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10.4
What you should learn
GOAL 1 Use angles formed by tangents and chords to solve problems in geometry. GOAL 2 Use angles formed by lines that intersect a circle to solve problems.

Other Angle Relationships in Circles

GOAL 1 USING TANGENTS AND CHORDS
You know that the measure of an angle inscribed in a circle is half the measure of its intercepted arc. This is true even if one side of the angle is tangent to the circle. You will be asked to prove Theorem 10.12 in Exercises 3739.
THEOREM THEOREM 10.12

Why you should learn it

To solve real-life problems, such as finding from how far away you can see fireworks, as in Ex. 35. AL LI
RE

If a tangent and a chord intersect at a point on a circle, then the measure of each angle formed is one half the measure of its intercepted arc.
1 m1 = mAB 2 1 m2 = mBCA 2

2 1 A

E FE

EXAMPLE 1

Finding Angle and Arc Measures

Line m is tangent to the circle. Find the measure of the red angle or arc.
a.
1 A 150 P m B 130 R

b.

SOLUTION

1 a. m1 = (150) = 75 2
EXAMPLE 2

b. mRSP = 2(130) = 260

Finding an Angle Measure

In the diagram below, BC is tangent to the circle. Find mCBD.

SOLUTION

mCBD = mDAB

1 2 1 5x = (9x + 20) 2

A (9x 20) 5x

C B

10x = 9x + 20 x = 20 mCBD = 5(20) = 100

10.4 Other Angle Relationships in Circles 621 D

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GOAL 2

LINES INTERSECTING INSIDE OR OUTSIDE A CIRCLE

If two lines intersect a circle, there are three places where the lines can intersect.

on the circle

inside the circle

outside the circle

You know how to find angle and arc measures when lines intersect on the circle. You can use Theorems 10.13 and 10.14 to find measures when the lines intersect inside or outside the circle. You will prove these theorems in Exercises 40 and 41.

THEOREMS THEOREM 10.13

If two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of each angle is one half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle. m1 = (mCD + mAB ), m2 = (mBC + mAD )
THEOREM 10.14

D A B 1 2 C

1 2

1 2

If a tangent and a secant, two tangents, or two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
B A 1 C m1 = }}(mBC mAC )
1 2 1 2

P 2 R q

W 3 Z Y

m2 = }}(mPQR mPR )

m3 = }}(mXY mWZ )

1 2

EXAMPLE 3

Finding the Measure of an Angle Formed by Two Chords

P q Apply Theorem 10.13. Substitute. Simplify. 174 x 106 S R

Find the value of x.

SOLUTION 1 x = (mPS + mRQ ) 2

STUDENT HELP
INT
NE ER T

HOMEWORK HELP

Visit our Web site www.mcdougallittell.com for extra examples.

x = (106 + 174) x = 140

1 2

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Chapter 10 Circles

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EXAMPLE 4

Using Theorem 10.14

Find the value of x.

a.
200 D x G F 72 H L 92 N E

b.
M x P

SOLUTION

1 a. mGHF = (mEDG mGF ) 2

Apply Theorem 10.14. Substitute. Multiply each side by 2. Solve for x.

72 = (200 x) 144 = 200 x x = 56

1 2

1 2

b. Because MN and MLN make a whole circle, mMLN = 360 92 = 268.

x = (mMLN mMN ) = (268 92) = (176) = 88

1 2 1 2

Apply Theorem 10.14. Substitute. Subtract. Multiply.

EXAMPLE 5
RE
L AL I

Describing the View from Mount Rainier

B C D

on a clear day. You are about 2.73 miles above sea level. Find the measure of the arc CD that represents the part of Earth that you can see.
SOLUTION
Mount Rainier, Washington

BC and BD are tangent to Earth. You can solve right BCA to see that mCBA 87.9. So, mCBD 175.8. Let mCD = x.
1 2 1 175.8 (360 2x) 2

FE

VIEWS You are on top of Mount Rainier

4000 mi 4002.73 mi

175.8 [(360 x) x]

Apply Theorem 10.14. Simplify. Distributive property Solve for x.

Not drawn to scale

STUDENT HELP

Look Back For help with solving a right triangle, see pp. 567569.

175.8 180 x x 4.2

From the peak, you can see an arc of about 4.

10.4 Other Angle Relationships in Circles

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GUIDED PRACTICE
Concept Check Skill Check

 

1. If a chord of a circle intersects a tangent to the circle at the point of tangency,

what is the relationship between the angles formed and the intercepted arcs?
Find the indicated measure or value. 2. mSTU
U 55 105 S T 1 65 190 60 R A B

3. m1

4. mDBR
D

5. mRQU
270 U 90 R q

6. mN
125 80 35 120 N

7. m1
92 1 88 92 88

PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS

STUDENT HELP

FINDING MEASURES Find the indicated measure. 8. m1 9. mGHJ

H G 1 220 J 140 2

Extra Practice to help you master skills is on p. 822.

10. m2

11. mDE

12. mABC
A D 36 E B 54 C

13. m3
140

xy USING ALGEBRA Find the value of x.

