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Figure 3.1 The ideal diode: (a) diode circuit symbol; (b) iv characteristic; (c) equivalent circuit in the reverse direction; (d) equivalent circuit in the forward direction.
Diodo Ideal
Tenso de sada:
Figure 3.3 (a) Rectifier circuit. (b) Input waveform. (c) Equivalent circuit when vI 0. (d) Equivalent circuit when vI (e) Output waveform.
0.
Diodo Ideal
Funo de transferncia:
Tenso no diodo:
Diodo Ideal
Exemplo:
Diodo Ideal
Portas Lgicas:
Figure 3.5 Diode logic gates: (a) OR gate; (b) AND gate (in a positive-logic system).
i = I s e v / nVT 1
Figure 3.8 The diode iv relationship with some scales expanded and others compressed in order to reveal details.
i = I s e v / nVT 1
Is: corrente de saturao: VT: tenso trmica:
VT = kT q
10 15 A
k= 1.38 10 23 J/K: const. Boltzmann T: temperatura em Kelvin q: carga do eltron n: depende da estrutura fsica do diodo: 1<n<2 n 1 para circuitos integrados n 2 para componentes discretos
i = I s e v / nVT 1
Regio de Polarizao Direta Regio de Polarizao Reversa Regio de Ruptura
i I s e v / nVT
i I s
Se VZ< 5V: Ruptura Zener O campo eltrico reverso quebra ligaes covalentes, formando a corrente reversa. Se VZ>7V: Efeito Avalanche Portadores minoritrios colidem com tomos quebrando ligaes covalentes. O processo se repete provocando o efeito avalanche.
Figure 3.9 Illustrating the temperature dependence of the diode forward characteristic. At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases by approximately 2 mV for every 1C increase in temperature.
Figure 3.39 Simplified physical structure of the junction diode. (Actual geometries are given in Appendix A.)
n = p = ni ni2 = BT 3e EG / kT
B = 5.4 1031 ( silicio) T : temp. Kelvin EG = 1.12 eV ( silicio) k = 8.62 10 5 eV / K = 1.38 10 23 J / K (const. Boltzman)
T = 300 K ni = 1.5 1010 port. / cm3
Figure 3.40 Two-dimensional representation of the silicon crystal. The circles represent the inner core of silicon atoms, with +4 indicating its positive charge of +4q, which is neutralized by the charge of the four valence electrons. Observe how the covalent bonds are formed by sharing of the valence electrons. At 0 K, all bonds are intact and no free electrons are available for current conduction.
Correntes de Difuso: fluxo de portadores de uma regio de maior concentrao para uma de menor concentrao.
dp dx dn J n = qDn dx J p = qD p
Dp
= VT =
kT q
Figure 3.43 A silicon crystal doped by a pentavalent element. Each dopant atom donates a free electron and is thus called a donor. The doped semiconductor becomes n type.
p po N A n po p po = ni2 n po = ni2 NA
Figure 3.44 A silicon crystal doped with a trivalent impurity. Each dopant atom gives rise to a hole, and the semiconductor becomes p type.
Barreira de potencial:
N N Vo = VT ln A 2 D n i
Silcio: 0.6-0.8 V
Figure 3.45 (a) The pn junction with no applied voltage (open-circuited terminals). (b) The potential distribution along an axis perpendicular to the junction.
Figure 3.46 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source I in the reverse direction. To avoid breakdown, I is kept smaller than IS. Note that the depletion layer widens and the barrier voltage increases by VR volts, which appears between the terminals as a reverse voltage.
i = I s e v /VT 1
Figure 3.49 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source supplying a current I in the forward direction. The depletion layer narrows and the barrier voltage decreases by V volts, which appears as an external voltage in the forward direction.
Figure 3.50 Minority-carrier distribution in a forward-biased pn junction. It is assumed that the p region is more heavily doped than the n region; NA @ ND.
pn ( xn ) = pno eV / VT
( x xn ) / L p
pn ( x) = pno + [ pn ( xn ) pno ]e
J p = qD p
dp qD p [ pn ( xn ) pno ]e ( x xn ) / L p = dx Lp qD p Lp pno eV / VT 1 e
Jp =
( x xn ) / L p
Jp =
qD p Lp
pno eV /VT 1
Corrente total:
I = (J p + J n )A
qD p qD I = A pno + n n po eV / VT 1 L Ln p
]
Dp Dn V / VT e I = Aqni2 1 + L N p D Ln N A
pno =
ni2 ND
n po =
ni2 NA
Dp Dn V / VT e I = Aqni2 1 + L N p D Ln N A
Dp Dn I s = Aqni2 + L N p D Ln N A
I = I s eV / VT 1
I = I s eV / nVT 1
2. Soluo grfica
circuito equivalente:
Diodos Zener
Circuitos Retificadores
Sada:
Sada:
Retificador em Ponte
Sada:
Circuitos Limitadores
Circuitos Limitadores
Circuitos Limitadores
Exemplo:
Grampeador ou Restaurador de CC
Sada:
Dobrador de Tenso
Sada: