Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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In today’s globalising world, does religion define the individual,
idea that the theory has no real foundation and looks at the
responsible their beginnings and how this bodes for the evolution of
role of religion in social change and religious politics and how this
contexts.
2
Economics and Commodity looks at the issue of economics and
role of figures within the media industries and how they influence
run hand in hand with a decreasing need for religion, the growth in
3
Articles and Texas Islam, 10 April 2004, TV). Additionally there are
paradigm shift had allowed some of the haredim to move out from a
his followers evolved the view that even secular elements of the
4
political power, India for example. For some Western observers the
held not by any one religious tradition but that there should be a
ideal was the paradigm most suited to the divisive issue of India’s
India today both influences are still felt and though this is
In the UK the fastest rise for one A level examination category has
out by the BBC’s research which pointed to that fact that when
asked about God the figures for belief were low but when asked
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about other forms of spirituality the figures indicated that some sort
individual.
or otherwise.
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07.02.04, Newspaper Articles), and Islam on both Christianity and
who ‘founded’ the worlds major religious traditions still hold sway
perpetuity.
Politics
(Wurst, Internet, accessed 18.03.04) agree. The fact that this may
process.
7
For religious traditions political expediency can sometimes outweigh
political authority resided with the Caliphate until the demise of the
Yet the Church still plays an important part in social justice since its
Nahdlatul Ulama’ in Ramage, pages 45-74), and has found it’s voice
apparent with the influence of the still extant manifest destiny of the
USA and what may eventually prove to be the failure of the re-
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emergent US green belt policy towards Islam with a back lash
throughout the Arabic world, the ‘failure’ of Islam in the face of the
defeat of the Arabs in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, historical green belt
between Hinduism and Islam in South Asia, Ambedkar and the mass
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The list goes on and on and without a doubt the influence of religion
seems therefore to have been born out of political necessity and that
Jurisprudence
Faquih; Ayatollah Khomeini was the first, and self appointed. The
10
From a Sunni perspective the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence
or Holy See, who, combined with the Roman Curia form the legally
hold for all Roman Catholics. In this case an individual, the Pope,
Catholicism.
11
Ethnic and Cultural Identity
of, their sense of identity, the interaction between Islam and politics
and social change have never been more apparent, in both global
and regional context. Yet for Muslims the evolution, adaptation and
local politics and social change are intrinsically tied in with their
and at the same time with their regional and local national, ethnic
12
Religions are influencing individuals in the West with increasing
Articles).
Not only does diversity exist between faiths but within faiths and this
The USA has its own share of religious-ethnic issues amongst which
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basis upon which has been built a mixture of radical Islam and the
http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/gandhara.html, Internet,
the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (Jyoti, 2002, pg. 144),
suckling her son Horus which emerge as the Virgin Mary and the
baby Jesus (Zabern, 1999, pg. 56), and last but definitely not least,
1996).
14
If the previous evidence is anything to go by it would seem that
founded.
to fit in with the assertions made by the rational choice theorists that
the ideal of the protestant work ethic and global capital, the new
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capitalist uses of new age and spiritual management disciplines
aspirations.
both those within the tradition from whence the decree came and
that hairpieces from India were not considered kosher and their
which has devastated the Jewish wig industry worldwide upon which
all practising Jewish women rely; and historically in Iran with the
Islamic Coca Cola has been produced to compete with the original
and the USA in particular (Everyman, 2004, TV) and there are more
Articles).
Spiritual tourism is on the increase with pilgrims from all over the
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Dharamsala for Buddhists, Varanassi and the Kumbh Mela for those
and Vatican City for Catholic Christians, Puttaparthi for Sai Baba
devotees, and so on. It’s not until one delves into the issue that a
extension community (in this case the gay and lesbian identified
Anglican community), and religion and how this process can begin
to define the evolution, adaptation and change that can occur within
authorities in the Far East, Latin America and Africa lining up against
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church (Lloyd and Bowley, 13.09.03, Newspaper Articles).
18
movement perhaps and one which has influenced the emergence of
(see Thompson, 1995 and 1987; Hopcke, 1989; and Johnson 2000).
with the traditional lands associated with the origins of some of the
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irresponsibility to their religious responsibilities and by extension the
the consequence of which has been the ability to elicit and engage
religion.
Islam (van Reenen, et al, 1996). Pre Islamic cultural values also
The Bugis for instance have five genders, women and men who are
gender, men who are attracted to their own gender and a male
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reinterpretation and representation of the fundamentals tenets of
21
Richard Gere Internet,
Richard
Gere
Productions,
Everyman
(2004) TV
John Cleese Cinema and TV Buddhism Cherniak
and Joanna (2001) DVD
Lumley
Lynne Franks Fashion and Buddhism Franks
couture (1998)
Mel Gibson Cinema Christianity Glaister,
20.02.04,
Newspaper
Articles
John Travolta, Cinema Scientology Coffey,
Kirstie Ally and 18.02.04,
Tom Cruise Newspaper
Articles
stated that Pullman was not anti Christian but anti Clerical (Drake,
2003, in Interviews)).