STUDENT HELP

HOMEWORK HELP

14. mAB = x

15. mPQ = (5x + 17)

P

16. mHJK = (10x + 50)

J (8x H 29) K

Example 1: Exs. 813 Example 2: Exs. 1416 Example 3: Exs. 1725 Example 4: Exs. 2628 Example 5: Ex. 35

96 C

72

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Chapter 10 Circles

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FINDING ANGLE MEASURES Find m1. 17.

130 1

18.
25 95 1 75

19.
32 1 122

20.
105 1 51

21.

122

22.

142

70 1 1

52

23.
46

24.

25.

125 120 1

235

xy USING ALGEBRA Find the value of a.

26.
260 (8a 10)

27.

255

28. (a

70)

(a

30)

15a

a 2

FINDING ANGLE MEASURES Use the diagram at the right to find the measure of the angle. 29. m1 31. m3 33. m5 30. m2 32. m4 34. m6

120

1 5 3 60 2 4

120

STUDENT HELP
INT
NE ER T

35.

FIREWORKS You are watching fireworks

F S T E B C
Not drawn to scale

APPLICATION LINK

Visit our Web site www.mcdougallittell.com.

over San Diego Bay S as you sail away in a boat. The highest point the fireworks reach F is about 0.2 mile above the bay and your eyes E are about 0.01 mile above the water. At point B you can no longer see the fireworks because of the curvature of Earth. The radius of Earth is about 4000 miles and FE is tangent to Earth at T. Find mSB . Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.

10.4 Other Angle Relationships in Circles

625

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STUDENT HELP
INT
NE ER T

36.

SOFTWARE HELP

Visit our Web site www.mcdougallittell.com to see instructions for several software applications.

Use geometry software to construct and label circle O, AB which is tangent to O at point A, and any point C on O. Then construct secant AC. Measure BAC and AC . Compare the measures of BAC and its intercepted arc as you drag point C on the circle. What do you notice? What theorem from this lesson have you illustrated?
TECHNOLOGY

PROVING THEOREM 10.12 The proof of Theorem 10.12 can be split into three cases, as shown in the diagrams.
A B q C A B q C Case 1 The center of the circle is on one side of ABC. Case 2 The center of the circle is in the interior of ABC.

A P B q

C P

Case 3 The center of the circle is in the exterior of ABC.

37. In Case 1, what type of chord is BC? What is the measure of ABC? What

theorem earlier in this chapter supports your conclusion?

38. Write a plan for a proof of Case 2 of Theorem 10.12. (Hint: Use the auxiliary

line and the Angle Addition Postulate.)

39. Describe how the proof of Case 3 of Theorem 10.12 is different from the

proof of Case 2.
40. PROVING THEOREM 10.13 Fill in the blanks to complete the proof of Theorem 10.13.
GIVEN PROVE
D A 1 B C

Chords AC and BD intersect. m1 = (mDC + mAB )

Reasons

1 2

Statements 1. Chords AC and BD intersect. 2. Draw BC. 3. m1 = mDBC + m ? 1 4. mDBC = mDC 2 1 5. mACB = mAB 2 1 1 6. m1 = mDC + mAB 2 2 1 7. m1 = (mDC + mAB ) 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

41.

JUSTIFYING THEOREM 10.14 Look back at the diagrams for Theorem 10.14 on page 622. Copy the diagram for the case of a tangent and a secant and draw BC. Explain how to use the Exterior Angle Theorem in the proof of this case. Then copy the diagrams for the other two cases, draw appropriate auxiliary segments, and write plans for the proofs of the cases.

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Chapter 10 Circles

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Test Preparation

42. MULTIPLE CHOICE The diagram at the right is not

drawn to scale. AB is any chord of the circle. The line is tangent to the circle at point A. Which of the following must be true?
A D

B x A

x < 90 x > 90
1 2 1 2

B E

x 90

x = 90

Cannot be determined from given information

43. MULTIPLE CHOICE In the figure at the right, which relationship is not true?
A B C D

m1 = (mCD + mAB )
C A 3 B D 2 1

m1 = (mEF mCD )
1 m2 = (mBD mAC ) 2

m3 = (mEF mCD )
PROOF Use the plan to write a paragraph proof.

1 2

5 Challenge

44.

GIVEN

R is a right angle. Circle P is inscribed in QRS. T, U, and V are points of tangency. r = (QR + RS QS)

1 2 Plan for Proof Prove that TPVR is a square. Then

PROVE

U T r P r R V S

show that QT QU and SU SV. Finally, use the Segment Addition Postulate and substitution.
EXTRA CHALLENGE

45. FINDING A RADIUS Use the result from Exercise 44 to find the radius of an

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inscribed circle of a right triangle with side lengths of 3, 4, and 5.

MIXED REVIEW
USING SIMILAR TRIANGLES Use the diagram at the right and the given information. (Review 9.1) 46. MN = 9, PM = 12, LP = ? 47. LM = 4, LN = 9, LP = ?
L M N P

48. FINDING A RADIUS You are 10 feet from a circular storage tank. You

are 22 feet from a point of tangency on the tank. Find the tanks radius.
(Review 10.1)
xy USING ALGEBRA AB and AD are tangent to L. Find the value of x.

(Review 10.1)

49.
A

50.
L L

B 2x 5 A

51.
6x 12

B L

25 D D

10x

10.4 Other Angle Relationships in Circles

627