11thAugust 2011

Special Report
online at www.ipslk.blogspot.com

Korea Calling: Results from a Snap Survey of Job Seekers and Issues of Youth Unemployment
Anushka Wijesinha (Research Economist), Roshini Jayaweera (Research Officer), Nethmini Perera (Research Assistant), Nisha Arunatilleke (Research Fellow, Head - Labour, Employment, Human Resource Development Unit) - Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)

Over 4,000 youth gathered along Havelock Road near the Police Field Force Headquarters on Monday to apply for jobs in South Korea, following an announcement by the government under a bilateral foreign employment scheme with South Korea; an arrangement that could potentially provide employment in Korea to thousands of Sri Lankans annually. This centre in Colombo was one of 29 centres islandwide set up by the Ministry of Foreign Employment that are distributing applications for Korean employment (particularly language tests), and attracted youth from various districts who had queued since afternoon the previous day. While registration of applicants began at around 8am, by 11.15am the officials along with Police support, announced to those queued that the centre is now closed as the maximum number of 3,500 applicants had been registered. Just prior to this, and the slight tension that ensued following the announcement, IPS researchers conducted a snap survey of a sample of 41 youth in the queue, to get some insight into their profile, education level, employment status, and reasons for seeking migrant work in South Korea. This special report discusses the key findings, supplemented by background information on youth unemployment and foreign employment migration from current research by the IPS.

Youth unemployment presents a critical challenge in post-war Sri Lanka (see comments by IPS Board Member Dr. Anura Ekanayake on this issue at the Ceylon Chamber AGM recently http://ipslk.blogspot.com/2011/08/realizing-post-war-miracle-challenges.html) The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that, annually, Sri Lanka sends over 250,000 workers on foreign employment worldwide. According to data published by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, remittance inflows from Sri Lankan workers abroad amounted to 8.31% of Sri Lankas GDP in 2010, second only to export earnings from goods, but far above that of average FDI inflows. According to IPS research, during the period 2005-2009, South Korea had been the dominant destination for Sri Lankan migrant workers compared to other East Asian countries. A bilateral agreement between the Sri Lankan and South Korean governments on migrant workers has been a key factor influencing this.

WHAT DOES THE SNAP SURVEY REVEAL?

The results from our snap survey show that the majority of the job seekers were males (78%) in the 2530 age group, and the hometown districts of nearly all of them were either in the Western or the Southern Province (see Table 1). Colombo and Matara showed the most number of applicants, counting 26.8% and 22% respectively. An important point to note is that, overwhelmingly, nearly 66% of those queuing to apply to work in Korea had passed their GCE A/L examinations (see Figure 1). Table 1: Job Seekers Profile Age Profile <20 20-24 25-30 31-35 35+ Percentage
(approximated)

District of Residence Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle

Percentage
(approximated)

7.3 31.7 39.0 19.5 2.4

26.8 9.8 12.2 9.8

Matara 22.0 This is consistent Hambantota 12.2 with the overall Gender Profile numbers for Sri Ratnapura 2.4 78% Lanka. According to Male Moneragala 4.9 22% the Labour Force Female Survey of the Department of Census and Statistics, unemployment in Sri Lanka is highest among those in the 20-24 age category who have passed the GCE A/L exam, a staggering 37% in 2009 (see Figure 3). Moreover, according to this data, the highest unemployment rate for those with A/L qualification is in the Southern Province (20% compared to a national average of 12%), followed by the North Central, Eastern and Central Provinces (see Figure 4). Although we may be quick to assume that most of these Korean job aspirants were unemployed youth, the survey revealed that in fact the majority were already employed in Sri Lanka, around 63.4% of those surveyed. Around 36.6% were unemployed. When the respondents were asked as to their main reasons for seeking work abroad as migrant workers, 38% cited low wages or alternatively low income in Sri Lanka, while around 9% cited limited job prospects.

Unemployment rates in Sri Lanka are highest among those aged 20-24 with A/L qualifications This would indicate that these youth were suffering from underemployment rather than unemployment, and the relative higher wages in countries like Korea was the key attraction for out-migration, rather than pure unemployment in Sri Lanka. (Of those unemployed, the duration of their unemployment ranged from 7 months to 11 years, but on average, was unemployed for around 2 years.)

