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It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,077 km) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 50 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthanto the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mohandas Gandhi, considered India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule.
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Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India. growing economy in India.
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It is also one of the most industrialized states of India, and has a per capita GDP almost
Geography
Gujarat borders with Pakistan to the north-west, bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of Rajasthanto the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, Union territories of Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. Historically, the North was known as Anarta, the Kathiawad peninsula, "Saurastra", and the South as "Lata".[15] Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.[16] The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city. Gujarat has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,077 km) with the longest coast line 1600 km, dotted with 41 ports; 1 major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor ports.
Major rivers
Narmada is the biggest river of Gujarat followed by Tapi, although Sabarmati covers the longest area in the state. SardarSarovar Project is built on Narmada river. Narmada is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around 1312 km. It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west the others being the Tapi River and the Mahi River.
Industrial growth
in calcite, gypsum, manganese, lignite, bauxite, limestone, agate, feldspar and quart sand, and successful mining of these
significantly above India's average. Kalol, Khambhat andAnkleshwar are today known for their oil and natural gas
made near Bhuj. Surat, a city by the Gulf of Khambhat, is a hub of the global diamond trade. In diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.
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Gujarat passed an act for the SI s and set up the first such hubPetroleum
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engineering, chemicals, petrochemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, dairy, cement and ceramics, and gems and jewellery, amongst others. A post-liberali ation period saw Gujarat's State Domestic Product SDP rising at an average growth rate of
Gujarat is one of the first few states in India to have encouraged private sector investment, some of which are already in operation. In addition, the liquid cargo chemicals) handling port at ahej is also set up in joint sector and made operational. D
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Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, Tur, and gram. Gujarat has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.[26] Animal husbandry and dairying have played a vital role in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a cooperative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. Amul - Anand milk co-operative federation products are well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy. Among livestock raised are buffalo and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 209.70 lakh livestock in Gujarat State. As per the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 200203, the Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to industries like textiles, oil, and soap. As in much of India, since the 1960s farmers in Gujarat have increasingly relied on extensive groundwater irrigation to maintain production. In recent years, however, experts have become increasingly alarmed at the rate of waterdepletion in the state. The water table in Gujarat has been falling steadily for the last 1520 years, leading to a risk of catastrophic, irreversible salt-water intrusion into the groundwater.
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subsidized,leaving little incentive to conserve water. To address this issue, the government of Gujarat has begun working with NGOs and universities to create new incentives for water conservation and to promote the adoption of water-saving technologies.
Demographics
The population of the Gujarat State was 60,383,628 as per the 2011 census data. The density of population is 308/km2 (797.6/sq mi), a lower density compared to other states of the country. About 89.1% of the population of Gujarat are Hindu. the population.
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Muslims (Attarwala) account for 9.1%, Jain 1.0% and Sikh 0.1% of
Amongst Hindus, the deity of Krishna is famously worshiped in His form of Shrinathji throughout Gujarat.
Gujarat, as a heavily industrialized state of India, attracts lots of outsiders from various parts of India.
Education
The Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 13 universities and four agricultural universities. Gujarat is also known for many national level institutions. The Space Applications Centre (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded Physical Research Laboratory, a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmadabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.
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Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute has been established underCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research Govt. of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is
working on reverse osmosis, electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields. B.K. School of Business Management is ranked 6th in terms of financial Management. K. S. School of Business Management is also an MBA College in Gujarat University providing a unique five year's integrated MBA Cource. The National Institute of Design (NID) in Gandhinagar is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. In addition, Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) is one of the leading sectoralinstitution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management. It is the only one of its kind in all Asia. SardarVallabhbhai National Institute of Technology located in Surat is one of the best engineering colleges in India. It is one of the 20 National Institutes of Technology created by the central government and is a deemed university. It has students from all over India and some foreign students as well. Also, there is Nirma University ranked 14th in self-financed engineering colleges in India. Gujarat Science City,
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science, which hosts India's first IMAX 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an amphitheatre, and dancing musical fountains among others. Apart from that, Mudra Institute of Communication Ahmedabad (MICA) is one of the most famous institutes for mass communication and is well-renowned across India. IIT Indian institute of technologywas established at Gandhinagar in the year 2008. IIT Gandhinagar is mentored by IIT Bombay. IIT'S first batch started on 1 August 2008, at a temporary building of government college, Chandkheda, Gandhinagar.The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) has been established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat in 2003 and is registered as a Society.ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar in a sprawling and picturesque area on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of earthquake potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier International institute in few years time.
Principal Language Gujarati : Other Languages : English, Hindi and other Indian languages Literacy Rate Rainfall Temperature : 79.8% : 93.2 cm : Summer: min 25 degrees to 45 dig s Winter: min 15 degrees to max 35 dig s
: November to February : Ranges from deserts, scrublands, grasslands, decid forests, and wetlands to mangroves, coral reefs, es and gulfs.
As the century begins, natural resources are under increasing pressure, threatening public health and development. Water shortages, soil exhaustion, loss of forests, air and water pollution, and degradation of coastlines afflict many areas. As the worlds population grows, improving living standards without destroying the environment is a global challenge.
Most developed economies currently consume resources much faster than they can regenerate. Most developing countries with rapid population growth face the urgent need to improve living standards. As we humans exploit nature to meet present needs, are we destroying resources needed for the future?
Freshwater: The supply of freshwater is finite, but demand is soaring as population grows and use per capita rises. By 2025, when world population is projected to be 8 billion, 48 countries containing 3 billion people will face shortages.
