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Modeling of Wind Power Plants for Short Circuit Analysis in the Transmission Network
Nader Samaan, Member, IEEE, Robert Zavadil, Member, IEEE, J. Charles Smith, Senior Member, IEEE, and Jose Conto, Member, IEEE
tor is almost constant after the fault, the short circuit current of the turbine induction generator will decay in a different manner than induction motors. The objective of this paper is to develop guidelines for estimating the short-circuit current contribution from a WPP with squirrel-cage induction generator (Type A) based wind turbines. A detailed WPP model together with a generic dynamic model of the wind turbine was built using the commercial software package PowerFactory version 13 [4]. This software provides steady state solution for load flow and short-circuit calculations and time domain analysis for transient simulation. The turbine generic dynamic model has been used to perform transient analysis during fault conditions. The objective of such analysis is to have an idea about peak values and the decay of the WPP short-circuit current due to faults at the plant main substation. If calculated, peak asymmetrical shortcircuit current values can be used in specifying the circuit breaker momentary duty. The detailed WPP model has been used to perform shortcircuit analysis to calculate the symmetrical short-circuit current injected from the wind plant when a fault occurs at the plant main substation without having a short-circuit current contribution from any other source. These currents are used through a network reduction technique to obtain an equivalent circuit for the WPP. This equivalent circuit can be used to represent the WPP in future short-circuit calculations in the transmission network. The calculations are used in specifying the circuit breaker interrupting duty at 1.5 - 4 cycles after the fault occurrence. Case studies have been performed on a 50 MW sample WPP. Results from transient simulation give detailed waveforms for the short-circuit current before, during and after different types of faults. Steady state short-circuit calculations have been performed. Calculated short-circuit currents have then been used to calculate the equivalent positive sequence and zero sequence impedances of the WPP. The validity of using the equivalent circuit has been shown by comparing short circuit calculations using the detailed model and the equivalent circuit for the WPP. The expected behavior of the other three major wind turbine topologies is explained briefly at the end of the paper.

Abstract-- This paper presents guidelines for estimating shortcircuit contribution from wind power plants to the transmission network. Only squirrel-cage induction generator based turbines have been considered. A commercial software package has been used to model the plant in detail. Transient analysis is performed to explore the nature of the plant short-circuit current. AC symmetrical short-circuit currents are calculated and used through a network reduction technique to obtain the equivalent positive and zero sequence impedances for the wind power plant. Case studies have been performed on a sample 50 MW wind power plant. The plant contribution during the initial cycle of the fault (asymmetrical current) can be as high as 6 or more times the rated turbine current. As the fault persists, the contribution decreases in magnitude. Comparison shows that the equivalent circuit gives identical results to the detailed model. The equivalent circuit can be used to represent the wind power plant in short-circuit analysis at the transmission level. Index Terms Equivalent circuits, induction generator, short circuit currents, wind power generation.

I. INTRODUCTION

ECHNICAL and economic impacts for integrating significant amount of wind power are becoming challenging tasks for many utilities. The-state-of-the-art for such studies was introduced recently in [1]. One of these technical impacts is the change in short-circuit levels and the need to change the settings of protecting relays. With the rapid increase in large wind power plants connected to the MV/HV transmission networks, it is vital to provide protection engineers with the needed procedures to calculate accurately the contribution of a newly installed Wind Power Plant (WPP) to short-circuit currents in the transmission network. There is a need in the industry for characterization of different wind turbine topologies with regard to shortcircuit behavior. Available short-circuit current calculation standards [2], [3] give the guidelines in dealing with industrial induction motors. The standards do not give direct guidelines in dealing with large induction generators used in wind turbines. As the input mechanical power to the induction genera-

This work was supported financially by the Electric Reliability Counsel of Texas (ERCOT) and the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG.) Nader Samaan and Robert Zavadil are with EnerNex Corp., Knoxville, Tennessee 37922 USA (e-mail: nader@enernex.com and bob@enernex.com). J. Charles Smith is with the Utility Wind Integration Group, Reston, Virginia 20195 USA (e-mail: jcharlessmith@comcast.net). Jose Conto is with Electric Reliability Counsel of Texas (ERCOT), Taylor, Texas 76574 USA (e-mail: jconto@ercot.com).

