Engineering Structures 24 (2002) 11531163 www.elsevier.

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Stressstrain curve of laterally conned concrete

Heon-Soo Chung a,, Keun-Hyeok Yang a, Young-Ho Lee b, Hee-Chang Eun c
b a Department of Architectural Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul, South Korea, 156-756 Department of Architectural Engineering, Dongwon College of Technology, San 1 - 1, Shinchon-ri, Shilchon-myun, Kwangju-kun, kyunggido, South Korea, 464-870 c Department of Architectural Engineering, Cheju National University, Cheju, North Korea, 690-756

Received 8 November 2000; received in revised form 23 October 2001; accepted 25 March 2002

Abstract The objective of this study is to present a stressstrain relation of conned concrete from an empirical study of 65 columns. Experimental parameters include the strength of concrete, the volumetric ratio, strength, and connement type of rectilinear ties, and the distribution of longitudinal bars. For the purpose of investigating connement effects, an effectively conned distance ratio was introduced and the effects according to each parameter were analyzed. This paper provides an equation to determine the tie stress caused by lateral concrete pressure as an important index to measure connement degree. Analyzing the experimental data by nonlinear multiple regression method, this study provides the empirical equations to determine the peak stress and its corresponding strain of conned concrete expressed by the tie stress, the effectively conned distance ratio, the strength of concrete, and the conguration of ties. Starting from the model proposed by Popovics, an empirical model for stressstrain curve of laterally conned concrete is developed by three coordinates, ( fcc,ecc), (0.85fcc,e0.85), and (0.3fcc,e0.3). Comparison with other stressstrain curves illustrates the validity of the proposed relation. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Stressstrain curve of conned concrete; Strength enhancement factor; High-strength concrete; Ductility; Core concrete; Volumetric ratio of ties; Effectively conned distance; Nonlinear multiple regression method

1. Introduction The spiral reinforcements or rectilinear ties in reinforced concrete columns play an important role in enhancing the strength and ductility. Under axial loads, concrete pressure in the lateral direction of the column section acts on the lateral ties and the resistance of the ties may restrain the core concrete to a degree. With the increase of axial loads, initial cracks are propagated in the parallel direction with longitudinal bars at the corners of the column section. Around the yielding of longitudinal bars, the concrete cover spalls off and begins to unload. The conned columns exhibit a little more loadcarrying capacity after the spalling. When the maximum axial load is exceeded, the longitudinal bars buckle and the hook of ties is open. The mechanical behavior of conned concrete is characterized by the increase in strength and ductility.

Corresponding author. Fax: +82-757-8691. E-mail address: chunghs@cau.ac.kr (H.-S. Chung).

The magnitude of the increase is established by various connement parameters. However, it is not easy to explicitly characterize the mechanical behavior of conned concrete because of various parameter variables, such as the connement type of rectilinear ties, the compressive strength of concrete, and the volumetric ratio and strength of rectilinear ties, etc. There have been many attempts to describe the stress strain relation of conned concrete. Sheikh and Uzumeri [1,2], and Sheikh and Yeh [3] made analytical and experimental studies on the mechanism of conned concrete according to various parameters. They introduced the concept of the effectively conned concrete area and presented the stressstrain relations of conned concrete. Yong et al. [4] proposed an empirical stressstrain relation of conned high-strength concrete. Mander et al. [5,6] realized the connement effects according to various congurations of lateral ties, and presented a stressstrain relation of conned concrete. Kent and Park [7] developed a stressstrain relation of conned concrete from the stressstrain relation of unconned concrete provided by Hognestad. Park et al. [8] modied

0141-0296/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 4 1 - 0 2 9 6 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 4 9 - 4

