Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

S3-10: IEC 61850 influencing the design of secondary systems

IEC 61850: the impact on protection testing T. SCHOSSIG OMICRON Electronics GmbH Austria thomas.schossig@omicron.at

KEYWORDS IEC 61850, protection testing, IED testing

INTRODUCTION IEC 61850 [1], the standard for communication networks in substations, is the flexible and future proof solution for substation automation and protection systems. The standard became prevalent at all over the world in all voltage levels and users in the utilities are gathering their experiences. This paper describes expectations and experiences, and focuses especially on testing issues. IEC 61850 influences the design of secondary systems essentially. How to test a substation automation system which is based on networks? Does the relay engineer of the future need knowledge of the inner life of networks? What are the tasks of a protection engineer of the future, in a world of interoperability and self describing Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)? This paper mentions educational requirements and mental abilities which should be educated. With IEC 61850, several services and kinds of communication were introduced. The standard describes a lot of abstract services (Abstract Communication Services Interface ACSI) and how to map them to the substation network with special services (Specific Communication Services Mapping SCSM). This can be used in a conventional client-server communication. On the other side a real-time communication for the fast transmission of information is defined. For the fast transmission, the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) allows the fast interbay and interdevice communication and can be used for blocking and tripping as well. This paper describes the GOOSE as defined in IEC 61850-7-2 and IEC 61850-8-1 in detail and explains the requirements for the performance as defined in the standard. Measuring possibilities and the impact on testing of protection schemes are described and highlighted with practical experiences. This paper analyzes testing issues and describes the strategy for performance testing and the analysis of measuring results. The impact of the usage of GOOSE for protection purposes in several voltage levels and the restrictions with current devices and future developments are discussed in detail. Some testing aspects are considered in the standard, some aspects are still under consideration. This paper shows the current discussion and presents approaches. In addition to the GOOSE IEC 61850-9-2 describes sampled values to transmit analogues over a substation network. This paper implies the impact of this technology for operation and testing in a general manner and outlines the state of the art. 1

Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

TESTING PREDICATIONS IN THE STANDARD To describe conformance testing in a communication standard is a big merit of IEC 61850 part 10 [2]. The document methods and abstract test cases for conformance testing of devices used in substation automation systems (SAS) and the metrics to be measured within devices according to the requirements defined. The methods described guarantee conformance to the issues defined in the standard but are not useable for testing on site during commissioning or maintaining. A properly passed conformance test ensures compliance with the standard and allows interoperability with other certified IEDs in the SAS. Conformance testing is not the scope of this paper; all IEDs described are considered as compliant. Nevertheless the standard covers testing issues in any case. All requirements for communication equipment in substations are defined in IEC 61850-5 [3], performance requirements included. Hence IEC 61850 explains a "transfer time" as the sum of individual time of communication processors and network transfer time including waiting time and time delays in network equipment. This shall be tested during site-acceptance-test and will be explained in the chapter "Performance Testing". IEC 61850-7-3 [4]describes an additional quality identifier that may be used to classify a value being a test value and not to be used for operational purposes. This boolean indicator will be used for GOOSEs too [5]. IMPACT OF ENGINEERING More than just defining a set of services and communication protocols IEC 61850 also specifies a common, vendor independent engineering concept. The concept uses configuration information in a standardized file format (Substation Configuration Language SCL IEC 61850-6 [6] ) as explained in Figure 1. A system specification tool specifies (optional) the single line diagram of the station and the required logical nodes in a file with the extension SSD (System Specification Description). The knowledge of the capabilities of the used IEDs in a substation is necessary for the system configurator, a tool that sets up the configuration of the communicational setup of the SAS. The capabilities are described in the ICD-files (IED Capability Description). The output of the system configurator is the Substation Configuration Description (SCD). This file provides information regarding all IEDs; they can be set up with CID files (Configured IED Description). Nevertheless the SCD-file is the base for setting up of test sets and essential for testing in a substation.

Figure 1 Engineering concept

Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

DATA MODEL AND SERVICES One of the new concepts of IEC 61850 is the segregation from application and transport. The application is the data model of the substation; it consists of logical devices and logical nodes [7]. These logical nodes contain in data attributes and data objects information; for instance contains a logical node PTRC (Protection Trip Conditioning) the general trip of a protection device. After modeling the next step is the definition of services. Possible services (as get, set, report, control.) are defined in part 7-2- of the standard [8] in an abstract manner (ACSI Abstract Communication Service Interface). A specific mapping (SCSM Specific Communication Service Mapping) maps the services to an existing communication technology as defined in part 8-1 [5] using ethernet . The correct application of these services has to be tested and should be described in the next paragraphs. GOOSE IEC 61850 provides two kinds of real time communication. For the fast transmission of events in a substation the GSE (Generic Substation Event) was introduced. IEC 61850-8-1 [5]describes two kinds of GSE, the "old" GSSE (Generic Substation State Event, UCAGOOSE") and the new flexible GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event). Every GOOSE transmits the information of a dataset. A dataset refers to information stored in the logical nodes. The data in a GOOSE are not only sent out after a data change, they are sent out with a repetition strategy and as an unconfirmed multicast (Figure 2). Currently GOOSEs are often used for: Interlockings Reverse blockings The use of GOOSE for tripping of a circuit breaker was shown in demonstrations and prototypes. Practical experiences with a reverse blocking busbar protection using GOOSE is described in [9].

