American Pageant Chapter 3 The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism y Luther declared that the Bible alone was

the source of Gods word: Protestant Reformation y John Calvin of Geneva: Calvinism 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination y Puritans: only visible saints should be admitted to church membership y Separatists: extreme Puritans who eventually vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England y King James I threatened to harass the more bothersome Separatists out of the land y America logical refuge for purified Protestants y Mayflower (Captain Myles Standish) y Plymouth Bay became squatters y Mayflower Compact: promising step toward genuine self-government y Pilgrims first winter: 44 out of 102 survived y 1621 First Thanksgiving Day in New England: fur, fish, lumber y William Bradford: scholar read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch y Governor thirty times y Bustling fishing villages and other settlements Massachusetts Bay y 1691 merged with its giant neighbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony y Separatist Pilgrims were dedicated extremists purest Puritans y Moderate Puritans gathered support, esp. in Parliament y Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629 and sanctioned anti-Puritan persecutions of the reactionary Archbishop William Laud y 1629 secured royal charter Massachusetts Bay Company y Great Migration 1630s: 70,000 refugees left England y John Winthrop: colonys first governor y Franchise extended to all freemen adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations o 2/5th of all males y Town government all male property holders o Publicly discussing and then voting y Religious leaders enormous influence: admission to church membership, conducting public interrogations of persons claiming to have experienced conversion o John Cotton y Congregation had the right to hire and fire its ministers and to set his salary y Clergymen barred from holding formal political office y Quakers persecuted with fines, floggings, and banishment y Anne Hutchinson carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination o Antinomianism holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man (high heresy) y Roger Williams (Salem minister) extreme Separatist y Fled to Rhode Island area 1636: Baptist Church y Complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics

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Sheltered abused Quakers Simple manhood suffrage Rhode Island: strongly individualistic and stubbornly independent Secured a charter from Parliament 1644

New England Spreads Out y Connecticut River sprinkling of Dutch and English settlers Hartford 1635 y Boston Puritans led by Reverend Thomas Hooker, swarmed into Hartford area y Fundamental Orders: modern constitution, democratically controlled by the substantial citizens y New Haven 1638 church-government alliance y Fell into disfavor with Charles II for sheltering two of the judges that had condemned his father to death y Crown granted charter to Connecticut that merged New Haven with the more democratic settlements in the Connecticut Valley y Attempts at colonization by Sir Ferdinando Gorges 1623 y Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay after formal purchase in 1677 from Gorges heirs y New Hampshire absorbed in 1641 by grasping Bay Colony y 1679 separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it a royal colony Puritans versus Indians y Spread of English settlements -> clashes with Indians y Epidemic shortly before Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth in 1620 that killed more than of native people y Wampanoag Indians first befriended the settlers y Squanto: Wampanoag who had learned English from a ships captain who had kidnapped him some years earlier y Chieftain Massasoit signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims 1621 and helped them celebrate first Thanksgiving y Hostilities exploded in 1637 between English settlers and Pequot tribe -> Pequot War y Puritan missionary zeal never equaled that of the Catholic Spanish and French y Indians only hope lay in intertribal unity y 1675 Massasoits son, Metacom, called King Philip by the English, forged such an alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England y War ended 1676 (King Philips War) -> Indians never seriously threatened New England colonies again Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence y 1643 four colonies New England Confederation y Old England civil wars y Confederation defended against Indians, French, and Dutch y Each member colony had two votes y Exclusive Puritan club: two Massachusetts colonies (Bay Colony and Plymouth) and two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements)