978-1-4244-1904-3/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

II. MODELING OF THE WIND TURBINE FOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS DURING FAULT CONDITIONS A generic dynamic model for the wind turbine has been built to perform transient analysis to get a clear idea about the nature of the WPP short-circuit current waveforms for different fault types. A squirrel-cage induction generator based wind turbine is usually termed a Type A wind turbine. The wind turbine dynamic model consists basically of four blocks which are the pitch angle controller, the turbine, the drivetrain shaft using a two-mass model, and the squirrel-cage induction generator. The turbine dynamic block diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The PowerFactory built-in one-cage induction machine model is employed to model the induction generator. The model is basically a linear induction machine model including a frequency (or slip) dependent rotor impedance, as depicted in Fig. 2. The mathematical equations describing the d-q model of the induction generator are given in [5].

III. MODELING OF THE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR FOR STEADY STATE SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS According to the IEEE/ANSI method, the induction generator in short-circuit calculations is represented as a 1 pu voltage source in series with the direct axis sub-transient in ductance X d . Both the positive and negative sequence impedances for the induction generator are taken to be equal to X d . Knowing the induction generator locked rotor current Ilocked rotor when it is tested as an induction motor, the value of X d can be calculated by (1).

X d ( pu ) =

1 I locked rotor ( pu )

(1)

In other words, for a three-line to ground fault at the turbine low voltage bus, each phase of the turbine contributes approximately a maximum symmetrical short-circuit current with a magnitude equals to the induction generator locked rotor current during the first cycle after the fault. Using this model for the induction generator, the collector representation for short-circuit calculations is shown in Fig. 3.
Zline1 Zline2 Zline3 Zline4

Isc_Feeder
Fig. 1. Dynamic block diagram for generic Type A wind turbine
ZWTG G9

Isc_9

ZWTG

Isc_8

ZWTG

Isc_7

ZWTG

Isc_6

The winding resistance Rs, the stator leakage reactance Xs, the magnetizing reactance Xm and the rotor impedance Zrot characterize the model. The Zrot can be frequency dependent and allows therefore for modeling squirrel-cage induction machines over a wide range. Zrot can be approximated by series R-L elements. This model initializes itself to match the terminal power of the machine to the power of the generator in the load flow case. The slip and reactive power consumption of the induction machine are determined as needed to match the specified power. For transient analysis, the inertia, specified by the acceleration time constant (rated to nominal mechanical power at nominal speed) needs to be entered additionally.

V
d

G8

G7

G6

ZWTG=ZT + X ZT Impedance of turbine step up transformer

Fig. 3. Collector representation for short-circuit calculations

IV. CALCULATING EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE FOR THE WIND POWER PLANT There are ongoing efforts to develop equivalent representations of WPP for different power system planning studies. The building of an equivalent circuit of WPP for power flow analysis has been introduced in [6]. For short-circuit analysis at the transmission level, it is not practical to model the WPP in detail. Rather, an equivalent impedance behind a 1 pu voltage source can be used. A set of procedures has been developed to include the effect of a newly installed WPP on the protection settings of the HV/MV transmission network. The procedures can be summarized in the following points: 1. A detailed model for the WPP is constructed. The model includes exact representation for the collector system including wind turbines, padmount transformers, cables, and overhead lines. Such models can be built in many commercially available software packages.

Fig. 2. Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator Model in PowerFactory

2.

3.

