A SIMPLIFIED THESIS AND DISSERTATION FORMAT FOR NEUST

A Prescribe Format for Graduate and Undergraduate Theses and Dissertations

Presented to the Faculty Members Of the College of Arts and Sciences Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

By

MIGUEL REYES SANTOS, Ph. D.

PRELIMINARIES Preliminaries, or front matter, of a thesis consist of any or all of the following elements: a. abstract b. approval sheet c. title page d. acknowledgement e. table of contents f. list of tables g. list of figures h. plates i. clearance forms j. acknowledgement k. preface
i NEUST thesis usually does not contain copyright page, clearance forms and preface. i All other components should appear in this order. i All the preliminaries, with the exception of the abstract and approval sheet are counted as pages of the paper. i Title page and the copyright page, though counted, remain unnumbered. i All other pages of front matter are given lowercase roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv), centered at the bottom of the page.

ABSTRACT
i i a. b. c. d. e. f.

A brief descriptive summary of the dissertation or thesis. Should include the following: title researcher (author) statement of the problem brief description of the research method and design major findings and their significance conclusion

i Type ABSTRACT one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins. i Double space to the full title of thesis or dissertation as it appears on the title page, either in uppercase or upper and lowercase letters. UPPERCASE IS PREFERRED i Double-space to author s full legal name, which should be centered in uppercase and lowercase letters. i Double-space to the text of abstract, which should be double-spaced. i Because abstract is not part of the thesis/ dissertation, it is unnumbered, and not counted as page. i Abstracts published in DAI (Dissertation Abstract International) are limited to a maximum of 350 words.

i Abstract for short paper is usually limited to one page.

Example of an abstract

APPROVAL SHEET i Approval sheet provides space for the signatures of the adviser, department chairperson, dean and others indicating their acceptance of the work. Example of an Approval Sheet

Republic of the Philippines NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cabanatuan City

College of Arts and Sciences

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science, this thesis entitled The Efficacy of Detergents, Soaps and Dishwashing Liquid on the Survival of Different Aquatic Organism prepared and submitted by Adelaida Pinagpanaan has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

__________________________ Adviser

MIGUEL R. SANTOS, Ph.D.

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Sicence major in Pollution and Waste Management.

PROF. LEONARDO QUISUMBING Chairman

______________________ Member

_______________________ Member

Accepted in partial fultillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science.

________________________ Prof. APOLONIA OBEDOZA Date Dean TITLE PAGE

i The first page of the thesis or dissertation i i a. b. c. d. i i i i i i i i i i i

Present the title, the full name of the writer Contains the submission statement which include department college institution the degree sought Includes the month and year in which the degree is to be awarded Should be concise as well as descriptive and comprehensive. Wording should indicate the content of the paper Sub titles should be used only when they contribute to the appropriate for research papers A Critical Analysis and Evaluation of . Should be avoided when redundant. Humorous or catchy titles are not appropriate for research papers. Type in bold letters; font Times New Roman; font size 12 Inverted pyramid format Abbreviation should be avoided Should at least 18 words including articles (the, on, in, at etc.) Clearance from the top margin is 2 inches

Example of title page:

TITLE SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN EIGHTEEN WORDS

TYPED IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, FONT TIMES NEW ROMAN

i Space between the top edge to the first line of the title is 2 inches i Space between the first line of title to first line of presentation is 2 inches

A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Environmental Science Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

i Space between the first line of presentation to statement of degree sought is 3 inches

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Environmental SciencE

i Space from the bottom edge to last line, (date) is 1 inch.

by Miguelito Matutino March 2004

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE
i Recognition and appreciation to help granted during the course of the study is stated in this

page. i Use third person i Its inclusion is optional. i Should be stated simply and sincerely. i Type ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS one inch from the top of the page. i Should be centered between the margins and should have noterminal punctuation i Double-space to the first line of the text Example of acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher wishes to extend his thanks and gratitude to the following persons who extended their useful time and expertise for the accomplishment of this research: Dr. Pedro Labaytubig, his thesis adviser for his unselfish concern, technical advice; Prof. Jose de la Cruz, Dean of the College of Arts and Science for his support and encouragement; Dr. Maria Lourdes Reyes, Chairman of the defense panel; Prof. Luisito Balibay, Mr. Roel Perez, and Dr. Bonifacio Saguinsin, members of the oral defense panel for their constructive criticisms. Dr. Lorenzo Mendoza for editing the format and grammar. Mr. and Mrs. Santos for allowing the use of their private facilities. My parents, Engr. And Dr. Alberto Sandoval for love, care and financial support of his study; Above all, the Father Almighty, the Great Creator for wisdom and blessings. M.R.S. TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Words designating elements of the paper, such as the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, BIBLIOGRAPHY, TABLE OF CONTENTS should be typed entirely capital letters. i Type TABLE OF CONTENTS one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins. i No terminal punctuation follows the heading of any line of the table of contents. i Type Chapter with the left-hand margin and Page with the right hand margin. i The wording, capitalization, and punctuation of titles and headings should be typed exactly as they appear in the text. i Headings and subheadings underlined in the text should not be underlined in the table of contents. i Use a two-space hanging indention within headings and between successive levels. i Type the names for the reference materials (Bibliography, Appendix, etc.) with the left margin; place the page number of the first page of each section in the column at the right i With separate appendixes, list each by letter (A, B, C etc.) and title, if any.

Example of Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i ii iii iv

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURE Methods of Research Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 22 28 9 9 10 11 12 1 3 7 8

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Care and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrument and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Validation of the Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Status of Environmental Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practice of the Program Recipient Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison Among the Problems as Perceived by the Program Recipient Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Proposed Water Treatment Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. SUMMARY CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendices . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Letter of Request to Conduct Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Questionnaire or Instrument Used in Gathering Data . . . . C Raw Score of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 31 32 32 33 34 35

40 43 47

50 60

66 75 77 90 94

100 102 105

D Computation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES

107

i Type LIST OF TABLES one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins and without terminal punctuation. i Double-space to the labels Table and Page, which should be placed flush with the left and right margins, respectively. i Indent and space captions for table, following the guidelines for the table of contents on page ____________.

Example of List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES Table Page

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Program Implementors as to Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

2. Mean, Standard Deviation, Rank and Verbal Description of the Status of Implementation of Environmental Programs Under the Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Analysis of Variance Showing the Difference in the Performance of Implementing Environmental Programs . . . . . . . .

55

60

4. Average Number of Senior Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

LIST OF FIGURES
i Type LIST OF FIGURES one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins and without terminal punctuation. i Place column headings, captions, and page number as in a list of tables.

Example of List of Figure

Figure

Page

1.

Map of the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 9 12 66 85

2 Perspective of the Barangay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 4. 5. Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials Used in the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparative Weights and Volume of Finish Products. . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF PLATES
i Type PLATES OR LIST OF PLATES one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margin and without terminal punctuation. i Place column headings, captions, and page number as in a list of tables.

Example of List of Plates

THE TEXT BODY The text, or body, of a thesis or dissertation begins with the first page of Chapter 1, which follows the preliminaries. Numbering in arabic numerals stars on this page with number 1; all pages are numbered, including chapter and section title pages. Position all page numbers one inch from top of the page, flush with the right margin. Although chapter page is numbered, its number does not appear in text. Organization of Chapters Theses Based on the Collection of Empirical Data: Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
i First line, one inch from the top margin i Type Chapter 1 in upper and lowercase letters and the chapter title THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND in uppercase letters, bold. i Double-space between chapter and chapter title. i Two-double space between chapter title and the first section / sentence of the text.