While between 1989-2006 the majority of out-migrants from Sri Lanka were female, by 2008 the proportion had equalized. In recent years, more males have out migrated for foreign employment than females. According to data available for 2009, the Western Province sends the highest number of migrant workers overall, of about 27.3%. The Southern Province sent only around 8.7%. The top 4 sending districts in 2009 were Colombo 12.4%, Kurunegala 9.5%, Gampaha 9.6%, Kandy 9.4%. Five districts - Colombo, Kurunegala, Kandy, Gampaha and Kalutara - accounted for 45% of the total departures for foreign employment.

Figure 1: Applicants highest education qualification

Majority of those seeking basic labour jobs in Korea were A/L qualified
A/L 65.9%

Degree 4.9%

O/L 9.3%

Of those surveyed, the majority of 61% reported that they did not have any form of vocational or professional training, with only 39% responding that they do. This is an important point to bear in mind, in the context of the new thrust of the countrys skill development agenda towards incre increasing the numbers of those with vocational training, under the National Vocational Qualification certification programme and the UNIVOTEC system. This also has an implication on the skills profile of migrants that Sri Lanka sends, where the government is keen to send workers with better skills rather than manual keen labourers. The research team also inquired as to what kind of work the job seekers were interested in obtaining. The majority, 58.5% stated that they were seeking any type of work, while 12.2% stated that they sta sought factory work, and another 12.2% sought manual labour, and 17% sought specific occupations (for example, working in a printing press, business administration, technician, motor mechanic, mechanic, welding, and sewing). It appears that nearly all of the applicants had targeted Korea as their preferred foreign employment destination, as the survey revealed that nearly 88% had either completed or were in the process of completing a Korean language course course. Table 2: Applicants Response to Reasons for Choosing Korea ts Higher wages SL Government support to migrant workers to Korea Perceived to be a more favourable environment than other receiving countries Getting jobs in Korea easier than other receiving countries Other reasons (job security, joining husband or friends, etc) No particular reason 26.83% 12.2% 9.8% 14.6% 17.1% 19.5%

Figure 2: Nature of work that the job seekers were looking for

Majority of Korea job seekers stated they would do 'any work'

Manual labour 12% Specific occupation 17%

Any work 59%

General factory worker 12%

BETTER MIGRATION MANAGEMENT AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THROUGH BILATAREL MOUS

Bilatarel MoUs of the type signed between Sri Lanka and South Korea, while provided a systematic mechanism for sending an agreed number of workers each year, also have important migration management implications, in an era of increasing foreign worker harassment in countries in the Middle East. In an unpublished report on Sri Lankan migrant worker challenges prepared by the IPS, the benefits of bilateral MoUs with regard to migration management have been emphasized: A MoU with a labour receiving country ensures the human rights of the migrant worker such as minimum wage, decent working environment, job security and certainty during the contracted period. So, the rights of migrant workers to South Korea may be better protected than those to many Middle Eastern countries. Recently, there were reports of Sri Lankan migrants in Iraq being denied their basic salaries for months, resulting in street protests by them. Because of this MoU, the Sri Lankan government provides loans for the migrant workers to cover their migration cost through state banks. This is a good opportunity for migrant workers as the migration cost is high in Sri Lanka. One of the qualitative studies on migration conducted by the IPS in 2011, reveals that most of the migrants from the Anuradhapura district have mortgaged their agricultural lands to cover the migration cost. Migrant workers have to repay the loans when they migrated. Thus, their banking activities are improved and it will reduce the informal money channeling in Sri Lanka.

KOREA JOB SEEKERS IN BROADER CONTEXT

Unemployment levels have come down over the last decade, but they are still very high amongst youth (20 to 29 year olds), particularly the more educated (see Figure 3). Unemployment is more of a problem outside the Western Province (see Figure 4), particularly for the more educated. But, it is surprising that even in the Western Province, where the unemployment rates are very low, even for the more educated individuals, youth are scrambling to find employment abroad. It is also alarming that a majority of those aspiring to go to Korea are willing to go for any type of job, including for manual labour.