The model is used to determine the plant three-line to ground and single-line to ground short-circuit currents at the LV side of the plant main substation. These calculations are performed with the breaker on the LV side of the substation transformer opened, i.e., the only source for the short-circuit currents is the WPP. Using the E/Z simplified method given in [3], shortcircuit currents are then used to obtain the equivalent positive sequence and zero sequence impedances of the plant by using (2) and (3) respectively. VLL (2) Z1 = Z 2 = 3 * I 3 LG

plant. The one-line diagram for the WPP is shown in Fig. 5. The plant consists of 20 Type A wind turbines each rated at 2.5 MW. The detailed WPP has been built and simulated using PowerFactory software [4]. The induction generator parameters used in the simulation are given in Table I. It is '' assumed that Ilocked rotor = 5 pu, hence X d = 0.2 pu using (1). The data assumed for the substation transformer is given in Table II. Short-circuit data for the 230 kV network is given in Table III. A parallel capacitor bank is installed at each generator LV bus for zero VAR interchange at the generator padmount transformer HV side. To achieve the zero VAR interchange, the capacitor bank size was set to 1.35 MVAR. Load flow summary results are given in Table IV assuming all wind turbines are supplying their maximum power.

Z0 =

3VLN 2 Z1 I SLG

(3)

4.

where Z1, Z2 and Z0 are the WPP equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence impedances in ohms, VLN is the rms phase voltage in kV, VLL is the rms line voltage in kV, I3LG is the calculated three-line to ground rms current and I1LG is the calculated single-line to ground rms current in kA. The WPP is represented as a voltage source with 1 pu voltage and a series impedance with the corresponding Z1 and Z0. It should be noted that the substation transformer has not been included in the equivalent impedance to make it easier for the protection engineer to investigate the effect of different transformer connection types on the contribution of the WPP to the fault level at the HV/MV transmission network. The resulting equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4. The obtained equivalent impedances can be used later in short-circuit calculations for relay settings in the transmission network.

Fig. 5. One-line diagram for the 50 MW wind power plant TABLE I SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR PARAMETERS Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit used for calculating wind power plant short-circuit contribution to the transmission network Parameter Nominal voltage [kV] Rated power Efficiency at nominal operation % Acceleration time constant [sec] Number of pole pairs Stator resistance Rs [pu] Magnetic reactance Xm [pu] Stator reactance Xs [pu] Rotor resistance RrA [pu] Rotor reactance XrA [pu] Connection type Rated power factor Pf Value 0.575 2.5 MW 97% 0.5 sec 2 0.0122 6.8825 0.2002 0.013 0.1256 Y 0.897 lagging

5.

The fault analysis mentioned in the previous points is based on the IEEE/ANSI calculation method for symmetrical AC short-circuit currents using a set of linear algebraic equations and does not include the dc component, which is seldom required for the application and setting of protective relays. V. CASE STUDIES

The transient and steady-state short-circuit current calculations of a typical WPP are illustrated on a sample 50 MW

TABLE II DATA FOR THE 50 MW WIND POWER PLANT SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER Transformer type Rated power Nominal Frequency Rated voltage Positive sequence impedance Zero sequence impedance Vector group HV-Side LV-Side Short-Circuit Voltage uk Copper losses Absolute Resistive Part HV-Side LV-Side Phase shift 2-winding three phase 50 MVA 60 HZ 230 kV 34.5 kV 11% 150 kW 11% 0.5% D YN (zero ground impedance) 300

It can be seen from the waveforms that the plant shortcircuit current decays as given in Table VI. Short-circuit current waveforms of one of the induction generators injected to its 0.69 kV bus are shown in Fig. 7. It should be noted that peak values of the asymmetrical short-circuit current obtained from transient simulations are different than the symmetrical short-circuit current obtained from short-circuit calculations, as these peaks are a function of the fault instant and they include the dc component.
TABLE V WIND POWER PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION FOR A 3-LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT THE 34.5 KV BUS WITH THE 230 KV NETWORK DISCONNECTED Description SK'' (MVA short-circuit power) Ik (Symmetrical Sub transient short circuit current) Phase A Phase B Phase C Wind plant contribution 157.186 MVA 2630 A <-83.37 deg 2630 A <-83.37 deg 2630 A <-83.37 deg 2630 A <-83.37 deg 0 0