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Nomenclature b1 bmin ci: c D D dc Es fc fc fcc fhcc fyh Ks n s s ym ym1 ym2 Ks K e e0.3 e0.85 eB ec l lmin m rs minimum distance between opposite arcs at tie level; minimum distance between opposite arcs at critical section; net distance between longitudinal steels bounded by perimeter tie; net distance between longitudinal bars; width of column section; width or height of core concrete; center-to-center distance between lateral ties at tie level; elastic modulus of reinforcement; stress of conned concrete; compressive strength of concrete cylinder; maximum compressive strength of conned concrete; stress of lateral tie at the maximum load; yield strength of lateral tie; strength enhancement factor; number of arcs along the longitudinal bars; center-to-center spacing between lateral ties; net spacing between lateral ties; maximum height of unconned arc; maximum height of unconned arc in core concrete; height increment of unconned arc in core concrete at critical section; magnitude of the increase in strength; gain in the concrete strain due to lateral connement; strain of unconned concrete cylinder; strain corresponding to the stress 0.3fcc; strain corresponding to the stress 0.85fcc; strain corresponding to the maximum stress of unconned concrete cylinder; strain of conned concrete; effectively conned distance ratio; minimum value of effectively conned distance ratios; ductility ratio; volumetric ratio of lateral ties.

the stressstrain relation provided by Kent and Park [7]. Sakino and Sun [9] provided the stressstrain relation and an empirical equation to calculate the magnitude of the strength increase. Fatis and Shah [10] experimentally investigated the connement effects of highstrength concrete columns and proposed the stressstrain relation of conned concrete. Pessiki and Pieroni [11] suggested that the strength of core concrete after spalling of the concrete cover depends on the amount of lateral ties and the ratio of the core to gross section area. Saatcioglue and Razvi [12,13] observed that the high-strength concrete columns need stronger connement to maintain the effective ductility. Assuming that the strength and ductility of conned concrete are closely related to the tie stress, Cusson and Paultre [14,15] proposed a method to determine the stress of lateral ties as an important index to measure the connement degree. However, these methods have difculties in describing the stress strain relation of conned concrete because of its complicated behavior.

The objective of this study is to present a stressstrain relation of conned concrete. Sixty-ve reinforced concrete columns with a 200mm square cross-section were tested to nd the connement effects according to various parameter variables. Experimental parameters include the compressive strength of concrete, the volumetric ratio, strength, and connement type of rectilinear ties, and the distribution of longitudinal bars. The experimental results were analyzed to investigate the connement effects of conned concrete according to each parameter. This paper introduces an effectively conned distance ratio to measure the increase in strength and ductility, and presents an equation to calculate the tie stress as an important index related to the mechanical behavior of conned concrete. Analyzing the experimental data by the nonlinear multiple regression method, this study provides empirical equations to determine the peak stress and its corresponding strain of conned concrete expressed by the tie stress, the effectively conned distance ratio, the strength of concrete, and the con-

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guration of ties. Starting from the model proposed by Popovics, an empirical model for the stressstrain curve of laterally conned concrete is developed by three coordinates, ( fcc,ecc), (0.85fcc, e0.85), and (0.3fcc, e0.3). Comparison with other stressstrain curves establishes the validity of the proposed relation.

2. Experimental program Test programs were designed to determine the stress strain relation of rectilinearly conned concrete columns. Sixty-ve reinforced concrete columns with the section shape and reinforcement details shown in Fig. 1 were tested under monotonically increasing concentric axial loads until failure. The columns were 200mm square, 600mm high, and 17mm concrete cover thickness. The central 400mm length was considered as the test zone. Table 1 gives the summary of the test program. L, M, and H denote the compressive strength of concrete of 20, 39, and 54MPa, respectively, and P represents the plain concrete column without any bars. The numbers 0, 4, 8, and 12 that follow these symbols stand for the number of longitudinal bars of No. 3 or No. 4. The symbols S, C, D, and R after the numbers represent the connement type of ties as shown by Fig. 1. The type S denotes the simple type to conne the longitudinal bars at the corners of column section, and the others represent the complex types to conne the longitudinal bars at midside as well as at corners. The numbers 5.5, 7, 9, and 13 denote the yield strength of ties, 550, 700, 900, and 1300Mpa, respectively. The letters F, S, and E represent the diameters of ties, 5, 6, and 8mm, respectively, and the last numbers 3, 4, 5, 5.5, 7, and 10 stand for the tie spacing in the testing zone in centimeters. Deformed bars having an average yield strength of 420Mpa were used as longitudinal reinforcements throughout the test program. In accordance with the ACI code, the rectilinear ties of smooth bars were anchored at ends with a 135 hook and the development length of more than 6db. The maximum diameter of coarse aggregate was 13mm and a concrete slump of about 15cm was necessary to ensure that the concrete was able to