Figure 2 GOOSE data and dataset

Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

SAMPLED VALUES IEC 61850 specifies, as a second possibility of real-time communication, the transmission of instantaneous values (for instance of voltages and currents) from a power system. The measuring values are stored in two logical nodes from the instrument transformers groupTCTR and TVTR- for the currents/voltages with one instance per phase. These data are called Sampled Values and defined in part 9 of the standard. IEC 61850-9-2 [10] describes the transmission as a multicast on the Ethernet. The standard does not focus on any measuring method or sensor-technology; it just describes the information sent out of a "merging unit". To allow an easier implementation a guideline "IEC 61850-9-2LE" was published by UCA [11]. This guideline describes a special profile of IEC 61850-9-2 with a fixed dataset and a fixed sampling rate. IEDs and test sets using IEC 61850-9-2LE are already available. For testing of SAS according to IEC 61850-9-2 the test set should be able to record the sampled values sent out by the IED ("subscribe") and send them for testing purposes ("publish"). A conversion to primaries facilitates the usage for simulation and testing. CLIENT/SERVER (SCADA) The IEDs in a substation (relays, RTUs) are working as a server because they send out data unsolicited to a client (e.g. HMI). These data had been never exchanged with other peer devices on bay level and were commonly not available for testing in the past. With IEC 61850 these data are all served in a standardized way. A test client (realized for instance as a software) has full access to data model and can for instance visualize the data attributes of a data attribute (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Datamodel virtualized in a client-software

NETWORKS Networks became an essential part of the protection system and SAS with IEC 61850. Architecture, bandwidth, behavior in faulty states have to be defined and estimated during put into operation. Tests have to be performed are: network traffic including VLAN tags acc. to [12] rapid reconfiguration (Rapid Spanning Tree RSTP) acc. to [13] Accessibility of all IEDs

Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

PERFORMANCE TESTING The standard defines in part 5 [3] different performance classes for protection/control and metering. The performance classes for protection (P) are as follows: P1 for distribution bays P2 for transmission bays P3 for top performance transmission bays The allowed "overall transfer time" is defined in the standard and allows for different kind of messages different times: Type 1A (trip) 10 ms (P1) or 3 ms (P2/3) Type 1B (other fast messages) 100 ms (P1) or 20 ms (P2/3) Type 2 (medium speed) < 100 ms Type 3 (low speed) < 500 ms The other types (type 47) should not be covered. If the requirements for transmission of GOOSE are defined in the standard, they have to be tested during commissioning and maintenance. If the GOOSE is used for protection or protection related functions (e.g. trip, reverse blocking) the time between the occurrence of an event (analog shot) and the reaction of the IED (sending out the tripping GOOSE) has to be measured. The application of test equipment that "maps" a subscribed GOOSE to a binary input of a test set and that maps the published GOOSE to a binary output of the test set allows the usage of approved test templates in an IEC-61850-compliant SAS too. The usage of SCD-files for setup of a test set is recommended. Measured times are shown in Table 1. IED Measured Time Established, IEC 61850 added (2340) ms Established, IEC 61850 optimized 13 ms New developed with IEC 61850 < 3ms New developed, optimized for IEC 61850 (0,20,8) ms
Table 1: Measured Times for GOOSEs in a SAS

As already mentioned modern switches allow the prioritization of real time signals with VLAN-tags acc. to [12]. To check the correct behavior the simulation of GOOSEs with different priorities is necessary (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Simulated GOOSEs with different priorities

Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern Power Systems (Cheboksary, September 9-13, 2007)

EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS IEC 61850 is a huge standard with a lot of new terms and abbreviations. When the network became an essential part of a SAS or protection system knowledge of communication and networking is necessary. It is not necessary to understand every detail of LAN-technology to work with IEC 61850. Modern tools allow an easier analysis of networks than in the past, nevertheless basic knowledge is crucial. The standard supports the user in different manners. Interoperability (not interchangeability (!)) is possible but requires knowledge of the data model of the used IED and the services supported. Only practical experiences encourage to a comprehension of a new technology. CONCLUSIONS IEC 61850 changes the world of protection testing dramatically. New approaches like GOOSE and Sampled Values require new testing mechanism and products. The network becomes a part of the SAS. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Thomas Schossig (IEEE) was born Gotha, Germany, in 1970. He received his diploma (master degree) in Electrical Engineering at the Technical University of Ilmenau (Germany) in 1998. He worked as a project engineer for control systems and as a team leader for protective relaying at VA TECH SAT in Germany from 1998 until 2005. Now he is working as a product manager for substation communication products at OMICRON electronics in Austria since the beginning of 2006. REFERENCES [1] IEC 61850-1:2003 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Introduction and
Overview

[2] IEC 61850-10:2005 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Conformance Testing. [3] IEC 61850-5:2003 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Communication
requirements for functions and device models

[4] IEC 61850-7-3:2003 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Basic communication
structure for substation and feeder equipment - Common data classes

[5] IEC 61850-8-1:2004 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Specific

Communication Service Mapping (SCSM) - Mappings to MMS (ISO/IEC 9506 Part 1 and Part 2)

[6] IEC 61850-6:2004 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Configuration description language for communication in electrical substations related to IEDs Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Basic Communication Structure for Substation and Feeder Equipment- Compatible Logical Nodes Classes Introduction and Overview [8] IEC 61850-7-2:2003 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations in substations; Basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment Abstract communication service interface (ACSI) [9] Schossig, T.; Wild, R.: TIWAG Austria/ ASST Pfunds/Hinterrauth Experiences in Testing GOOSEs. Substation Automation and Protection Systems Conference 2006 Amsterdam [10] IEC 61850-9-2:2004 Communication Networks and Systems in Substations; Specific Communication Service Mapping (SCSM)- Sampled Values over ISO/EC 8803-3 [11] UCA: Implementation Guideline For Digital Interface to Instrument Transformers Using IEC 61850-9-2 [12] IEEE 802.1q:2003 Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks [13] IEEE 802.1w:1998 Rapid Reconfiguration of Spanning Tree

[7] IEC 61850-7-4:2003