Example of Chapter title

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Components of chapter 1 a. Introduction i An introduction to the subject area including the importance and validity of the problem chosen for study. i The potential contribution of the study i The need for research i Background information may also included here Example of Introduction Introduction The progressive conversion of agricultural land to different uses and the increase of the human population can lead to famine. Modern ideas have been applied to solve this problem. One of these is proper storage. Storage enables the balanced supply of commodities especially between the on and off seasons of the crops, and during unfavorable circumstances for food production such as long drought, pest outbreak, flood, and other catastrophes. Stored products are subject to atta ck from pest such as insects, rodents and fungi. These pests reduce the quality, quantity, nutritional value, and germination of commodities (Haines, 1980). A little damage to the quality of exportable high value products can be a great loss because the entire shipment is usually rejected. One of the storage pests is the coffee bean weevil Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera : Anthribidae). This pest is polyphagous, attacking stored products and crops in the field. It is also commonly known as: coffee bean weevil (Back, 1931); Hinton & Corbet, 1975); coffee berry borer (Usman, 1949); cocoa weevil (Solomon & Adamson, 1955); and nutmeg weevil (Munro, 1966). A. fasciculatus has a wide distribution. According to Reh (1907, cited by Munru, 1974), the geographical distribution of A. fasciculatus are as follows: Europe, United States of America (Louisiana and Florida), Central America, Frech Guiana, Bermuda, Brazil, St. Helena, Persia, Ceylon, Indonesia, China, Japan, Sandwich Island and Philippines. It has also been recorded from: Nigeria (Osuji, 1974); Israel, (Wysoki, 1978); India (Haines, 1974); Malawi, Columbia, Nicaragua, and Grenada (Haines, 1981); Malaysia (Parker et al., 1981). Childers (1982) reported that A. fasciculatus is a serious pest of Florida. It has been estimated that fruit loss can reach as high as 50% in some infested areas. As well as the effect on yield, the entire crop may also be rejected for processing due to the inclusion of rooting or contaminated fruit. Childers listed forty nine host plant species in Florida. In Japan, adult weevils were noted attacking garlic bulbs (Nagano, 1981). In Israel, macadamia nut tree, Macadamia ternifolia was also reported to be subject to attack by coffee bean weevil (Wysoki, 1978). Parker et al. (1981) reported the occurrence and infestation of A. fasciculatus on stored cassava in Malaysia; in Indonesia , Mangoendihardjo (1981) also recorded it as a pest of stored cassava. According to Oei-Dharma (1969, cited by Mphuru, 1974 ) A. fasciculatus alo attacks nutmeg in Indonesia. Osuji (1980)

reported that A. fasciculatus is one of the beetles attacking dried yam in Nigeria. Mphuru (1974) listed a number of hosts from different countries including coffee, cacao, biscuit, avocado, groundnut, sweet patato, beans and many others. However, few studies have been done on the biology of this pest. Mcfarlane (1973) stressed the function of biological knowledge in the development of economic pest control in three hypothetical stages namely: Stage 1 with no real knowledge, control is applied only when damage is severe and may consist simply of rapid disposal of the commodity; Stage 2 with some knowledge, control is applied when infestation first became evident and losses are relatively slight; and Stage 3 the need for control is predicted, and maximum savings are possible. Since a thorough understanding of biology and behavior is a good tool in formulatng i effective control measures, the study reported here was conducted to determine the pattern of development and the behavior of A. fasciculatus b. Conceptual Framework
i An overview of the solution of the problem i Usually presented in paradigm or concept map. i No standard format for the paradigm; original and unique paradigm is preferred and better. i Gives the concept that guides the researcher in solving the problem i Some explanations are given to show the relations of parts of paradigm. i Section that establishes the theoretical framework within which the investigation was conducted. i Verbal explanation of its content and significance is comprehensively discussed.

Examples of conceptual framework Conceptual Framework (1) This study is based on the premise that a school s commitment to community service and development should be expressed in programs, projects and activities which are well planned, organized, implemented and evaluated and supported by the school and o ther available resources. As presented in the three major circles intersecting the sustainable environment, the collective efforts of the governmental agencies, community participation, and tertiary education s community involvement, will result to an effective environment program that rehabilitates and preserves the environment and eventually leads to a sustainable community development. The overlapping portion of circles representing local government units and educational institutions signifies the important role of the academe in assessing the environmental program of the government and the possible assistance that could be offered to them to attain the basic objectives. On the other hand, the intersecting portion of the circles representing the local government units and the cooperating community represents the implementation of environmental program extended to the community. The intersection area of two circles, cooperating community and educational institution, represents the planning of an outreach project for educational institutions like Araullo University. This kind of integrated outreach program to be participated in by