pass through the cages. For each batch of concrete, ve 15 30cmcylinders were cast and cured under the same condition as the specimens. After demoulding, the specimens were air-dried in the laboratory until testing. The average compressive strengths of the concrete at the time of testing are presented in Table 1. Tests were conducted in a self-balanced loading frame using a Universal Testing Machine of 300ton capacity in the displacement-controlled mode with a velocity of 0.9mm/min. All specimens were adequately instrumented to measure the axial deformations of the concrete column and the strains of the longitudinal bars and ties. LVDTs were installed on steel brackets to measure the average axial deformation. Test progress was monitored on a computer screen, and all load and deformation data were captured and stored in a diskette via a data logger. 3. Results and analysis The experimental data were analyzed to investigate the connement effects according to each variable and to determine the magnitude of the increase in strength and ductility, and the tie stress caused by lateral concrete pressure. Empirical equations were determined by using the nonlinear multiple regression method on the experimental data. Starting from the relation provided by Popovics [16], this study presents the stressstrain relation of conned concrete. The axial loads carried by the core of column section were calculated under the following assumptions. 1. The stress and strain of unconned concrete cover utilized the relation presented by Muto [17] as h 6.75(e
0.812

1.218

),

(1)

where h

fc e ,x , and eB is the strain correepond fc eB ing to the maximum stress of unconned concrete cylinder written by eB 0.2 1.19 10 4f , c (2)

which is proposed by Chung [18]. And the concrete cover after spalling does not carry any axial loads.

Fig. 1.

Section details: (a) type S; (b) type C; (c) type D; (d) type R.

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Table 1 Summary of experimental specimens and results Specimen PLL L8S5.5S10 L8S5.5E10 L8S5.5S5.5 L8S5.5E5.5 L8S5.5S3 L8S5.5E3 L12S5.5E3 L12S5.5E5.5 L12S5.5E10 L8C5.5F3 L8D5.5G3 L8D5.5S5 L8D5.5S4 L12R5.5E7 L0S7S3 L4S7S3 L8S7S3 L8C7S4.5 L12S9E3 L12S9E5.5 L12S9E10 L8D13S4 L8D13E4 PLM M8S5.5S10 M8S5.5E10 M8S5.5S5.5 M8S5.5E5.5 M8S5.5S3 M8S5.5E3 M12S5.5E3 M12S5.5E5.5 f (Mpa) c 19.6 0.007 0.012 0.022 0.041 0.042 0.022 0.012 0.023 Ks 1.06 1.10 1.26 1.58 1.76 2.18 2.10 1.45 1.03 2.56 2.45 2.21 2.00 2.60 1.78 1.84 1.58 1.78 2.10 1.40 1.03 2.30 3.60 1.06 1.06 1.25 1.30 1.41 1.59 1.60 1.31 0.5 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.0 5.0 11.9 10.8 1.7 8.8 7.1 4.9 6.25 8.1 2.3 4.5 3.7 5.2 10.9 4.0 2.3 8.7 0.88 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 Specimen M12S5.5E10 M8C5.5F3 M8D5.5G3 M8D5.5S5 M8D5.5S4 M12R5.5E7 M12S9E3 M12S9E5.5 M12S9E10 M8D13S4 M8D13E4 PLH H8S5.5S10 H8S5.5E10 H8S5.5S5.5 H8S5.5E5.5 H8S5.5S3 H8S5.5E3 H12S5.5E3 H12S5.5E5.5 H12S5.5E10 H8C5.5F3 H8D5.5G3 H8D5.5S5 H12R5.5E7 H0S7S3 H4S7S3 H8S7S3 H8C7S4.5 H12S9E3 H12S9E5.5 H12S9E10 f (MPa) c 40.2 34.8 0.012 0.023 Ks 1.13 1.93 2.03 1.96 1.90 2.16 1.70 1.35 1.24 2.00 2.30 0.93 0.81 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.41 1.40 1.21 1.05 1.46 1.55 1.57 1.71 1.35 1.60 1.27 1.61 1.33 1.15 1.03 1.5 2.9 4.3 2.7 2.08 5.1 2.5 2.1 5.33 15.8 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 3.1 1.9 2.1

