CONSERVATION OF SUBURBAN CONCRETE BUILDINGS

Jukka Lahdensivu, Research Scientist Saija Varjonen, Researcher Jussi Mattila, Senior Research Scientist Tampere University of Technology, Finland

Guimares, Portugal 21-23 July 2010

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Contents

Introduction Deterioration of concrete buildings Condition investigation

Prerequisites of conservation
Conclusions

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Introduction
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Corviale Rome Italy

Frlunda Gteborg Sweden

Lasname Tallinn, Estonia

Hervanta Tampere, Finland

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Introduction

In Europe there is a huge mass of suburban concrete buildings. In Finland there is about 5,2 million inhabitants most of the buildings built after 1960s, mostly in suburban areas about 44 million m2 concrete facades and almost a million balconies > 70 % of whole building stock remarkable deterioration in those concrete structures after short service life

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings corrosion of reinforcement

Reasons for damage: Chloride contamination Carbonation of concrete together with small cover depths

Visually seen corrosion damage in 59 % of existing concrete facades and balconies.

Most of them only local. Corrosion induced due carbonation of concrete. No chlorides in concrete (only 4 cases out of 950).
CO2 Carbonation front

pH ~ 13 pH ~ 8

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings

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Cover depths of steelbars, Balcony frame Single measurements 32 676 piece from 653 buildings 25 20 15 10 5 0
04 59 10 -1 4 15 -1 9 20 -2 4 25 -2 9 30 -3 4 35 -3 9 40 -4 4 45 -4 9 >5 0

Share [%]

Cover depth [mm]

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings

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Betonin karbonatisoitumissyvyys Carbonation depth of concrete Two most common deterioration mechanisms are:
25
Karbonatisoitumissyvyys [mm] Carbonation depth [mm]

erittin hidas, < 1,01,0 Very slow, k k < hidas, k < 1,8 Slow, k < Average, k < 2,4 keskimrinen, k < 2,4
Fast, k 3,2 nopea, k <<3,2

Corrosion of reinforcement Frost damage in concrete

1980

Other deterioration mechanisms are: 20

15

1970

10 10

Malfunction in the 1990 moisture behaviour of 1996 structures Delamination of ceramic tiles Degradation of coatings Deformation and cracking Reduced bearing capacity of structural members or weakening of fixings or ties.
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 3 5 7 9

0
1

Time after buildings completion [a]

Aika valmistumisesta [a]

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings disintegration of concrete Frost damage Formation of late ettringite Alkali-aggregate reaction

Frost resistant of concrete. Protective pore coefficient = amount of air-filled voids in concrete, which can not be fulfilled with capillary water
Air-filled void Capillary void

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings disintegration of concrete

Frost resistant of concrete. Protective pore coefficient = amount of air-filled voids in concrete, which can not be fulfilled with capillary water, should be 0.20 If protective pore coefficient is < 0,10, concrete is totally out of frost resistance

Protective pore coefficient in concrete balconies, n=1905 samples

Protective pore coefficient according to completion year, n= 634 samples

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings disintegration of concrete

Protective pore coefficient inpintaisissa elementeiss Suojahuokossuhde eri different concrete facades, n=2267 samples
<0,1 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0%
Pesubetoni (n=573) Harjattu, maalattu Klinkkeripintainen (n=875) (n=188) Muottipintainen, maalaamaton (n=109) Muottipintainen, maalattu (n=239) Tiililaattapintainen (n=243) Valkobetoni (n=40)

0,1-0,15

0,15-0,2

0,2

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings other deterioration mechanisms

Other deterioration mechanisms are: Malfunction in the moisture behaviour of structures Malfunction of elastic sealants Degradation of coatings Deformation and cracking Reduced bearing capacity of structural members or weakening of fixings or ties.

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Deterioration of concrete buildings deterioration rate

Rate of deterioration depends on material factors structures and details used labour work outdoor climate, mostly moisture of structure

In many cases real service life has been very short, only 10 to 20 years.

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Condition investigation

OBJECT: - Existence - Extent - Degree - Reasons - Impact - Rate of Progress in the Future

CONCLUSIONS:
functioning and condition remaining service life

safety
repair needs

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Condition investigation

EXAMINATION OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS

VISUAL INSPECTION

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS LABORATORY TESTS

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Prerequisites of conservation

What are the demands for aesthetic of facades authenticity of original surface durability of patch repair economical issues

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Prerequisites of conservation

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Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Prerequisites of conservation

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Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Prerequisites of conservation

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Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Conclusions

All suburban concrete buildings must not be conserved, in Europe there is a huge mass of them. Repair need and technical possibilities for conservation can be determined by systematic condition investigation.

From technical point of view, the best ones (no damage present or expected) should be selected.
From cultural point of view, the question of conservation is more complex and must be solved separately in each case.

Conservation of suburban concrete buildings J. Lahdensivu, S. Varjonen & J. Mattila

Thank you for your attention. jukka.lahdensivu@tut.fi