains-votes-in-european-

elections-1699670.html 30 http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/working_papers/2008_20_Demker.pdf 31 http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71544 32 http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/08/71543 33 http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/06/71089 34 http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/03/70358 35 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4376470.stm

III

10.6.3 "Click Wrap" Licenses and the Uniform Commercial Code

ikipediX niform gommeril gode36 qrry vF poundsD 4hrinkwrp nd glikwrp egreementsX Pf or xot Pfc4D37 SP Federal Communications Law Journal WWD IWWWF mel muelson nd uurt ypshlD4viensing snformtion in the qlol snformtion wrketX preedom of gontrt weets uli oliyD438 PIEuropean Intellectual Property Review QVTD IWWWF mel muelsonD 439 ymposiumX sntelletul roperty nd gontrt vw for the snformtion egeX porewordD440 VU California Law Review ID IWWWF ximmer hD frown i 8 prishling qD 4ymposiumX he wetmorphosis of gontrt into ixpndD441 VU California Law Review IUD IWWWF ghrles wwnisD 4ymposiumX rivtiztion or hrinkErpping of emerin gopyright vwD442 VU California Law Review IUQD IWWWF mel muelsonD 4veglly pekingX hoes snformtion elly nt to e viensedcD443 RI Communications of the ACM WD eptemer IWWVF gg Pf gonferene esite44 D PSFHRFHVF uommitteee yn oftwre gontrting yf the niform gommeril gode gommitteeD frie(ng perX roposed gg ertile PfD45 emerin fr essoitionD PRFHUFWUF mel muelsonD 4veglly pekingX he xeverEinding truggle for flneD446 RH Communications of the ACM SD wy IWWUF gem unerD niform gommeril gode ertile Pf e xew vw of oftwre ulityD47 Q Software Quality Assurance IHD wrh IWWTF

10.6.4 Copyright Law and Folklore

4rditionl unowledgeD rditionl gulturl ixpressionsD nd sntelletul roperty vw in the esiEi( egionF4 idF ghristoph entonsF xew orkX olters uluwerD PHHWF heor tF rlertD Resisting Intellectual Property. xew orkX outledgeD PHHSF tF wihel pinger nd nd hilip hulerD 4oor eople9s unowledgeX romoting sntelletul roperty in heveloping gountriesF4 @orld fnkA ISFHRFHRF eretrit of the i( gommunityD 4Pnd gGspGxigy orking qroup por vegl ixperts on the rotetion of rditionl unowledge nd ixpressions of gultureF4 xew gledoniD PHHQF rividhy gvnD 4rotetion of rditionl unowledgeD4 P winnF sntellF ropF evF I48 rofessor wihel flkeneyD 4he rotetion of rditionl gulturl ixpressions49 4
36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code 37 http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no1/11founds1.mac.pdf 38 http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/pam/papers/2bEIPR.pdf 39 http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/pam/papers/clr_2b.html 40 http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/pam/papers/clr_2b.html 41 http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/research/metamorphosis.html 42 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3481006 43 http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0004.305 44 http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/events/ucc2b/ucc2b.html 45 http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/warranty/comments/divelymaryjo3.pdf 46 http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/pam/papers/acm_wipo.html 47 http://www.kaner.com/pdfs/ucc2b.pdf 48 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=310680 49 http://www.ecap-project.org/leadmin/ecapII/pdf/en/activities/regional/aun_sept_07/traditional_cultural_expressions_word.pdf

IIP

CHAPTER 10.

ACTIVISM

10.7 Contributors
his module ws reted y gonor uennedy50 D imily gox51 D edrienne fker52 D eriel othstein53 D nd wirim eiler54 F st ws then edited y illim pisher55 F

50 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#ckennedy 51 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 52 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#Abaker 53 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#arothstein 54 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#weiler 55 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher

INDEX

IIQ

Index of Keywords and Terms

re listed y the setion with tht keyword @pge numers re in prenthesesAF ueywords do not neessrily pper in the text of the pgeF hey re merely ssoited with tht setionF Ex. pplesD IFI @IA Terms re referened y the pge they pper onF Ex. pplesD I
Keywords