40.2 34.8 40.2

20.1

21.1

50.5

21.6

0.029 0.040 0.023

0.029 0.040 0.042 0.022 0.012 0.029 0.051 0.007 0.012 0.022 0.041 0.042 0.022 0.012 0.023

20.1

24.0 38.3

0.042 0.022 0.012 0.029 0.051 0.007 0.012 0.022 0.041 0.042 0.022

54.4

56.4 0.040 0.023 47.5

54.4

40.2

0.042 0.022 0.012

2. The stressstrain relation of the reinforcement bar was based on the experimental data to neglect the strain hardening and the buckling. The connement effects according to each variable were analyzed by calculating and comparing the loads carried by the core concrete. The parametrical study was proceeded by measuring the strength enhancement factor dened as Ks fcc , 0.85f c (3)

connement degree of the core concrete. This study measured the ductility of the specimen by utilizing the denition of the ductility ratio provided by Saatcioglu and Razvi [12,13]. The ductility ratio (m), which is the ratio of the core concrete strain (e0.85) corresponding to the stress 0.85fcc to an assumed strain (0.004), is given by m e0.85 . 0.004 (4)

where fcc is the maximum compressive strength of conned concrete and f is the compressive strength of the c concrete cylinder. The strength of the concrete in the concrete column should be lower than the measured cylinder strength because of the difference in size, shape, and casting method of the standard cylinder and column specimens. This study assumed the concrete strength in the columns as 85% of the concrete strength obtained from standard cylinder tests. The ductility of the column depends greatly on the

With the increase of axial loads, the core concrete is divided into the conned and unconned areas. The effective connement of the core concrete leads to an increase in the conned area and a large increase in strength and ductility. Assuming that the separation between the conned concrete and the unconned concrete is in the form of a series of arcs spanning between the bars, this study utilizes the effectively conned distance instead of area. The effectively conned distance and its ratio are dened as the minimum distance between the opposite arcs of the column section and the ratio of the effectively conned distance to the net dis-

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ned arc and the effectively conned distance, b1, at tie level can be written as ym1 and b1 D 2ym1, (6b) 0.21s (6a)

respectively, where s is the net spacing between lateral ties and D is the width or height of the core concrete. Also, the height, ym2, of the unconned arc and the conned distance at critical section as shown by Fig. 3(b) can be written by ym2 and bmin
Fig. 2. Unconned arc in core concrete.

b1 0.21 n

(7a)

b1 2ym2

(c

0.42s ) 1

0.42 , n

(7b)

tance between opposite ties, respectively. The effectively conned distance ratio takes the minimum value at the critical section that is midway between the sets of ties, and the maximum value at tie level. The arc may be located between a triangle and a second degree parabola with the initial angle 45 of the tangent to the horizontal as shown by Fig. 2, and the height, ym, of the unconned arc at tie level is expressed by ym 0.707c 0.5c 0.21c , (5) where c is the net distance between two neighboring longitudinal bars. With the same assumption in the space between the ties as shown by Fig. 3(a), the height, ym1, of the uncon-

respectively, where n is the number of arcs. From Eq. (7b), the effectively conned distance ratio can be expressed as (c lmin 0.42s ) 1 D 0.42 n

(8)

It is recognized from Eq. (8) that the effectively conned distance ratio depends on the tie spacing and connement type. 3.1. Effects of concrete strength As the axial loads increase from the initial stages of loading, the concrete column is longitudinally contracted and laterally expanded with internal micro cracks. The

Fig. 3. Effectively conned area in core concrete: (a) unconned arc in the vertical direction; (b) effectively conned minimum distance at critical section.