22
Newspaper
Articles
USA the Christian Right are doing their best to censor what can and
It is not just cinema, theatre and television that are involved in the
Hindu Right’ (Gupta, 2002, pg. 4). This can be used not only to
23
manipulate communal violence in India. In post Mughal and post
2003, pgs. 17-19) and the St. Mungo Museum of Religious Life and
Art (Bowman, et al, 2003, pgs. 34-38 and AD317 Video 1 Band 1).
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imagery, it still remains a concern as to how the world of Islam is
Buddha (Armstrong, 2002), was listed on the New York Times Best
books for the spiritual seeker such as The Spiritual Tourist (Brown,
(Macdonald, 2004), the Empire of the Soul (Roberts, 1994) and The
the simple fact that it is there would tend to indicate the influence of
25
globalisation (selling products) or as a way of promoting and
Conclusion
The question was ‘In today’s globalising world, does religion define
sources of authority
26
4) Undoubtedly prominent individuals also have an influence on
media
27
Emic
perspective
Paganism
The past
Wicca
(Tradition &
Theosophy
Continuity,
Shamanism
Core beliefs &
‘NRMs’
principles)
Privatisation
of religion Hermeneutical
Lens of the
Victorian Cross
Fin de siècle Over
Interpretative
Pluralism, between
hermeneutical
Religious science
lens
Democratic and
(Adaptation &
Secularization Etic perspective religion
Change)
Sources of Modernity
authority Reinterpretation Science
(Text, Orthodoxy
Orthopraxis
Jurisprudence)
Politics)
Belief
Identity
Opt out from
Representation Culture
Institutional
(Text, Media, Popular Culture
Religion
Internet, Images, Adaptation
Film, Political, Change
Popular Culture, Politics
Popular Media Traditions
figures) Scholars
Language
Experience
Community
(Culture, Religion,
Identity, Regional,
Individual
Transnational,
(Identity)
Global)
Atheistic
secularization
Modernity
Globalisation
Technology
Science
Secularization Belief
Identity
Social Change Culture
Pluralism & Diversity Civil Religion
Adaptation
Human Rights Change
Feminism Politics
Traditions
Liberalism Scholars
Ecology Language
Post Communist Experience
Post Colonial
Human Rights Diagram 1: Flow Chart: Religion, Modernity and
Democracy Change
28
Bibliography
University Press, p. 57
Brown, D. (1994) The State and Ethnic Politics in South East Asia,
London: Routeledge
29
Brown, D. (1994) ‘Ethnicity and the State’, in The State and Ethnic
pp. 66-111
Cole, J. (2002) Sacred Space and Holy War – The Politics, Culture
and History of Shiite Islam, London & New York: I.B. Taurus
Sacred Space and Holy War – The Politics, Culture and History of
Shiite Islam, London & New York: I.B. Taurus, pp. 189-211
30
Cole, J. (2002) ‘Sacred Space and Holy War: The Issue of Jihad’, in
Cole, J. (2002) Sacred Space and Holy War – The Politics, Culture
and History of Shiite Islam, London & New York: I.B. Taurus, pp.
161-172
Faith
Gardell, M. (2002) ‘Behold I make all things new! Black Militant Islam
31
Gupta, C. (2002), Sexuality, Obscenity, and Community: Women,
York/Basingstoke: Palgrave
Shaftesbury: Shambhala
Alyson Books
32
Losada, I. (2001) The Battersea Park Road to Enlightenment,
HarperCollins
33
Richard Gere Productions, (17 June 2003), Sacred Music Sacred
York: Palgrave
34
Thompson, M (1987) Gay Spirit: Myth and Meaning, New York: St.
Martin’s Press
Thompson, M (1995) Gay Soul: Finding the Heart of Gay Spirit and
Co. Ltd.
35
Woodhead, L. (ed.) and Heelas, P. (ed.) (2000) Religion in Modern
Blackwell Publishers
DVD
His Highness the Dalai Lama at the Barbican, July 1996, Burlington,
36
Internet
(http://homepages.wmich.edu/~malspect/Empiricism%20Naturalized.
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3577342.stm
2004)
(http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/users/sawweb/sawnet/news/fire.html
(http://www.israel21c.org/bin/en.jsp?enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay
=view&enDispWhat=object&enDispWho=Articles^l780&enZone=Cul
37
(http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/gandhara.html, accessed 1
October 2004)
(http://www.purifymind.com/HarrisonFord.htm, accessed 29
September 2004)
Religion, UN Wire
(http://www.emjournal.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/aamarch024.html -
Interviews
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Lectures
Gallery
Newspaper Articles
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Choudhari, H. (2004) ‘Question of Identity: Who is responsible for
7 April, p. 10
Coffey, R. (2004) ‘It Worked for Travolta. Would it Work for Me’, The
February, p. 11
p. 19
Fraser, Dr. G. (2004) ‘Crucified by empire: The blood libel that ‘the
February
40
Halevi, R. K. (2004) ‘How Hollywood is falling for the Kabbalah
Standard, 23 September, p. 24
Magazine,13 September, p. 9
Observer, 19 September, p. 16
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Ramesh, R. (2004) ‘Another Rewrite for India’s History Books’, The
Guardian, 26 June, p. 17
TV
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Video
University
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