ITWD W@UUA IWTTD W@UUA IWUUD W@UUA IWVWD W@UUA IWWRD W@UUA IWWWD W@UUA PHHQD PHHSD PHHTD PHHUD PHHWD PfD W@UUA W@UUA W@UUAD IH@IHIA W@UUA IH@IHIA IH@IHIA

euthorD R@PSAD R@PSA euthorsD R@PSAD U@TIA euthorshipD R@PSA evilleD S@QSA

ePuD Q@IIA esoluteD W@UUA eessD Q@IIAD U@TIA egeD Q@IIA etivitiesD R@PSA etsD V@TWA edptingD S@QSA eddressesD IH@IHIA efrinD W@UUA egendD Q@IIA egreementD Q@IIAD T@RWAD W@UUA egreementsD Q@IIA evsD IH@IHIA ellowingD S@QSA elterntivesD U@TIA emendmentD IH@IHIA endenD W@UUA ennexD W@UUA entiEgounterfeitingD Q@IIA epprohesD U@TIA ergumentsD W@UUAD IH@IHIA esyD W@UUA ertileD W@UUA ertistiD R@PSAD W@UUA espetsD W@UUA essignmentsD T@RWA eudiovisulD R@PSA eustrliD IH@IHIA

fnguiD W@UUA siD P@SA fene(tsD Q@IIA ferkeleyD IH@IHIA ferneD Q@IIAD W@UUA filterlD Q@IIA flindD S@QSA foliviD IH@IHIA frodstD R@PSA gliforniD IH@IHIA gseD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD V@TWA ghllengedD IH@IHIA ghrterD IH@IHIA ginemtogrphiD R@PSA ivilD P@SAD R@PSAD W@UUA glikD IH@IHIA godeD IH@IHIA godesD W@UUA gollortionsD R@PSA golletiveD R@PSAD T@RWA gommerilD IH@IHIA ommonD P@SAD W@UUA gommonsD U@TIA gommunitionD S@QSA gommunitiesD IH@IHIA gommunityD W@UUA gompiltionsD R@PSA gomplexD V@TWA gompulsoryD S@QSAD T@RWA gomputerD R@PSA gomputersD S@QSA oneptD P@SAD R@PSA gonditionsD T@RWA gonfereneD IH@IHIA gon)itD V@TWA

IIR gonsentD IH@IHIA gontentD T@RWA gontrtingD IH@IHIA gonventionD Q@IIAD W@UUA gopiesD S@QSA gopyD R@PSAD S@QSA opyrightD I@IAD P@SAD Q@IIAD Q@IIAD R@PSAD R@PSAD V@TWAD IH@IHIA gopyrightedD S@QSA gountriesD Q@IIA gourseD S@QSA govenntD W@UUA goverD W@UUA gretingD S@QSA gretiveD U@TIA grossEorderD V@TWA gruzD IH@IHIA gulturlD W@UUAD IH@IHIA gultureD W@UUA expressionD P@SAD W@UUA ixpressionsD W@UUA ixtensionsD R@PSA ixtrterritorilityD V@TWA

INDEX

ptorsD IH@IHIA firD P@SA firEuseD P@SA peesD T@RWA pestivlD IH@IHIA pixtionD R@PSA polkloreD W@UUAD IH@IHIA pormtsD U@TIA prmeworkD W@UUA preeD Q@IIAD U@TIA puntionsD T@RWA qrmD IH@IHIA qenerisD S@QSAD W@UUA qoverningD W@UUA qovernsD W@UUA qreterD IH@IHIA qroupsD IH@IHIA qulkulD IH@IHIA reritgeD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rireD R@PSA rolderD R@PSA rowD W@UUA rumnD W@UUA sdesD R@PSA sdenti(tionD T@RWA svyD W@UUA smpiredD S@QSA smplitionsD U@TIA sndigenousD W@UUAD IH@IHIA sndiretD V@TWA sndividulD T@RWA snfringeD V@TWA snfringementD R@PSAD V@TWA snfringesD V@TWA snstrumentsD W@UUA sntngileD W@UUA sntelletulD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA snterD S@QSA interntionlD Q@IIAD U@TIAD W@UUA interntionl onventionsD Q@IIA snterprettionD R@PSA snvestmentD Q@IIA sD W@UUAD IH@IHIA sssueD IH@IHIA