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lateral concrete pressure increases with the increase of axial loads. At this time, the ties resist the high expansion pressure, and the effective connement by lateral ties leads to the enhancement of the axial load-carrying capacity. The high-strength concrete column shows less lateral expansion and stress than the normal-strength concrete column. The high-strength concrete column after the maximum axial load is exceeded shows ductility deterioration by the abrupt failure along the shear plane with buckling of the longitudinal bars. Thus, the high-strength concrete column should be more strongly conned by reducing the tie spacing, increasing the volumetric ratio of the ties, or designing by means of complex connement type. Fig. 4 gives the variation of the strength enhancement factor and ductility ratio of conned columns according to the compressive strength of concrete. Fig. 4(a) represents the simply conned columns, and Fig. 4(b) the complexly conned columns (C, D, and R) corresponding to the volumetric ratio of 0.012, 0.023, and 0.042. It is shown that the magnitude of the increase in strength and ductility of conned concrete decreases with the increase of concrete strength because of its more brittle property. If, under the same connement type S, the volumetric ratio of ties increases 3.5 times 0.012 to 0.042, the strength and ductility of the normal-strength concrete column increases two and six times, and those of the high-strength concrete column 1.4 and 1.3 times. It is observed that the volumetric ratio of lateral ties has little effect on the magnitude of the increase in strength and ductility, and the connement effects of the high-

strength concrete are not as effective as the normalstrength concrete. 3.2. Effects of tie spacing and connement type The tie spacing and connement types are related to the concrete volume and core area conned by ties. The concrete column conned by the close spacing and complex conguration type of ties can resist the larger stress due to the improved connement, and they can resist the high-axial loads and high lateral pressure, and cause considerable improvement of the connement degree. Fig. 5 gives the variation of the factors Ks and m of the conned columns according to the tie spacing. It is observed that the closely spaced ties lead to improved strength and ductility due to the increase of the effectively conned distance or the conned area for carrying the axial loads and the prevention of buckling by longitudinal bars. The columns with tie spacing of 3cm(D/6.7) exhibit the large increase in strength and ductility, but the columns with tie spacing of 10cm(D/2) rarely show the increase. It is desirable to sustain the tie spacing below D/2 for maintaining proper strength and ductility. However, after the maximum load, the high-strength concrete column with a tie spacing of 3cm led to a deterioration of strength and ductility through buckling of the longitudinal bars at the midside of the column section. It is recognized that using a high-strength column with more closely spaced ties can prevent abrupt concrete failure. 3.3. Effects of connement type of lateral ties Fig. 6 gives the variation of the factors Ks and m of simply conned columns according to the distribution of longitudinal bars. The eight-bar specimens show more load-carrying capacity than those with four-bar. However, comparing the load capacity carried by the core of the column section, the four-bar columns show a greater increase in strength and ductility of the conned concrete owing to the connement of all longitudinal bars. Thus, it is desirable to properly conne all longitudinal bars at the column section. Fig. 7 shows the variation of the factors Ks and m of conned columns according to the connement types of lateral ties. The lateral ties in the complexly conned columns carry less concrete pressure than in the simply conned ones due to the reduction of the connement area distributed by the lateral ties. Accordingly, the complexly conned specimens show a greater increase in strength and ductility than the simply conned ones, because of the increase of the pressure-resisting capacity. The specimens of the connement types C and D exhibit similar enhancement in strength and ductility because the inner ties similarly conne the longitudinal bars at the midside of the column section. The high-

Fig. 4. Variations of Ks and m according to concrete strength: (a) simply conned columns; (b) complexly conned columns (types C, D, R).

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Fig. 5. Variations of Ks and m according to tie spacing: (a) Ks; (b) m (L, M, and H denote the concrete strength, and 6 and 8 the diameter of tie).

Fig. 6. Variations of Ks and m according to the distribution and amount of longitudinal bars at the simply conned column section (a) Ks; (b) m.

