STRUCTURALSTEELEDUCATIONALCOUNCIL

TECHNICALINFORMATION PRODUCT & SERVICE

OCTO BER 1999

Welded M o m e n t Frame Connections With Minimal Residual Stress

By
A l v a r o L. C o l l i n

and James J. P u t k e y

Acknowledgments
The Authors wish to thank the following persons for their review and comments on the content of this Steel TIPS: Pat Hassett, Hassett Engineering Bill Honeck, Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc. Dave McEuen, California Erectors, Bay Area, Inc. Larry McLean, McLean Steel Members of the Structural Steel Educational Council

In Memoriam
Alvaro L. Collin
The members of the Structural Steel Educational Council dedicate this Steel TIPS to the memory ofAl Collin. Mr. Collin died on April 26, 1999. He had a long and distinguished career in the structural steel fabrication and erection, especially in the welding of structural steel. Council members and the rest of the structural steel industry will miss AI.

Disclaimer. The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the Structural Steel Educational Council or of any other person named herein that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this publication. The Structural Steel Educational Council and the authors bear no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial printing of this publication.

WELDED MOMENT FRAME CONNECTIONS WITH MINIMAL RESIDUAL STRESS

By Alvaro L. Collin and James J. Putkey

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION / Page 1 2. TERMS / Page 2 3. THE PROBLEM / Page 3 4. THE SUGGESTED SOLUTION / Page 9 5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES / Page 14 6. CONCLUSION / Page 16 7. REFERENCES / Page 17 EXHIBITS / Page 18 ABOUT THE AUTHORS / Page 22

1. INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE
The purpose of this Steel TIPS is to address the problem of residual stress in welded moment frame connections with heavy steel members. First, the authors extensively review the residual stress problem. Second, they suggest a solution to the problem.

The Problem. Present design and welded construction practice produces residual stress by:
Joint and connection restraint. Member restraint resulting from two floor erection and welding sequence. Residual stress results when restraint does not allow welds to shrink.

Suggested Connection. The suggested welded moment frame connection uses a design
concept that: Reduces residual stress in joints and connections to a minimum. Eliminates residual stress from member restraint. Locates the plastic hinge outside the connection.

ORGANIZATION
To accomplish the purpose, the authors present the subject matter of this Steel TIPS as follows: Terms used in the suggested solution and problem. The problem of residual stress. The suggested solution. Advantages and disadvantages of the suggested solution. A Conclusion.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

Residual Stress

2.

ERMS

.g Restra/nt 's"

The various Sections use the terms listed below. We took terms marked with an asterisk from the AISC Engineering Journal. [1]

Component Restraint.* Restraint existing because of rigidity of various elements of a joint or connection. Connection.* Complete assembly consisting of the various joints making up the total unit. Joint.* A single element of a connection. Member Restraint.* Restraint in closure member where inherent rigidity requires weld shrinkage to be absorbed by the parent metal. Residual Stress. Stress remaining in connection or member after completing the connection's welds. Restraint.* Resistance of the joint or connection to weld shrinkage strains. Shrinkage. Contraction in the size of a weld joint as it cools. Strain.* Deformation due to changes in applied forces. Stress.* Force per unit of area. Thermal Upsetting. Permanent expansion of weld perpendicular to face of a weld when restraint prohibits a joint from expanding. Our, We. Pronouns referencing the authors of this Steel TIPS.

*American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

3.

THE P R O B L E M

This section addresses the causes and locations of residual stress that occur in currently used welded connections.

CAUSES OF RESIDUAL STRESS

Residual stress results when restraint does not allow large welds in heavy members to shrink. Two conditions cause residual stress:

Thermal upsetting Shrinkage

Various parts of this Section 3 set forth restraint conditions and residual stress levels caused by thermal upsetting and shrinkage. The residual stress levels generally correspond to the restraint levels noted in AWS Welding Code, Annex XI. [2]

Thermal Upsetting. As noted in Section 2, thermal upsetting results from permanent expansion of weld metal perpendicular to the face of a weld when fit-up and weld sequence restrain the joint from expanding.

