CHAPTER-2

BASIC DESIGN DATA CAPACITY

Contained gaseous nitrogen flow Contained liquid nitrogen flow Product pressure Capacity of vaporizers 6000 320 7.5 6000 NM3/Hr NM3/Hr Kg/Cm2 (A) Nm3/Hr

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

Nitrogen Oxygen CO2 CO OIL Dew Point

% 99.999 5 (Normal) 10 (Max) 1 (Max) NIL NIL -100

Units Vol% PPM(Vol) PPM(Vol) PPM(Vol) Atm pressure

DESIGN CONDITIONS
Barometric Pressure Relative Humidity Dry Bulb Temperature Units bar(a) % Deg C Design 1.01 60 35

Cooling water flow requirement I Nitrogen plant : 400M3/hr

PROPERTIES OF AIR AND ITS COMPONENTS

Air is a uniform mixture of gases consisting principally of oxygen and nitrogen with lesser quantities of other elements. Air is colorless and odorless at atmospheric temperatures and pressures, and must be cooled to a very low temperature before it will

condense into a liquid. It has a relatively low normal boiling point, but will liquefy at higher temperatures when subjected to higher pressures.

COMPOSITION OF AIR
Air is the raw material that, commercially, is the best source of oxygen and nitrogen. It is composed of nine constituents. These constituents are not chemically combined and little or no affinity exists among them. The component ratio of air is very nearly constant, but slight variations can be detected when air is subject to analysis Nitrogen78.09% Oxygen..20.94% Argon..0.93% CO20.033 %( may have slight variations) Water vaporvarying concentrations Inert gasesBalance Dry air contains approximately 0.033% of CO2 which must be removed before liquefaction. Both CO2 and Water vapor are undesirable as they freeze out at higher temperatures than those required liquefying air. Therefore, they must be removed before the refrigeration process.

PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN
The major constituent of air is nitrogen, which resembles oxygen very closely in properties. This similarity contributes to the difficulty in separating oxygen from nitrogen. Nitrogen; at atmospheric temperatures and pressures is a colorless and odorless gas, slightly higher than air. It has a very low atmospheric boiling point, but condenses at higher temperatures when subjected to pressure. BOILING POINTS AND CRITICAL TEMPERATURES The boiling point of oxygen and nitrogen as well as other substances varies with pressure. As pressure is raised, the point of boiling (or condensation) also rises. There is a limit, known as critical temperature, beyond, which this transition point cannot be raised. Temperatures higher than the critical temperature will not condense into a liquid regardless of the pressure imposed.

PHYSICAL PROPERTES OF AIR AND ITS COMPONENTS

CON IN AIR NORMAL FREEZING POINT(0C) NORMAL CRITICAL CRITICAL BOILING PRESSURE(BAR TEMP(0C) POINT(0C) G) -194 -183 -196 -70 -269 -246 -186 -153 -107 100 -141 -119 -147 31 -268 -229 -122 -64 17 374

NAME

Air Oxygen 20.99 Nitrogen 78.03 CO2 0.03 He 0.0005 Ne 0.0018 Ar 0.9323 Kr 0.0001 Xe 0.000009 H2O upto 4 to 5

-218 -210 -78 -272 -249 -189 -157 -112 0

49.1 32.5 72.9 1.3 25.2 47.3 53.3 56.6 217.2

NITROGEN-CONVERSION FACTOR
1 MT Nitrogen 1 KL liquid nitrogen Nitrogen liquid density Nitrogen vapor density 1.41 691 710 1.029 KL Nm3/hr Kg/m3 Kg/Nm3