Fig. 7. Variations of Ks and m according to connement type: (a) Ks; (b) m (M and H denote the concrete strength, and 0.023 and 0.042 the volumetric ratio of ties).

strength concrete column of type R shows low ductility, due to the buckling of longitudinal bars, and abrupt concrete crushing because of too strong connement. 3.4. Effects of tie strength The stress exerted on the ties can be an important criterion for estimating the connement degree and load-

carrying capacity in resisting the lateral pressure. It can be observed that yielding of the tie after the maximum load results in improved ductility. On the other hand, yielding of the tie before or in the vicinity of the maximum axial load leads to a deterioration in ductility. Fig. 8 gives the variation of the factors Ks and m of conned columns according to the tie strength. It is observed that high-strength ties cause the increase of strength and ductility because they yield after the maximum load. The L-0.042 specimen exhibits enough ductility and strength enhancement by strong connement effects. The high-strength concrete specimen H0.042 shows poor behavior because the high-strength concrete column leads to abrupt crushing of the concrete. The specimen H-0.042 needs stronger connement to maintain the equivalent strength enhancement and ductility improvement. Also, it is observed that the volumetric ratio of ties is a more important parameter in enhancing strength and improving ductility than is the tie strength. 3.5. Maximum stress/strain The stressstrain relation of conned concrete can be described by determining the gain in the concrete

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Table 3 Proposed equations to calculate the value cc researchers proposed equation

Kent and Park Sheikh and s1 Uzumeri

s2 7.824Ksf 106 c 0 s 2 sfyh 5.0 D f c cc 14.61 10 7f c

7.76 1 ci

Fatis and Shah

fr 0.0296 fc

0.00195 0[3.35

Sakino and Sun cc 0[1 4.7(Ks 1)],(Ks 1.5)cc 20(Ks 1.5)],(Ks 1.5) Saatcioglu Nawy and Nour cc 0[1 5k3Kc], k3 0.0035 1 cc 0.00265 408 ,K fco c

k1f1e fco

0.734s (sfyh)2 / 3 D f c

take the equivalent forms in spite of similar parameters. Using the same parameters, the strength enhancement factor can be written as
Fig. 8. Variations of Ks and m according to tie strength: (a) simply conned columns; (b) complexly conned columns (type D). L, M, and H denote the concrete strength, and 0.012, 0.023, 0.029, and 0.042 the volumetric ratio of ties.

Ks

Ks(rs,fhcc,f ,l), c

(9)

strength and strain by lateral connement. Tables 2 and 3 represent the equations proposed by many researchers regarding the strength enhancement factor and the strain corresponding to the peak stress. These equations do not
Table 2 Proposed equations to calculate the value Ks Researchers Kent and Park Sheikh and Uzumeri Proposed equation Ks Ks Pocc Fatis and Shah Sakino and Sun Saatcioglu Ks Ks Ks k2 Nawy and Nour Ks 1 1 1 1 1 sfyh f c 22.9D2 nc2 s i 1 1 Pocc 5.5D2 2D 0.85f (Aco Ast) c 1.15 214.27 fr ,f f f r c c
2

where rs is the volumetric ratio of lateral ties and fhcc is the tie stress at the maximum load. It is difcult to exactly determine the tie stress. However, the tie stress should be a function of the volumetric ratio and conguration of ties, and concrete strength given by fhcc A1EskA2rA3fA4 1 s c A5, (10)

sfyh,

where A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 are unknown constants, k1 denotes the effect of the tie conguration expressed by k1 10sci / dc, s is center-to-center spacing between lateral ties, and dc is center-to-center distance between lateral ties at tie level. Applying the nonlinear multiple regression method with the experimental results, the unknown constants of Eq. (10) are determined as A1 A4 fhcc 0.0134, A2 0.205, A5 0.457, A3 21.69.
0.205

0.058,

(11)

Ashfyh sD

Thus, the tie stress is a function expressed as 0.0134Esk1 0.457rsf c 21.69 (Mpa), fhcc fyh. Table 4 compares the experimental and analytical values for all the present tests. From the table, it is observed that the values calculated from Eq. (12) are more correct than the others. The magnitude of the strength enhancement is also a function of the effective distance ratio and the same vari(12)

s sfyh db 11.5 1 fc ci 2D 9.94(f1e) , k2

0.17 1e

f , fco D D s ci

f1e 1.0

k2f1

Asfhccsinq sD 0.0343 1 0.15

0.245s s D

ndb fyh 3.15sd fc

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Table 4 Comparison of experimental and analytical fhccvalues Specimens Experimental values fhcc(MPa) Comparison with the calculated and experimental values