Within Joint. A joint expands from heat input when it is welded. The hot weld will try to push the members apart. However, as the bottom weld layers cool they restrain the members. Heat input in the larger volume of the top weld layers causes thermal upsetting. Low residual stress results from this internal restraint. By External Restraint. When fit-up and weld sequence restrain the joint from expanding, the weld can only expand perpendicular to the weld surface. Medium or high residual stress results from this perpendicular expansion.
Shrinkage. Weld shrinkage causes most residual stress. The stress level depends on the physical fit-up of the joint.

Within Joint. Fit-up will allow the members of a joint to move. However, as the bottom
weld layers in the joint cool, they restrain the members while welding the top layers. Low residual stress results from this internal restraint.

By External Restraint. Fit-up and weld sequence restrain the members of a joint and
prevent them from moving. Medium, high, or very high residual stress results from this external restraint. The residual stress level depends on the weld size and restraint level.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

R E S T R A I N T A N D R E S I D U A L S T R E S S IN J O I N T S
This discussion is limited to joints with one plate welded to another plate, beam, or column; shop attached; and with or without external restraint. Plates considered include:

Continuity Plates Cover Plates Shear Plates

Continuity Plates. Continuity plates usually attach to the column web and flanges with groove welds. See Figure 3-1. Medium or high residual stress may occur when welding the plate to the column flanges.
To Column Web. Make these welds first. Restraint: Within joint. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Low residual stress. To Column Flanges. Make these welds second. Restraint: External, from flanges. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Medium or high residual stress depending on the flange thickness.

Figure 3-1
Cover Plates. Depending on the type of connection, cover plates attach to the column flange with groove welds, or attach to the beam flange or flanges with fillet welds.
To Column Flange. Only bottom plate welded. See Figure 3-2. Restraint: Within joint. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Low residual stress. To Beam Flange(s). Cover plates fabricated wider than beam flanges and attached with fillet welds. See Figures 3-3 and 3-4. Restraint: Within joint. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Very low residual stress.

Figures 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

Shear Plates. Shear plates usually attach to the column flanges with complete penetration groove welds as shown in Figure 3-5. Engineers design the shear plates for either a bolted or a welded connection to the beam web.

To Column Flange. Shop attached.

Restraint: Within joint. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Low residual stress.

Figure 3-5
R E S T R A I N T A N D R E S I D U A L STRESS IN C O N N E C T I O N S
Connections consist of field welded or bolted joints acting together. Bolts and fit-up material in the connection usually extend some level of restraint to the joints. The bolts and fit-up material carry erection loads, plumb-up the steel frame, and set root openings for welded joints. Fit -up material may include drift pins, wedges, and small welded plates. For this discussion, we assume the bolts, fit-up material, and weld sequence externally restrain the connection joints while welding. Connections currently used include: beam flanges welded directly to the column, cover plates on the beam welded to the column, a combination of cover plates and beam flanges welded to the column, and the beam web connection to the shear plate. Residual stress in these connections varies, as discussed in the following groups:

Beam Flanges Beam Cover Plates Beam Cover Plates and Flanges Webs of Beams Beam Flanges. Beam flanges still weld directly to the column flange when using the Reduced Beam Section connection. See Figure 3-6. These welds are similar to the welds commonly made prior to the Northridge earthquake.

Top Flange, Erectors usually make this weld

first.

Restraint: External, from bolts and fit-up Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Medium to high residual stress.

Bottom Flange. Welded after top flange. Restraint: External from bolts, fit-up, and
completed top flange weld. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: High residual stress because of added top flange restraint.