the colleges and university will make each member of the community responsible and actively participate in environmental conservation and management for sustainable community development. Conceptual Framework (2) This study is based on the premise that teachers and students encounter problems in the teaching and learning of Technology and Home Economics, and that teachers and students have definite perceptions about the subject. Technology and Home Economics is a subject which is involved in human resource development. It involves increasing the knowledge, skills and capabilities of the students to prepare them for work should they not pursue college education. If teachers and students perceive the usefulness and relevance of Technology and Home Economics, then the teaching and learning of the subject will be interesting and fruitful. Recognition of the problem encountered by teachers and students on Technology and Home Economics.

Conceptual Framework (3) The study was based on the premise that if market vendors are aware of the benefits to health of proper disposal of waste they would do their best to comply to with rules and regulations of the Public Marker Administrator in keeping the Magsaysay Public Market environmentally clean. The paradigm consisted of 3 parts. Part I showed the factors to be studied: 1.1 Profile of market vendors

1.2 Waste products 1.3 Traditional way of waste disposal Part II shows the collection, analysis and interpretation of data by researchers through questionnaire, observation and interview. Part III contains the alternative solutions to waste disposal and probable outputs.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

i Profile of Market Vendors i Classification of Store / Product i i 1. 2. i i i i i i

Waste Produced Collection of Data through questionnaires observation interview

Analysis of Data Interpretation of Data Assessment Evaluation Better awareness of benefits from a clean environment Better waste disposal i Successful implementation of rules and regulation i Alternative solution to waste disposal

c. i i i

Statement of the Problem General problem Specific problem Statement of the problem is stated in question form

Example of Statement of the Problem Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to determine the status of the implementation of the environmental programs in Nueva Ecija as basis for planning an integrated community outreach project for Tertiary Institution. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What was the profile of the respondents as to: 1.1 Government program implementers

1.1.1. gender 1.1.2. age 1.1.3. civil status 1.1.4 educational attainment 1.1.5. position as a public servant 1.1.6. length in office in the present position. 1.2. Project recipient respondents 1.1.1. gender 1.2.2. age 1.2.3. civil status 1.2.4. educational attainment 1.2.5. Occupation number of children? 2. What was the status of environmental programs under the following agencies: 2.1. Department of Agriculture, 2.2. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2.3. Department of Health and 2.4. Local Government Units? d. Hypothesis i The tentative, wise guess on the result of the study. i Experimental study should be stated as one or more hypotheses, particularly in the case of statistical study of variables i May be stated in null hypothesis or ------Example of Hypothesis Hypothesis The study tested the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference on the performance of government officials in the 4 government agencies implementing various environmental programs in the province of Nueva Ecija. e. Significance of the Study
i The importance of the study i Answers the question who will benefit the study i How the study helps the beneficiaries

Example of Significance of the Study Significance of the Study Environmental situation in the province of Nueva Ecija is not as worse as other cities and provinces of the country. Effective environmental program, educational institution involvement and community concern will preserve and rehabilitate the partially degraded environment of Nueva Ecija

before they become worse. The findings of this study will benefit the following: Academe. Education is an effective tool in addressing environmental problems. Community outreach projects by different segments of the university will serve as training and hands-on activity for students. This study may provide an appropriate plan and strategies in community involvement by the higher educational institutions, in general; and for Araullo University, in particular. Community. The community will be educated as it gets in touch with the higher institutions, thus the people will actively participate in the conservation and management of the environment. They will benefit a lot from the outreach projects of Araullo University that might lead to improve their socioeconomic conditions. With this research, the environmental situation of the community will be improved. School administrators and government officials. This study will provide a bseline data to administration and government officials in addressing the rural and urban environmental problems in the province of Nueva Ecija. Likewise, the universities will have a definite plan to conduct outreach project for community involvement. The same is useful to government officials in implementing an effective environmental program. f. Scope and Delimitation
i i i i

Focus of the study Duration of the study Place where the study was conducted Other areas not covered by the study