(fhcc)exp. / (fhcc)prop. L8S5.5S10 L8S5.5S5.5 L8S5.5S3 L8S5.5E10 L8S5.5E3 M8S5.5S10 M8S5.5S5.5 M8S5.5E10 M8S5.5E5.5 M8S5.5E3 H8S5.5S10 H8S5.5S5.5 H8S5.5S3 H8S5.5E10 H8S5.5E5.5 H8S5.5E3 L8D5.5G3 L8C5.5F3 L8D5.5S5 L12R5.5E7 M8D5.5G3 M8C5.5F3 Average 271.5 358.7 517.5 304.3 441.9 289.0 289.1 197.8 244.3 325.6 263.6 273.8 344.1 232.3 221.0 430.5 534.1 565.5 558.6 580.2 534.1 565.5 0.97 1.01 1.14 1.14 1.00 1.18 0.93 0.83 0.80 0.85 1.15 0.93 0.92 1.04 0.78 1.19 0.84 0.89 1.10 1.25 0.93 1.08 1.00

(fhcc)exp. / (fhcc)Cus 0.98 0.67 0.97 0.9 0.82 0.98 0.62 0.62 0.37 0.61 0.82 0.80 0.67 0.69 0.52 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81

(fhcc)exp. /(fhcc)Saa 0.52 0.67 0.97 0.58 0.82 0.55 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.61 0.48 0.50 0.63 0.43 0.41 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71

ables as the tie stress. In order to apply the nonlinear multiple regression method, its general form can be assumed as Ks B1f B2 lB3fB4rB5 hcc c s B6, (13)

ecc

0.0015r0.56f 0.457l0.503f c0.258 s hcc

0.00269

(16)

where B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 are unknown constants. Those constants could be determined by taking the nonlinear multiple regression method with the experimental data. Thus, the magnitude of the strength enhancement is expressed by Ks 326.4f
0.267 hcc

Assuming the concrete strain at 0.85fcc of unconned concrete as 0.0035 and taking the nonlinear multiple regression method, the strain at 0.85fcc of conned concrete can be expressed by e0.85 0.212 10 9r0.5f 3.514l s hcc 0.00588. Fig. 9 compares the experimental values and the values calculated by Eqs. (14)-(17). As shown by those plots, it is known that the equations reasonably estimate the experimental data. Based on those relations, the stressstrain curve is established as follows. 3.6. Stressstrain curve of conned concrete The stressstrain curve of conned concrete can be predicted by the three coordinates, A, B, and C as shown by Fig. 10. The coordinate A corresponds to the peak stress/ strain (fcc, ecc), B the stress/strain (0.85fcc, e0.85), and C the stress/strain (0.3fcc, e0.3). The coordinate C locates at the extension line to connect the coordinates A and B. Based on the empirical results and the equations presented by Popovics [16], the stressstrain relation in the ascending region OA can be derived as
3.06

0.36

(17)

3.168 0.65 c

1.17 s

0.104

(14)

Substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (9), the strength enhancement factor can be calculated. The strain at the peak stress of conned concrete could be determined by the same parameters as the strength enhancement factor. Assuming the strain at the maximum stress of unconned concrete as 0.003, and denoting the gain in the concrete strain according to the connement degree as K, the strain can be dened as ecc K(rs,fhcc,l,f c) 0.003. (15) The gain in the concrete strain could be also determined by the same way as the magnitude of the strength enhancement. Substituting the determined result into Eq. (15), the strain at maximum stress of conned concrete is written by

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Fig. 9.

Comparison of the calculated and experimental values; (a) fhcc, (b)

Ks, (c) e0.85.

The stressstrain relation of the descending part AC can be determined by fc Dec fcc Decc, ecc ec e0.3, (20)

where D is the slope of the descending curve and can be dened as D 0.15fcc e0.85 ecc (21)

Fig. 10. Stressstrain curve of conned concrete.

g fc fcc g 1

ec ecc ec ecc
g

, ec ecc,

(18)

After reaching the stress 0.3f c, the stress of the conned concrete is a constant value 0.3f c regardless of the increasing strain. Fig. 11 compares the stressstrain curves of the proposed relation and other relations. By those plots, it is observed that the proposed curve gives more reasonable values than the other relations, although the proposed relation cannot predict the explicit behavior after the maximum load.