Figure 3-6

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

Beam Cover Plates. The Forell/EIsesser cover plate design looks similar to our suggested connection. See Figure 3-7. This design uses a bottom cover plate shop welded to the column flange and a top cover plate shop fillet welded to the beam top flange. Field crews first groove weld the top cover plate to the column flange, and then fillet weld the bottom flange cover plate to the beam bottom flange. ~,-

Top Flange. Erectors make this weld first. Restraint:External. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Probably high residual stress, but depends on external restraints,level. ~ ~~ ~ . ~ Bottom Flange. Welded after top flange. Restraint: Within fillet weld. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Low.

~ ~___

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Figure 3-7
Beam Cover Plates and Flanges. Another connection uses top and bottom cover plates shop fillet welded to the beam flanges. Field crews then weld these cover plates and the beam flanges to the column flange. See Figure 3-8. Web bolts to the shop welded shear plate restrain both top and bottom joints.

Top Flange. Assume erectors weld first. Restraint: External. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: Medium residual stress. Bottom Flange. Welded after top flange. Restraint: External from web bolts and completed top flange weld. Thermal Upsetting and Shrinkage: High residual stress because of added top flange restraint.
I I I I II I A

We do not recommend the combined flange and cover plate joint because of the discontinuity caused by the interface between the beam flange and the cover plate.

Figure 3-8

Webs of Beams. Beam webs connect to the column with the following options:
.

2. 3.

Bolts to the shear plate. Fillet welds to the shear plate. A groove weld direct to the column flange.

In option 2, low residual stress occurs. In options 1 and 3, tightened bolts or already completed flange welds externally restrain the weld joint, and high residual stress may occur.
Welded M om en t Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

MEMBER RESTRAINT
~

Figure 3-9 shows an example of r i member restraint when welding beams between rigid braced ~ bents. As stated in Figure 3-9, member restraint causes high residual stress because, "Closing welds for members // between rigid assemblies are "~,,,~ x subject to high restraint." v,. Another similar example of member restraint, and the main Fig. 19. Closing welds .for members between rigid assemblies are subject to high restraint. focus of this Steel TIPS, occurs because of the erection method used to construct a typical tier Figure 3-9* AISC Engineering Journal, 1973 [1] building. This type of member restraint has been a problem since the advent of heavy welded moment connections--whether recognized or not.
/ /

//

Erection Method, A typical tier building usually has two floors of steel per tier, but sometimes has three floors per tier. Column splices usually occur approximately 4 ft. above every second or third floor. If a tier building had only one floor per tier, the problem would not exist. For discussion purposes, this TIPS assumes two floors of steel per tier.
Two Floor Erection. Figure 3-10 illustrates a simplified example of two floors per tier. Starting on the work floor, covered solidly for safety purposes, field crews erect the columns, then the mid floor beams, and then the top floor beams.

Top Floor

rl

Mid Floor Column Splice Work Floor --~

Figure 3-10
* American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

Weld Sequence. After crews erect and plumb-up the steel, they then weld it. Welders can weld the top floor first and then the mid floor, or they can weld the mid floor first and then the top floor. Either way, the problem of member restraint occurs. For illustration purposes we show the top floor welded first. See Figure 3-1 1 below. Columns leaned out Assume beams Step 1 detailed longer or root openings made larger to Top allow for weld Floor - - 1 shrinkage [5] p4-11

Mid Floor

'

- - B e a m s detailed correct length

Work

_Z

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splice

Beams welded

Step 2
Beams welded, weld shrinkage moves columns in Member Restraint - ~k,__ Closing [~ welds Beams must hove correct root opening Column splice -- Beams welded

.~]~-- splice Column

Columns provide external restraint
_

Step 3

Beams welded High residual stress from member restraint

~
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~ _ Closing welds

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- - C o l u m n splice --Beams welded

Figure 3-11
WeldedMomentFrameConnectionswithMinimalResidualStress,A.L.CollinandJ.J. Putkey,SteelTIPS,October1999

4. THE SUGGESTED SOLUTION

This section describes and details the welded moment connection suggested by the authors.