TABLE III SHORT-CIRCUIT DATA FOR THE 230 KV NETWORK SK'' (MVA short-circuit power) Ik (Symmetrical Sub-transient short circuit current) three-phase to ground fault Ik (Symmetrical Sub transient short circuit current) single-phase to ground fault X/R ratio Z2/Z1 X0/X1 R0/X0 1500 MVA 3765 A 2340 A 10 1 2.65 0.45

+SEQ -SEQ 0SEQ

TABLE VI DECAY OF WIND POWER PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT FOR A 3-LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT THE 34.5 KV BUS WITH THE 230 KV NETWORK CONNECTED No. of cycles after fault Max value after fault instant 3 cycles Current peak value 6400 A 3331 A 1560 A 780 A Percentage of rated current peak value (1167 A) 548% 285% 134% 67%

TABLE IV LOAD FLOW RESULTS FOR THE 50 MW WIND POWER PLANT WITH LOCAL CAPACITOR BANKS FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION Supplied Active Power Absorbed reactive power Pf of the Wind Power Plant Substation HV bus voltage VAR supplied by the capacitor bank of the induction generator 49.58 MW 4.91 MVAR 0.995 lagging 1 pu 1.35 MVAR

6 cycles 9 cycles

A. Three-Line to Ground Fault Short circuit calculations for a three-line to ground fault at the substation 34.5 kV bus based on the IEEE/ANSI calculation method are given in Table V. These calculations are performed while the circuit breaker on the LV side of the substation transformer is opened to obtain the contribution of only the WPP. We next perform electromagnetic transient simulations, assuming a three-line to ground fault occurs at 1.5 sec and lasts for 0.2 sec and is then cleared. The waveforms for the plant short-circuit current are shown in Fig. 6. The simulation has been performed with the 230 kV network connected.

Fig. 6. Injected current from the wind power plant to substation LV bus Fault type: three-line to ground fault at the 34.5 kV bus

5 TABLE VIII DECAY OF WIND POWER PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT FOR A SINGLE-LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT THE 34.5 KV BUS WITH THE 230 KV NETWORK CONNECTED No. of cycles after fault Max value after fault instant 3 cycles 6 cycles 9 cycles Current peak value 6623 A 3668 A 2524 A 1618 A Percentage of rated current peak value (1167 A) 568% 314% 216% 139%

Fig. 7. Generator instantaneous current waveforms (Fault instant at Va=0) Fault type: three-line to ground fault at the 34.5 kV bus

B. Single-Line to Ground Fault Short-circuit calculations for a single-line to ground fault (phase A) at the substation 34.5 kV bus based on the IEEE/ANSI calculation method are given in Table VII. These calculations are performed while the circuit breaker on the LV side of the substation transformer is opened to obtain shortcircuit contribution of the WPP only. We next perform electromagnetic transient simulations, assuming a single-line to ground fault occurs at 1.5 sec and lasts for 0.2 sec and is then cleared. The waveforms for the plant short-circuit current are shown in Fig. 8. The simulation has been performed with the 230 kV network connected. It can be seen from the waveforms that the current decays as given in Table VIII. Short circuit current waveforms of one of the induction generators injected to its 0.69 kV bus are shown in Fig. 9.
TABLE VII WIND POWER PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION FOR A SINGLE-LINE TO GROUND FAULT (PHASE A) AT THE 34.5 KV BUS WITH THE 230 KV NETWORK DISCONNECTED Description SK'' (MVA short-circuit power) Ik (Symmetrical Sub transient short circuit current) Phase A Phase B Phase C +SEQ -SEQ 0SEQ Wind plant contribution 14.369 MVA 721 A <-88.30 deg 0 0 240 A <-88.30 deg 240 A <-88.30 deg 240 A <-88.30 deg

Fig. 8. Injected current from the wind power plant to substation LV bus Fault type: single-line to ground fault at the 34.5 kV bus

Fig. 9. Generator instantaneous current waveforms (Fault instant at Va=0) Fault type: Single-line to ground at the 34.5 kV bus