4. Conclusions The mechanical behavior of conned concrete is affected by various parameter variables related to strength and ductility. This experimental study illustrates the connement effects of concrete columns by lateral ties. In order to determine the stress of conned concrete,

where g depends on the initial slope and curvature of the ascending curve and can be derived as g Ec ,E fcc c Ec ecc fc . eB (19)

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ned concrete was derived on the basis of the empirical data and the nonlinear multiple regression method. Also, starting from the stressstrain model proposed by Popovics, this study presented a stressstrain model to describe the conned concrete. The model was established by three coordinates, ( fcc,ecc), (0.85fcc,e0.85), and (0.3fcc, e0.3). It was shown that the proposed curve gives more reasonable values than the other relations.

Acknowledgement This work was supported by grant no. 981-1208-0272 from the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.

References
[1] Sheikh SA, Uzumeri SM. Strength and ductility of tied concrete columns. J. Struct. Div 1980;106(5):1079101. [2] Sheikh SA, Uzumeri SM. Analytical model for concrete connement in tied columns. J. Struct. Div., ASCE 1982;108(12):270322. [3] Sheikh SA, Yeh YY. Tied concrete columns under axial load and exure. J. Struct. Engin. ASCE 1990;116(10):2780800. [4] Yong YK, Nour MG, Nawy EG. Behavior of laterally conned high-strength concrete under axial loads. J. Struct. Engin., ASCE 1988;114(2):33351. [5] Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R. Theoretical stressstrain model for conned concrete. J. Struct. Engin., ASCE 1988;114(8):180426. [6] Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R. Observed stressstrain behavior of conned concrete. J. Struct. Engin., ASCE 1988;114(8):182749. [7] Kent DC, Park R. Flexural members with conned concrete. J. Struct. Div., ASCE 1971;97(7):196990. [8] Park R, Priestley MJN, Gill WD. Ductility of square-conned concrete columns. J. Struct. Div 1982;108(4):92950. [9] Sakino K, Sun YP. Stressstrain curve of concrete conned by rectilinear hoop. J. Struct. Constr. Eng., AIJ 1994;461:95104. [10] Fatis A, Shah SP. Predictions of ultimate behavior of conned columns subjected to large deformatons. ACI J. 1985;JulyAugust:42333. [11] Pessiki S, Pieroni A. Axial load behavior of large-scale spirallyreinforced high-strength concrete coumn. ACI Struct. J. 1997;94(3):30414. [12] Saatcioglu M, Razvi SR. Strength and ductility of conned concete. J. Struct. Engin. ASCE 1992;118(6):1590607. [13] Saatcioglu M, Razvi SR. Connement model for high-strength concete. J. Struct. Engin. ASCE 1999;125(3):2819. [14] Cusson D, Paultre P. High-strength concrete columns conned by rectangular ties. J. Struct. Engin. ASCE 1994;120(3):783804. [15] Cusson D, Paultre P. Stressstrain model for conned highstrength concrete. J. Sruct. Engin., ASCE 1995;121(3):46877. [16] Popovics S. A numerical approach to complete stressstrain curve of concrete. Cement and Concrete Res. 1973;3:58399. [17] Muto C. Seismic design seriesThe plastic design of the reinforced concrete structures; 1974 [in Japanese]. [18] Chung HS. The study on the behavior of high-strength reinforced concrete column subjected to axial forces. Research Report, Chung-Ang University; 2000.

Fig. 11. Comparison of stressstrain curves: (a) L8S5.5E3, (b) M8S5.5E5.5, (c) H8S5.5S5.5.

this study introduced an effectively conned distance ratio and proposed a relation to calculate the tie stress as an important parameter in determining the connement degree. The tie stress was expressed by a function of various parameters related to the strength and ductility of conned concrete. Consequently, an equation to determine the magnitude of the increase in strength of con-