USE JOINT DETAIL WITH MINIMAL RESTRAINT

The suggested solution avoids residual stresses caused by large groove welds not allowed to shrink because of external restraint. See Section 3, The Problem. Suggested readings on restraint and weld shrinkage include the following references: AISC Engineering Journal, 1973. [1] AWS Structural Welding Code. [2] AISC Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design. [3] AISC Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design. [4] AISC Manual, Volume II Connections. [5] Preece and Collin, Steel TIPS, 1991. [6] Joint Detail. Figure 4-1, Connection Detail, on page 10, shows an elevation view and plan sections of the suggested solution. Restraint Conditions. Please note the beam flanges and web do not directly weld to the column flange. Instead, the beam flanges fillet weld to cover plates already welded to the column flange. This procedure results in minimal residual stress because: Cover plates and the web shear plate groove weld to the column flange without external restraint and without member restraint with resulting low residual stress. Fillet welds from the beam flanges to the cover plates contribute very low residual stress. The connection from the beam web to the shear plate contributes low or no residual stress. On the bolted web connection, the bolts obviously contribute no residual stress. If the shear plate is fillet welded to the beam web, those fillet welds contribute very low residual stress. Continuity plates on the column contribute medium to high residual stresses from both thermal upsetting and shrinkage due to flange restraint. However, these stresses are the same as for other welded connections.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

ALTERNATE TOP COVER PLATE CONFIGURATION FOR HORIZONTAL FILLET WELD 7

L [

1'

L ~ _ ~

__

7
C.JoP. REMOVE BACK-UP BAR (STEEL OR CERAMIC) AND RUN-OFF TABS SEE NOTE 1 ~-- COVER PLATE ~ / / - - BEAM

~ - - - COVER PLATE, T & B

PLAN

~ ~,~
SIDES

CONTINUITY PLATE COLUMN I

SHEAR PLATE

WELD AFTERI GROOVE WELDING TOP COVER / PLATE TO / COLUMN ~

. "-,.,.......---.---- COVER PLATE C.J.P. REMOVE BACK-UP BAR AND RUN-OFF TABS SEE NOTE 1

ERECTION BOLTS ~

NOTE I.

GRIND SMOOTH TO REMOVE STRESS RISERS AND LAYER OF MARTENSITE FROM BURNING OPERATION

ELEVATION CONNECTION DETAIL

Figure 4-1

Detail of Suggested Solution

10

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and d.d. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

H I S T O R Y OF S U G G E S T E D S O L U T I O N Our suggested solution is not new. Engineers have described it in various welding publications and used it on past projects, but not for relocating the plastic hinge. The following publications and personal experience discuss and illustrate the suggested connection.

The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation

The Book, "Design of Welded Structures" by Blodgett [7], presents designs similar to the suggested solution. Among other things, Blodgett presents the loose top cover plate design for: Proper fit up and correct root opening. Reduced beam preparation. See Figures 4-2 and 4-3 for the connections presented.

Figure 4-2*

Figure 4-3*

Personal Experience
In 1972 Mr. Putkey served as project manager for steel erection on a Federal Office Building in Seattle, Washington. This building is 38 stories high with the interior moment frame connections designed very similarly to the suggested solution. See Figure 4-4. The shop fabricated the loose top cover plate narrower than the beam flange so the field welders could make the fillet weld in a horizontal position.

I I I

Figure 4-4

*Reprinted with permission from Lincoln Electric Co.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

11

AISC Journal

The article, "Commentary on Highly Restrained Welded Connections" in the AISC Engineering Journal [1], comments on occurrences of lamellar tearing in highly restrained joints. This article presents recommendations to ~ ...... ,,,,1. minimize or avoid lamellar tearing. (Note: Engineers found lamellar tearing was not a problem in the SAC program. We refer to the Commentary to address restraint.) Recommendation No. 2 Fig. 24. Moment connection using flange connection plates. To avoid high shrinkage strains, beam seat is shop welded to column; top plate states, "Design connections to minimize weld to column is made infield, followed byfillet welds of top and bottom accumulation and concentration of plates to beam flanges. strains resulting from metal concentrated in localized areas."* The recommendation includes a Fig. 24 Figure 4-5* showing a moment connection detail, " . . . designed to allow dissipation of shrinkage strains from full penetration flange welds."* See Figure 4-5. This connection is very similar to our suggested solution. The detail solves the problem of connection and member restraint. See Section 3.
! ~ m

