1.

Differentiate carnot cycle and rankine cycle. i. ii. Show T-s Diagram Explain the process.

Ts diagram of a typical Rankine cycle operating between pressures of 0.06bar and 50bar There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, each changing the state of the working fluid.These states are identified by number in the diagram to the right. Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy. Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant pressure and temperature to become a saturated liquid.

2. Advantages of using superheated steam as compared to dry saturated steam. Advantages of Superheated Steam 1. At a given pressure, its capacity to do the work will be comparatively higher. 2. It improves the thermal efficiency of boilers and prime movers 3. It is economical and prevents condensation in case of Steam turbines Super Saturated Steam The steam having lesser temperature and greater density with respect to the steam table values for a particular saturation pressure is called super saturated steam. This condition is obtained when it is cooled by its own expansion in a nozzle. But it is very unstable and the steam soon resumes the saturated condition.

3. Explain the Operation of the superheated rankine cycle. Rankine cycle with superheat In a real Rankine cycle, the compression by the pump and the expansion in the turbine are not isentropic. In other words, these processes are non-reversible and entropy is increased during the two processes. This somewhat increases the power required by the pump and decreases the power generated by the turbine. In particular the efficiency of the steam turbine will be limited by water droplet formation. As the water condenses, water droplets hit the turbine blades at high speed causing pitting and erosion, gradually decreasing the life of turbine blades and efficiency of the turbine. The easiest way to overcome this problem is by superheating the steam. On the Ts diagram above, state 3 is above a two phase region of steam and water so after expansion the steam will be very wet. By superheating, state 3 will move to the right of the diagram and hence produce a dryer steam after expansion.

4. Advantages of using reheat cycle in steam power plants. Pulp mill reheat recovery steam cycles Increasing the electrical steam generating potential of a pulp mill from the current state-of-the-art will require

implementing a utility boiler reheat cycle and a pulp mill

steam cycle. Since most of the process steam produced at most kraft mills is generated from the recovery boiler it is impractical to use high pressure reheat cycles for the power boilers only. The recovery boiler will be required to provide high pressure steam for a reheat cycle. Advancements in turbine designs now allow smaller turbines typically seen at a pulp mill to operate efficiently at the higher pressures. Utilities have operated much larger steam turbines than pulp mills. The larger turbines reduce the impact of steam bypass of the turbine blades as a percentage of the total steam flow. Until recently, small, very high pressure turbines were impractical due to the high percentage of bypass of the turbine blades. The lower furnace of a recovery boiler is susceptible to corrosion due to high temperature sulfur attack. High tube metal temperatures resulting from higher operating pressure increase the rate of corrosion. Figure 8 shows the impact of higher operating pressures on carbon steel tube corrosion rates. Water leaks that contact the hot smelt bed on the floor of a recovery boiler can cause a smelt-water explosion Reheat recovery boiler design B&W PGGs new reheat recovery boiler has been designed as a combination of a classic recovery boiler and a classic subcritical utility boiler. Figure 13 shows a conceptual arrangement of the reheat recovery boiler. Features are summarized in the following sections.

POLITEKNIK TUANKU SYED SIRAJUDDIN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TERMODINAMIK 2 ( J5106 ) ASSIGNMENT 1 PKM 6

BASIR BIN MAMAT 18PKM10F2039 ROHAIZAD BIN AB RASHID 18PKM10F2037 NIK MOHD MUSTAQIM BIN NIK ZUBE R 18PKM10F2038 LUCTURER : EN MOHD ZULFABLI BIN HASAN TARIKH

: 22/07/2011