Example of Scope and Delimitation Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted from June to November 2000 to assess the environmental program and its implementers in the province of Nueva Ecija, particularly in the following areas: population and health care; food production, and waste management The practices of community respondents in environmental conservation were investigated in order to serve as basis in planning outreach project for Araullo University. The respondents involved in this study were the employees of government institutions susch as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, the Department of Environment and Natural Reources and the Local Government Units implementing the projects related to environment, member of the community who were directly benefiting the environmental programs of the government and the outreach activities by the higher educational institutions like Araullo University. Trade and industry and other fields of environmental science like energy, wildlife, mineral resources, environmental pollution were not covered by this study. g. Definition of Terms
i i i i

Defines all technical terms as it was used in the study Document the source of definition if it is defined according to the book or dictionary Arrange terms in alphabetical order Each term should be indented 5 spaces, highlighted and ends with a period

Example of Definition of Terms

Definition of Terms For more accurate interpretation and better understanding of the study, the following terms are herein defined as they were used in this study. Air pollution. The physical and chemical alteration of the properties of air which is harmful to human health, vegetation, and animals. (Webster Dictionary 2001)

Assessment. In this study, it means determining the status of implementation of different environmental programs of government agencies. Community respondents. In this study, this term means people in the community where the study was conducted; outreach project recipient. Ecology. It is the study of the natural environment and of the relations of organisms to each other and to their surroundings. (Cunningham, 1999) Outreach program. It is an integral part of the academe of the university that collates the different community programs of all the disciplines and colleges into a unified effort in bringing the academe to the community through their joint resources. Program. In this study, it means the kind and sequence of outreach undertaking for community involvement by an academic institution. Sustainable development. It means an improvement in human well-being that allows us to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs. (Cunningham and Saigo, 1999) ENDNOTES
i Type NOTES (note endnotes because their position indicates that they are endnotes rather than footnotes) one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins. i Double-space to the first note, and double-space throughout the notes, both within a note and between notes.

Example of Endnotes NOTES Kupchella and Hyland, 1993. Environmental Science, 3rd Ed., (New Jersey: Simon & Schuster Company), 297 305. Kupchella and Hyland, 1993. 506. Lee et. Al., 1997. Environmental Science the Economy of Nature and Ecology of Man (Manila: Knowledge Educational Supply), 77. Municipal Planner s Guide, Department of Agriculture Philippine Rural Institutional Strengthening

Programme & European Union. (DA-PRISP, EU), 230 Ricklefs, R. 1993. The Economy of Nature 3rd Ed. (new York: W. H. Freeman), 542 APPENDIX i Type APPENDIX along with its appropriate letter one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margin. i Double-space to the text of the appendix, which should be double-spaced. i Example of Appendix GLOSSARY i Type GLOSARRY one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins. i Double-space to the glossary. i Double-space any preliminary explanation of the glossary, and arrange the words along the left margin and their definitions along the right margin. i The format for the glossary will vary with the length and type of terms. Example of Glossary BIBLIOGRPHY i For papers with notes, type BIBLIOGRAPHY one inch from the top of the page, centered between the margins. i No indention for the first line of each entry. i Succeeding lines of each entry should be indented 5 spaces i Entries should be arranged alphabetically. i Double-space to the first entry and single space throughout the bibliography i Double-space between entries i Group all references into books, unpublished materials, dissertation, etc. i Author, title, country, publisher year and pare Example of Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY a. BOOKS

Kupchella and Hyland. Environmental Science, 3rd Ed., (New Jersey: Simon & Schuster Company), 1993. Lee et. Al., 1997. Environmental Science the Economy of Nature and Ecology of Man (Manila: Knowledge Educational Supply), 77. Ricklefs, R.. The Economy of Nature 3rd Ed. (new York: W. H. Freeman), 1993

B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Municipal Planner s Guide, Department of Agriculture Philippine Rural Institutional Strengthening Programme & European Union. (DA-PRISP, EU), 230

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES i An introductory paragraph stating that this chapter contains related literature and studies i First line, one inch from the top margin i Type Chapter 2 in upper and lowercase letters and the chapter title REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDEIS in uppercase letters, bold. i Double-space between chapter and chapter title. i Two-double space between chapter title and the first section / sentence of the text.