I/

The article also mentions that, "Closing welds for members between rigid assemblies are subject to high restraint."* The suggested solutiqlt avoids this restraint condition. (See two floor erection procedure in Section 3).
AISC Manual

A loose top cover plate connection is illustrated in Chapter 4, Moment Connections, AISC Manual, Volume II Connections [5]. See Figure 4-5, Part II on page 4-10, and Figure 4-7 on page 4-16. The details shown in these figures are similar to the details in the above Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation book and the AISC Journal.
SAC Report ,
,,

"Steel Moment Frame Connection, Advisory No. 3", by the SAC Joint Venture [8], contains loose top cover plate connection design details on pages C - 33 and D - 154. Rutherford & Chekene Consulting Engineers present a design detail on page C - 33 that is similar to our suggested solution. See Exhibit 1. Mr. Collin presents design details of our suggested solution on page D - 154. See Exhibit 2. Please note the Rutherford & Chekene design represents specific cover plate thicknesses and sizes for specific column and beam sizes.

*American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

12

TESTING
Codes require testing of beam to column moment frame connections unless prior testing of the joints and connection meet specified requirements.

Tests By Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc.

In August 1995, Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc. published a pamphlet titled, "Steel Connection Update: Successful Test of Welded Steel Beam - Column Moment Connection." [9] This pamphlet discussed successful tests conducted on a cover plate connection similar to our suggested solution. See Figure 3-7 and Exhibit 3 for the design details of the Forell/Elsesser connection. See Exhibit 4 for the plastic rotation results of one test specimen. The Department of Energy funded the testing. Note: The cover plate thickness and size in the Forell/Elsesser connection detail shown in Exhibit 3 are sensitive to the beam and column sizes used. Forell/Elsesser "tuned" the plate thicknesses and dimensions to those sizes. The connection detail shown in the 1995 publication [9] was for specific column and beam sizes on a specific project. Do not apply to other member sizes without closely matching the original sizes tested. Different sizes would require additional testing.

Tests By SAC
The University of California, Berkeley, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center is testing various moment connections for SAC. One connection has top and bottom cover plates with both plates fillet welded to the beam in the shop and groove welded to the column in the field. The end result is similar to our suggested solution.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

13

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The following advantages and disadvantages result from comparing the suggested connection presented in Section 4 to other connections in current use.

ADVANTAGES Principal Advantage

Minimal Residual Stress. Our suggested connection avoids direct beam flange to column flange welds and restrained cover plate to column flange welds. It eliminates medium or high residual stress that occurs when welding these joints to a column flange because connection restraint or member restraint is not present. Instead, low residual stress occurs in the top and bottom cover plate joints to the column flange because erectors do not restrain these plates during welding.

Other Advantages Correct Fit-up. The loose top cover plate assures fit-up with the correct root opening.
Erectors lay the top plate on the top flange of the beam, position it for correct root opening, and loosely clamp its end to prevent lifting.

No Change in Column Spacing Because of Weld Shrinkage. No groove weld shrinkage on beam to column connections allows detailing the beams for exact column spacing. Detailers need not contend with shrinkage allowance. Plumbing-up. Plumbing-up is easier and more exact because of:
Beams detailed for positive connections and to exact column spacings. No requirement to plan and allow for weld shrinkage. No need to work around a groove welded beam joint.