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Became semiautonomous commonwealths due to civil wars in England Charles II restored to English throne 1660, royalists and their Church of England allies once more firmly in the saddle -> active, aggressive hand in managing colonies Massachusetts deepening colonial defiance Charles II gave rival Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter grant 1662, which legalized squatter settlements Rhode Island received new charter Bay Colony charter revoked in 1684 1686 Dominion of New England created to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of English Navigation Laws Throttled American trade with countries not ruled by English crown Smuggling became an increasingly common and honorable occupation Sir Edmund Andros -> generated hostility by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England Ruthlessly curbed town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on courts, press, and schools, revoked all land titles, taxed without representation, and enforced the unpopular Navigation Laws and suppressed smuggling 1688-1689 people of Old England engineered the Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution Enthroned Protestant rulers of the Netherlands, Dutch-born William III and English wife, Mary, daughter of James II 1691 Massachusetts arbitrarily made royal colony Privilege of voting, once a monopoly of church members, was now enjoyed by all qualified male property holders Unrest rocked New York and Maryland from 1689 1691, until newly appointed royal governors restored a semblance of order New monarchs relaxed royal grip on colonial trade (Navigation Laws weakly enforced) More English officials Netherlands winning their independence Dutch Republic became leading colonial power, greatest activity in East Indies (Dutch East India Company) Employed English explorer, Henry Hudson ventured into Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and ascended Hudson River Dutch West India Company Caribbean Outposts in Africa and sugar industry in Brazil New Netherland (Hudson River area) planted 1623-1624 secondary interest of founders Buy Manhattan Island from Indians New Amsterdam company town Aristocratic tinge Cosmopolitan population

Friction with English and Sweden Neighbors y Dutch directors-general incompetent y Shareholders demanded dividends y Indians horrible massacres

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Erected a stout wall New England was hostile Swedes trespassed on Dutch preserves 1638-1655 planted New Sweden on Delaware River Small military expedition 1655 (Peter Stuyvesant) New Sweden soon faded away 1664 Charles II granted area to brother Duke of York Strong English squadron took New Amsterdam, turning it into New York Dutch influential landowning families wielded disproportionate power in affairs of colonial New York

Penns Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania y Quakers arose in England during mid-1600s y Officially: Religious Society of Friends y Especially offensive to the authorities, both religious and civil y Refused to support established Church of England with taxes y Simple meetinghouses, congregated without paid clergy, simply spoke when moved y Believed they were children in the sight of God, kept broad-brimmed hats on in the presence of their betters, and addressed others with thee and thou y Took no oaths embroiled with government officials (test oaths required to establish that a person was not Roman Catholic) y Advocates of passive resistance y William Penn attracted to Quaker faith in 1660 (16 years old) y Many Quakers suffered persecution y 1681 Penn secured from king an immense grant of fertile land, in consideration of a monetary debt owed to his deceased father by the crown (Pennsylvania) y Best advertised of colonies y Welcomed forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens, including industrious carpenters, masons, shoemakers, and other manual workers y Liberal land policy attracted heavy inflow of immigrants y Formally launched colony 1681: presence of several thousand squatters Dutch, Swedish, English, Welsh y Bought land from Indians, including Chief Tammany y Treatment of native peoples fair y Non-Quaker European immigrants flooded province, undermined Quakers own benevolent policy towards Indians o Particularly Scots-Irish y Liberal regime and representative assembly elected by landowners y No tax-supported state church y Freedom of worship y No military defense y No restrictions placed on immigration y Naturalization made easy y Strong dislike of black slavery

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Rich mix of ethnic groups (those repelled by others) blue laws prohibited ungodly revelers, stage plays, playing cards, dice, games, and excessive hilarity Shrewd businesspeople Within two years Philadelphia claimed 300 houses and 2500 people By 1700, colony was surpassed in population and wealth only by long-established Virginia and Massachusetts Penn himself became too friendly with James II, deposed Catholic king New Jersey started 1664 West New Jersey sold in 1674 to a group of Quakers East New Jersey acquired later years by Quakers 1702 Jerseys were combined in a royal colony by Crown Delaware granted own assembly 1703 (under governor of Pennsylvania until American Revolution)

The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies y Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania y Soil fertile, expanse of land broad, unlike rock-bestrewn New England y Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey -> heavy exports of grain y Rivers (Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson) tapped fur trade y Few cascading waterfalls (no inducement to manufacturing with water-wheel power) y Forests: lumbering and shipbuilding y Deep river estuaries and landlocked harbors -> commerce and growth of seaports (New York, Philadelphia) y Midway between New England and southern plantation group y Landholdings intermediate in size y Government between personalized town meetings of New England and diffused county government of South y Fewer industries than New England, more than South y Ethnically mixed y Religious tolerance, democratic control y Quakers made compassionate contribution to human freedom y Desirable land easily acquired y Economic and social democracy prevailed y Benjamin Franklin y Entered Philadelphia 17 years old in 1720 y Population growing y Transportation and communication improving y British continued hands-off policies y Own local governments, run their own churches, develop networks of intercolonial trade