htseD T@RWA delingD P@SA heteD W@UUA helrtionD W@UUAD IH@IHIA he(nitionD R@PSAD T@RWA herivtiveD R@PSA hetermineD R@PSA hevelopingD Q@IIA hevelopmentD Q@IIA higitlD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIA hiretD V@TWA hisledD S@QSA histriutionD S@QSA hiversityD W@UUA hominD P@SAD W@UUA hrftD W@UUA hrwksD Q@IIA durtionD R@PSAD R@PSA irthD IH@IHIA ionomiD P@SAD S@QSAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA idutionlD U@TIA ispvD Q@IIA iletionsD IH@IHIA imployeesD R@PSA invironmentD T@RWA iquipmentD S@QSA iuropenD IH@IHIA ixmpleD T@RWA exeptionsD P@SAD S@QSA ixlusionD R@PSA ixpliitD W@UUA

INDEX

IIS yrgniztionsD T@RWA originlD P@SAD R@PSA yriginlityD R@PSA yrphnD T@RWA ytherD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWA ywnershipD R@PSAD W@UUA ywningD R@PSA

J K L

tointD R@PSA tulyinulD IH@IHIA tuneD IH@IHIA turisditionlD V@TWA uriEyD IH@IHIA unowledgeD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA lwD P@SAD Q@IIAD IH@IHIA vwsD V@TWAD W@UUA veglD V@TWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA vendingD S@QSA viilityD V@TWAD W@UUA lirrinsD P@SAD V@TWA lirryD I@IAD S@QSA lienseD P@SAD T@RWAD U@TIA viensedD T@RWA viensesD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD IH@IHIA viensorD T@RWA limittionsD P@SAD S@QSAD V@TWA viterryD R@PSAD W@UUA vonsD S@QSA volD IH@IHIA wkingD S@QSA wngementD T@RWAD T@RWA wrketD W@UUA wttuD IH@IHIA wterilsD S@QSA wwnisD IH@IHIA wesuresD T@RWA wigyeD W@UUA woiliztionD IH@IHIA wodesD W@UUA worlD P@SAD S@QSA movementD U@TIA wultipleD R@PSA wutulD W@UUA xtionD IH@IHIA xtionsD W@UUA xegotitionD W@UUA xeighoringD P@SAD S@QSA xewD U@TIA xew elndD IH@IHIA yesD W@UUA yligtionsD T@RWA ynlineD T@RWAD V@TWA ypenD U@TIA optionsD U@TIA yrgniztionD W@UUA

M whinesD S@QSA

i(D W@UUA ksD S@QSA rlimentD IH@IHIA rtiesD T@RWAD W@UUA rtyD IH@IHIA tronsD S@QSA yntD W@UUA enltiesD V@TWA eopleD W@UUAD IH@IHIA eoplesD W@UUA erformnesD Q@IIA ersonsD S@QSA honogrmsD Q@IIA hysilD U@TIA irteD IH@IHIA oliyD W@UUA olitilD W@UUA reservtionD S@QSA roeduresD V@TWA rofessorsD R@PSA rogrmsD R@PSA rojetsD U@TIA romotionD W@UUA ropertyD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA roposedD Q@IIA rotetD R@PSAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA protetedD W@UUA rotetionD R@PSAD T@RWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rotoolsD U@TIA rovidersD V@TWA rovisionsD W@UUA uliD P@SAD S@QSAD W@UUA urposeD T@RWA edingD S@QSA eordingD R@PSA efereneD W@UUA egionlD Q@IIAD W@UUA eltingD S@QSA eltionshipD R@PSA religiousD P@SA emediesD V@TWA enewlD T@RWA entlD S@QSA

IIT eplementD S@QSA eprodutionD S@QSA eserhersD R@PSA resouresD U@TIAD V@TWA espetD W@UUA esponsiilitiesD V@TWA eviewD IH@IHIA ightsD P@SAD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA iksdgD IH@IHIA oleD W@UUA omeD Q@IIA ulesD R@PSA