Welding Sequence. With no change in column spacing because of weld shrinkage, beam to
column welding can start in any part of the building. When weld shrinkage occurs, erectors usually start welding in the center of a building.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

14

Beam Fabrication. Beam ends require no preparation for field welding; they require only hole punching in the beam web for erection bolts. Further, the positive web connection eliminates the need for an access hole to place the back-up bar for the top cover plate weld. Bolt/Weld Sequence. Other connections with welded flanges and bolted webs still have the problem of when to tighten the boltsmbefore or after the flange welds. [10] The suggested connection eliminates that problem.

DISADVANTAGES Loose Top Cover Plates. The loose plates require more shipping pieces and more pieces to handle in the field. Cover Plates. Cover plate design may require additional steel and additional field welding.

Welding Position. Loose top plates the same size as the bottom plates require welding fillet welds in an overhead position. Narrower and thicker top plates change the welding position to the horizontal position, but may increase the quantity of weld metal for flat groove welding. Shipping. Shop welded bottom cover plates make stacking, handling, and shipping columns more difficult than other types of connections.

Welded Moment Frame Connectionswith Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

15

Optos!
6. CONCLUSION

Options! Options!

LEVEL OF RESIDUALSTRESS
Current field welding practices produce residual stress in welded moment frames. Some connections produce more residual stress than others either by design, welding practices, or welding sequence. The residual stress level is unknown, but the stress is present. The Northridge earthquake caused many welded connection failures, with most failures related to the bottom flange joint. We conclude residual stress may have contributed to the bottom flange joint failure because of a welding sequence of top flange first and bottom flange second. This sequence sets up high residual stress in the bottom flange.

A CONCLUSION TO CONSIDER
While developing this Steel TIPS, we kept arriving at the same conclusion, "The structural steel industry should change its current practice of making welded moment frame connections from a connection that produces high residual stress to a connection that produces minimal residual stress."

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

16

7.

REFERENCES

"Commentary on Highly Restrained Welded Connections," AISC Engineering Journal, AISC, Chicago, Third Quarter, 1973, p. 61-73.

. .

Structural Welding Code-Steel D1.1-98, AWS, Miami, 1998, Annex XI, p. 266 and 271; C426. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design, 9th ed, AISC, Chicago, 1989, p. 1-6, 4-152. Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design for Structural Steel Buildings, 2nd Edition, AISC, Chicago, 1994, p.1-5,1-6, 5-177. Manual of Steel Construction: Volume II Connections, ASD/LRFD, First ed., AISC, Chicago, 1992, p.2-19 to 22, p. 4-10 and 11, p. 4-16.
Preece, F. Robert and Collin, Alvaro L., "Structural Steel Construction in the '90s," Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Education Council, Walnut Creek, September 1991, p. 14. Blodgett, Omer W., "Design of Welded Structures," The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Cleveland, June 1966, p.5.1-8; p.5.7-1 and 2. "Steel Moment Frame Advisory No. 3," SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, 1995, p. C-33 to 36, p, D-154. "Steel Construction Update: Successful Test of Welded Steel Beam - Column Moment Connection," Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc., Structural Engineers, San Francisco, August 1995. Putkey, James J., "Common Steel Erection Problems and Suggested Solutions", Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, December 1993, p. 33.

10.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

17

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Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

18

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EXHIBIT 2

Welded M o m e n t Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

19

LBL HUMAN GENOME STEEL JOINT TEST

LAB

/ 24"

FLAME CUT COVER PLATE AND GRIND SMOOTH 1" NO WELD TYP. EA. END

~.~.~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ NO WELD~ AT RLLET

.
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NO WELD

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C.J.P. REMOVE BACK-UP BAR AFTER ROOT IS CLEANED AND INSPECTED, TYP. T & B

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~" W30x99 (A36)

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-.4"x3/8" BAR AT ~ OF COL. (REMOVE BAR AFTER STEEL ERECTION IS COMPLETED) 2 ERECTION BOLTS- ~

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NOTE: ALL WELDS SHALL BE "SR" WELDS - SEE SPECIRCATIONS.