C. Calculating the Equivalent Impedance for the Wind Power Plant for Short-Circuit Calculations The objective of this section is to use the short-circuit calculations obtained from the detailed model of the WPP with the 230 kV network disconnected to obtain an equivalent circuit for the plant that can be used in adjusting the circuit breaker symmetrical interrupting capability in the transmis-

sion network due to the addition of a new WPP to service. Numerical calculations of the equivalent circuit are as follows: The base impedance is calculated as V2 34.52 Z base = baseLL = = 11.9025 MVAbase 100 From Table V, three-line to ground fault current is

TABLE X SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS FOR A SINGLE-LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT THE 230 KV BUS USING THE DETAILED AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELS Description SK'' (MVA short-circuit power) Ik (Symmetrical Sub transient short circuit current) Phase A Phase B Phase C +SEQ -SEQ Detailed Model 319.973 MVA 2410 A <-730 0 0 803 A <-73
0

Equivalent Circuit 319.972 MVA 2410 A <-730 0 0 803 A <-730 803 A <-730 803 A <-730

I3LG = 2630 A <-83.37 deg The equivalent positive and negative sequence impedances are calculated using (2) and converted to pu:
o

= 0.8747 + j 7.5254 = 0.63651 < 83.37 pu

From Table VII, single-line to ground fault current is ISLG = 721 A <-88.23 deg The equivalent zero sequence impedance is calculated using (3) and converting the value to pu:
34.5 <0 3* 3VLN 3 Zg = = = 82.88 < 88.23 = 2.56 + j 82.84 I SLG 0.721 < 88.23 Z 0 = Z g 2Z1 = (2.56 + j82.84) 2(0.8747 + j 7.5254) = 0.8106 + j 67.79 = 67.79 < 89.31 = 5.695 < 89.31 pu
o o o

Using the values of Z1, Z2 and Z0 the equivalent circuit for the WPP is constructed as shown in Fig. 4. Short circuit calculations at the 230 kV bus using both the detailed model and the equivalent circuit are given in Tables IX and X. These comparisons show that the equivalent circuit gives almost the same results as the detailed model. The increase in short circuit level at the substation HV bus after the installation of the WPP is given in Table XI.
TABLE IX SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS FOR A 3-LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT THE 230 KV BUS USING THE DETAILED AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELS Description SK'' (MVA short-circuit power) Ik (Symmetrical Sub transient short circuit current) Phase A Phase B Phase C +SEQ -SEQ 0SEQ Detailed Model 1616.882 MVA 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 0 0 Equivalent Circuit 1616.867 MVA 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 4059 A <-84.320 0 0

Z1 = Z 2 =

3 * I3 LG

3 * 2630 < 83.37

o

VLL

34.5 < 0

803 A <-730 803 A <-730

= 7.5761 < 83.37

0SEQ

TABLE XI CHANGE IN THE AVAILABLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT LEVEL AT THE 230 KV BUS DUE TO THE ADDITION OF THE WIND POWER PLANT Description Before the addition of the WPP 1500 MVA 3765 A 2340 A After the addition of the WPP 1617 MVA 4095 A 2410 A Fault level increase % 7.8% 8.76% 3%

MVA shortcircuit power Three-phase to ground fault single-phase to ground fault

VI. CONSIDERATION OF OTHER WIND TURBINE TOPOLOGIES This paper focuses on one type of electrical topology employed in commercial wind turbines. Unlike the generator model evaluated here, other topologies employ some type of power electronic control. Consequently, the behavior during short-circuit conditions cannot be ascertained directly from the physical structure of the electrical generator. Algorithms which control the power electronic switches can have significant influence on the short-circuit currents contributed by the turbine, and the details of these controllers are generally held closely by the turbine manufacturers. That said, a few general observations can be made about each of the other topologies that offer some indication of their short-circuit behavior to the generator configuration considered in this report. 1. Turbines employing limited speed control via controlled external rotor resistance are fundamentally induction generators. If, during the fault, the external resistance control were to result in shortcircuiting of the generator rotor, the short-circuit behavior would be similar to what is presented in this paper. On the other hand, if the control action at or shortly after fault inception were to result in insertion of the full external resistance, the equivalent V-

2.