INDEX

fegurdingD W@UUA ntD IH@IHIA holrsD IH@IHIA ieneD U@TIA opeD R@PSAD U@TIA eekingD IH@IHIA eptemerD IH@IHIA ervntsD R@PSA ervieD V@TWA houldD W@UUA ierrD IH@IHIA oilD W@UUA oftwreD U@TIA outhD W@UUA ttementD IH@IHIA ttesD W@UUA tepD Q@IIA toXloD IH@IHIA tudentsD S@QSA tudyD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD V@TWA ujetD T@RWA uiD S@QSAD W@UUA wedishD IH@IHIA ymposiD IH@IHIA ystemD W@UUA

giD W@UUA ehnologilD T@RWA ehnologyD IH@IHIA ermD T@RWA ermintionD T@RWA ermsD T@RWA estD Q@IIA hreeD Q@IIA uD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rdeD Q@IIA rdeEeltedD W@UUA rdemrksD IH@IHIA rditionlD W@UUAD IH@IHIA riningD IH@IHIA tretiesD Q@IIAD Q@IIA retyD Q@IIA rilD W@UUA sD Q@IIA ypilD T@RWA gD IH@IHIA ggD IH@IHIA nuthorizedD R@PSA xigyD W@UUA niformD IH@IHIA nitedD W@UUA niverslD Q@IIA seD S@QSAD T@RWA sersD U@TIA sesD T@RWAD IH@IHIA singD IH@IHIA ssD W@UUA isullyD S@QSA syD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA workD R@PSAD S@QSA orksD R@PSAD T@RWAD W@UUA D Q@IIA rpD IH@IHIA

W gD Q@IIA

ATTRIBUTIONS

IIU

Attributions
golletionX Copyright for Librarians idited yX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGolIIQPWGIFPG vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4eout gopyright for virrins4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmIURUVGIFSG gesX IEQ gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4gopyright nd the puli dominX n introdution4 fyX welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSPGIFRG gesX SEIH gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4he interntionl frmework4 fyX etroul ntsiouriD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSVGIFRG gesX IIEPR gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4he ope of gopyright vw4 fyX snge ysmnD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSWGIFRG gesX PSEQR gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4ightsD ixeptionsD nd vimittions4 fyX imily goxD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSTGIFRG gesX QSERU gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4wnging ights4 fyX hvid ottD imily goxD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSSGIFRG gesX RWESW gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG

IIV woduleX 4gretive pprohes nd lterntives4 fyX welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSQGIFRG gesX TIETV gopyrightX illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG

ATTRIBUTIONS

woduleX 4inforement4 fyX hmitriy ishyevihD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSRGIFSG gesX TWEUS gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4rditionl unowledge4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmQVSIWGIFPG gesX UUEWW gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4etivism4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmQVSPUGIFPG gesX IHIEIIP gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG

Copyright for Librarians

gopyright for virrins is joint projet of the ferkmn genter for snternet nd oiety nd iletroni snformtion for virries @espvAD onsortium of lirries from SH ountries in efriD esi nd iuropeF he gol of the projet is to provide lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountries informtion onerning opyright lwFwore spei(llyD it spires to inform lirrins onerningX opyright lw in generl the spets of opyright lw tht most 'et lirries how lirrins in the future ould most e'etively prtiipte in the proesses y whih opyright lw is interpreted nd shpedF

About Connexions

ine IWWWD gonnexions hs een pioneering glol system where nyone n rete ourse mterils nd mke them fully essile nd esily reusle free of hrgeF e re eEsed uthoringD tehing nd lerning environment open to nyone interested in edutionD inluding studentsD tehersD professors nd lifelong lernersF e onnet ides nd filitte edutionl ommunitiesF gonnexions9s modulrD intertive ourses re in use worldwide y universitiesD ommunity ollegesD uEIP shoolsD distne lernersD nd lifelong lernersF gonnexions mterils re in mny lngugesD inluding inglishD pnishD ghineseD tpneseD stlinD ietnmeseD prenhD ortugueseD nd hiF gonnexions is prt of n exiting new informtion distriution system tht llows for Print on Demand BooksF gonnexions hs prtnered with innovtive onEdemnd pulisher yy to elerte the delivery of printed ourse mterils nd textooks into lssrooms worldwide t lower pries thn trditionl demi pulishersF