SHOP WELD C. J. P. REMOVE BACK-UP BAR

Figure 6 JOINT DETAIL

EXHIBIT 3

Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc. Morch 24, 1995

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

20

The Test
A beam and column sub-structure assembly was fabricated into a "T" configuration, shown in the photo below, to mimic the actual configuration found in the building. Laid fiat on the testing floor, the column was restrained and a 150,000 pound hydraulic actuator drove the free end of the beam back and forth over a plus and minus 5 inch range. Both specimens survived this test regime with the expected yielding occurring in the beam and virtually no signs of distress or fatigue visible or detected in the connection region. Specimen 2 was tested with a pre-existing crack in the column flange, and was successfully cycled I0 times over the 5 inch range, indicating that the connection also provides good protection of the column as well as the welded joint region. The detailed study and test program, completed at a cost of $60,000, is reported in a paper entitled "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Steel Joint Test Technical Brief' available from Forell/Elsesser Engineers upon request.

150

LBNL STEEL JOINT TEST SPECIMEN NO. 2

100

50

-50

I
-

--

--i~
1

-150 -0.04

-0.02

~ 0

, 0.02

0.04

PLASTIC ROTATION(RADIAN)

EXHIBIT 4
Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

21

About the Authors

Alvaro L. Collin was a Consulting Engineer with California registration in Civil Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering. He received a BS degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1941 as a Civil Engineering major and a Mechanical Engineering minor. He spent 24 years with Kaiser Steel Corporation as Manager of Engineering of the Fabrication Division, Southern California, and as Senior Development Engineer, Steel manufacturing Division, Oakland, CA. For the past 18 years he consulted on welded construction, heavy equipment design and material handling systems. Mr. Collin is a life member of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California. He was a member of the Board of Directors and the Steel and Seismic committees of SEAONC. He was a long-time member of the American Welding Society, having served on the National Board of Directors, on the National Qualification and Certification Committee, and as chairman to the Los Angeles and San Francisco sections. AI was awarded the National, District and Section Meritorious Awards of AWS. He served on AISC and AISI Code Committee Task Groups, the SAC Joint Venture Task Group, and was a member of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

Mr. Collin died during the development of this Steel TIPS. He was able to review the general outline, detailed outline, the first draft, and all concepts presented in the text.

James J. Putkey is a consulting civil engineer in Moraga, California. He received a BCE degree from the University of Santa Clara in 1954. After two years in the U.S. Army, 19 years with the Erection Department of Bethlehem Steel Corporation--Pacific Coast Division, and seven years with the University of California--Office of the President, he started his own consulting business. He has provided consulting services to owners, contractors, attorneys, and steel erectors for the past 18 years. Mr. Putkey is now "Semi-Retired." However, he still serves as a hearing officer for the University of California-Office of the President, and occasionally writes construction related articles.

Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, A.L. Collin and J.J. Putkey, Steel TIPS, October 1999

22

STRUCTURAL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

P.O. Box 6190 Moraga, CA 94570 (925) 253-9338 Fred Boettler, Administrator

SPONSORS

Adams & Smith Allied Steel Co., Inc. Bannister Steel, Inc. Baresel Colrp. Bethlehem Steel Corporation C.A. Buchen Corporation Butler Manufacturing Co. G.M. Iron Works Co. The Herrick Corporation

Hoertig Iron Works Hogan Mfg., Inc. Junior Steel Co. Lee & Daniel McLean Steel, Inc. Martin Iron Works, Inc. MidWest Steel Erection Nelson Stud Welding Co. Oregon Steel Mills

PDM Strocal, Inc. Reno Iron Works H.H. Robertson Co. SME Industries Southland Iron Works Stockton Steel Verco Manufacturing, Inc. Vulcraft Sales Corp.

The local structural steel industry (above sponsors) stands ready to assist you in determining the most economical solution for your products. Our assistance can range from budget prices and estimated tonnage to cost comparisons, fabrication details and delivery schedules.

Funding for this publication provided by the California Iron Workers Administrative Trust.