3.

behind-Z representation for the turbine and the plant should be modified to include this significant resistance value in series with the equivalent turbine inductance. The doubly-fed asynchronous generator topology may also be a special case of the results presented here. If, during the fault, the rotor power controller remains active, the machine stator currents would be limited to just slightly above their rated values. Under conditions where protective functions act to crowbar the rotor circuit, the short-circuit behavior defaults to what is presented in this paper. In turbines employing full-rated power converters as the interface to the grid, currents during network faults will be limited at or slightly above rated current. This limitation is affected by the power converter control, and is generally necessary to protect the power semiconductor switches. VII. CONCLUSIONS

IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Nader Samaan (S00, M04) received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, USA in 2004. He is currently a power systems engineer at Enernex Corp., Knoxville, TN, USA. He was a visiting assistant professor at the department of electrical and computer engineering, Kansas State University during the academic year 2004-05. His research interests include wind integration studies, power system reliability, harmonics and transient analysis for wind power plants, wind turbine dynamics molding, distributed generation, artificial intelligence and intelligent optimization techniques application to power systems. Dr. Samaan is a registered professional engineer in the state of Ohio, a member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and a member of CIGRE. Robert Zavadil (M ) received a B.S.E.E. degree, with highest honors, from South Dakota State University in 1982. He is a cofounder of EnerNex Corporation, where he is responsible for developing and overseeing the company's power system engineering consulting business. He has worked on electric power system issues for wind generation for more than 15 years. From 1989 to the summer of 2003, he served in various consulting and product development capacities for Electrotek Concepts and its parent company, WPT. Mr. Zavadil is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering, Power Electronics, and Industrial Applications Societies and serves as secretary of the Wind Power Coordinating Committee under the IEEE-PES Technical Council. J. Charles Smith (SM70) J. Charles Smith received the B.S.M.E. and M.S. degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, in 1970. He is currently the Managing Director of the consulting company Nexgen Energy and also serves as the Executive Director of the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG). Previously, he served as President of Electrotek Concepts, a power engineering consulting firm. He has 37 years of experience in the electric power industry. Mr. Smith is a senior member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and a member of CIGRE. Jose Conto (M87) Jos Conto received his BSEE from the University of Engineers, Lima, Peru in 1981 and his MSEE from University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan in 1985. He stayed with CRIEPI, Japan for one year. Mr. Conto worked for Electric Research & Management (State College, PA) on several electrical engineering projects including photovoltaic systems, EMF, solar storm monitoring system, and for the Tokyo Electric Power Co. in Washington DC on utility-scale technology applications before joining the System Planning Department at the Electric Reliability Council of Texas in July 2000. At ERCOT as a Lead Planning Analyst, Mr. Conto performs power system dynamic studies, including voltage and transient stability studies with full modeling of wind plants. Past duties included steady state engineering studies, generation interconnection studies, etc. Mr. Conto is an IEEE member. He is fluent in English, Spanish and Japanese.

Transient simulation has shown that wind turbines with squirrel-cage induction generators are able to contribute significant fault current. The contribution during the initial cycle of the fault (asymmetrical current) can be as high as 6 or more times the rated machine current. As the fault persists, the contribution decreases in magnitude. It has been shown also that the induction generator short circuit current rate of decay depends on the fault type with the fastest decay rate in the case of a three-phase to ground short circuit. Procedures have been presented to include the effect of a newly installed wind power plant on the protection settings of the HV/MV transmission networks. The first step is to build a detailed model for the wind power to determine the plant three-phase to ground and single-line to ground short circuit currents at the plant main substation. The second step is to use these two quantities to obtain the equivalent positive sequence and zero sequence impedances of the plant. Different comparisons show that the equivalent circuit gives the same result as the detailed model in short-circuit calculations. VIII. REFERENCES
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