Figure 4: Unemployment level, by Level of Education and Province (%)

25.0 Below O/L Passed A/L Passed O/L More than A/L

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0 Total WP CP SP EP NWP NCP UP SaP

Source: Department of Census and Statistics,Labour Force Survey (various issues)

First, this suggests that many youth aspiring to go to Korea, many of whom are already employed, are not satisfied with their employment situation in Sri Lanka. The Labour Force Survey data of the DCS reveal that of those in the non-agriculture sector, about a half of the employed are in the informal sector. Even in the Western Province, around 40-50% of those employed in the non-agriculture sector are working in the informal sector. This suggests a need for creating better jobs in the country. Second, the data suggest that the job aspirations are not very high even amongst youth who have passed O/Levels and A/Levels. A majority of them are willing to go abroad to do any job. This indicates the need to rethink skill development at the senior and tertiary education levels, such that school leavers are better prepared for the labour market.

Figure 3: Unemployment in Sri Lanka by Age and Education

45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

2009 Total

2009 Male

2009 Female

Total 15-19 20-24 25-29 Total 15-19 20-24 25-29 Total 20-24 25-29 Total 20-24 25-29 Below O/L Passed O/L Passed A/L More than A/L

Source: Department of Census and Statistics,Labour Force Survey (various issues)

So, overall, here are some key takeaways from our snap survey and our background analysis: - The unemployment situation for youth in Sri Lanka is clearly a pressing issue, and needs to be addressed as an urgent priority in post-war Sri Lanka to ensure inclusive growth and prevent social discord - The majority of those seeking work in Korea were in the 25-30 and also the 20-24 age category. - Despite the fact that nearly 66% of those seeking Korean jobs were A/L qualified, 58.5% stated that they are seeking any type of work in Korea - Low income/low wages in Sri Lanka were the main reason cited by the youth for seeking foreign employment in South Korea

IPS Research and Advocacy on Migration Issues

Publications Saman Kelegama, (2011), Migration, Remittances and Development in South Asia, Sage Publication Pvt. Ltd Arunathilaka. N, Jayawardhana. P. and Weerakoon, D (2011). Migration, Remittances and Development in Sri Lanka in Migration, Remittances and Development in South Asia, Ed Saman Kelegama Sage Publication Pvt Ltd. Deshal De Mel and Suwendrani Jayaratne (2011). Migration, Remittances and Development in Maldives in Migration, Remittances and Development in South Asia, Ed Saman Kelegama ,Sage Publication Pvt. Ltd. Jayawardhana T. and Jayaweera, R (2011). Migration, Remittances and Development in Afghanistan in Migration, Remittances and Development in South Asia, Ed Saman Kelegama, Sage Publication Pvt. Ltd. Arunatilake N, S. Jayaratne, P. Jayawardhana, R. Jayaweera and Dushni Weerakoon (2009) Impact of Remittances on the Household of the Emigrant and on the Economy of the Migrants Country: Sri Lanka, Study funded by South Asia Network of Economic Institutions (SANEI) Research Studies IPS is currently involving in a study on Migration and Development: Investment in Agriculture and Food Security funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization (principal researchers: Dr. Parakkrama Samarathunge and Roshini Jayaweera) Presentations Roshini Jayaweera was a panel Discussant of the conference on Institutionalizing Regional Approaches to Migration Management in South Asia organized by the IPS Priyanka Jayawardena, Research Officer, presented a paper on Impact of Remittance on the Household Welfare of the Emigrants in Sri Lanka at the Asia Forum on Remittances and Development, Colombo, 11 - 12 January 2011. Roshini Jayaweera, Research Officer, presented a paper on Impact of Remittances on the Households of the Emigrant and on the Economy of the Migrants Country, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 30th March, 2010 Roshini Jayaweera and Thilani Jayawardhana presented a paper in Migration, Remittances and Development Nexus in Sri Lanka5th May, 2009

Conferences The IPS organized an international conference on Institutionalizing Regional Approaches to Migration Management in South Asia in collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 19th November, 2010. The Institute hosted a South Asian conference on Migration, Remittances and Development Network in South Asia, in collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 4-5 May, 2009 in Colombo.

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