Coastlines and oceans: Half of all coastal ecosystems are pressured by high population densities and urban development. A tide of pollution is rising in the worlds seas. Ocean fisheries are being overexploited, and fish catches are down. The demand for forest products exceeds sustainable consumption by 25%. Forests: Nearly half of the worlds original forest cover has been lost, and each year another 16 million hectares are cut, bulldozed, or burned. Forests provide over US$400 billion to the world economy annually and are vital to maintaining healthy ecosystems. Yet, current demand for forest products may exceed the limit of sustainable consumption by 25%.
2/3 of the worlds species are in decline. Biodiversity: The earths biological diversity is crucial to the continued vitality of agriculture and medicine and perhaps even to life on earth itself. Yet human activities are pushing many thousands of plant and animal species into extinction. Two of every three species is estimated to be in decline.
Global climate change: The earths surface is warming due to greenhouse gas emissions, largely from burning fossil fuels. If the global temperature rises as projected, sea levels would rise by several meters, causing widespread flooding. Global warming also could cause droughts and disrupt agriculture.
Globally, fertility has fallen by half since the 1960s, to about three children per woman.10 In 65 countries, including 9 in the developing world, fertility rates have fallen below replacement level of about two children per woman.9 Nonetheless, fertility is above replacement level in 123 countries, and in some countries it is substantially above replacement level. In these countries the population continues to increase rapidly. About 1.7 billion people live in 47 countries where the fertility rate averages between three and five children per woman. Another 730 7 million people live in 44 countries where the average woman has five children or more. The rise in populations is mainly in developing nations. Almost all population growth is in the developing world. As a result of differences in population growth, Europes population will decline from 13% to 7% of world population over the next quarter century, while that of subSaharan Africa will rise from 10% to 17%. The shares of other regions are projected to remain about the same as today.6 Parts of Africa will experience drastic water shortages by 2025. As population and demand for natural resources continue to grow, environmental limits will become increasingly apparent.6 Water shortages are expected to affect nearly 3 billion people in 2025, with sub-Saharan Africa worst affected. Many countries could avoid environmental crises if they took steps now to conserve and manage supplies and demand better, while slowing population growth by providing families and individuals with information and services needed to make informed choices about reproductive health. Family planning is effective in stabilizing growth. Family planning programs play a key role. When family planning information and services are widely available and accessible, couples are better able to achieve their fertility desires.4 Even in adverse circumstance low incomes, limited education, and few opportunities for women family planning programs have meant slower population growth and improved family welfare, the World Bank has noted.1
2
Conclusion
If every country made a commitment to population stabilization and resource conservation, the world would be better able to meet the challenges of sustainable development. Practicing sustainable development requires a combination of wise public investment, effective natural resource management, cleaner agricultural and industrial technologies, less pollution, and slower population growth. Conclusion: We risk destroying our standard of living if we dont control populati on growth. Worries about a population bomb may have lessened as fertility rates have fallen, but the worlds population is projected to continue expanding until the middle of the century. Just when it stabilizes and thus the level at which it stabilizes will have a powerful effect on living standards and the global environment. As population size continues to reach levels never before experienced, and per capita consumption rises, the environment hangs in the balance.
Forest Cover
Currently, nearly half of the original forest cover has already been lost worldwide. More than 16 million hectares are cleared annually. As world populations grow, there will not only be an increased need for resources to be extracted from those forests but the space that the forest occupies as well. Current demand already exceeds the limits of sustainable yield by more than 25 percent worldwide. Forest cover is linked not only to biodiversity issues but also to the preservation of freshwater ecosystems, groundwater supplies, and reducing the amount of greenhouse gases, which cause climate change.
More achievements for Gujarat in the 'green' region - the latest report of the forest survey of India revealing that the state's green cover has gone up fractionally by 16sq km. However, though the extension of the total forest area has seen an upward movement by 0.08% and the state has thereby gained 86sq km in open forest area, 70sq km of moderately dense forest has been lost. This brings the state's total forest cover to 9.66% of the state's total geographical area, much lower than the ideal requirement of a third of the total land. The report quotes state forest officials citing tree cutting by villagers as the reason for loss of forest cover in districts of Narmada, Surat, Valsad and Navsari. The report is on the basis of the satellite data derived in a survey conducted in 2007. Though the increase might be diminutive, foresters are happy about the development, though not satisfied. "We have been striving hard for some time to increase the state's forest cover. Though we are happy that there has been some improvement, it is by no means satisfying and we have a lot more to do before we can settle down," principal chief conservator of forest, PradipKhanna said. Most of the increase in the green cover has been attributed to mangrove plantation in districts of Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Jamnagar and Kutch. The forest cover had decreased by 99 sq km comprising 0.66% of the total state forest cover as per forest survey of India's findings of 2005. Forest cover has been one of the main concerns of the state forest department and a good deal of their efforts are geared towards increasing the green cover. Over the past few years, aggressive mangrove plantation has been the main activity of forest departments like Gujarat Ecology Commission and intensive studies on mangroves by GEER Foundation.
companies and make an Environmental Infrastructure Plan for 10 years in light of Vibrant Gujarat offers. To ensure more strict enforcement of pollution control laws and encoura ge. P- P- P in laying of effluent lines , pipes and adoption of hazard dumping sites for green zones
State/Province in the World to have a Department for Climate Change. Set up in February 2009, the Department is headed by CM NarendraModi to handle issues of Climate Change. The Initiative is to give a human face to environmental issues; empower people to become active agents of sustainable development; promote an understanding that communities are pivotal to changing attitudes towards environmental issues; and advocate partnership, which will ensure all citizens and people in Gujarat to enjoy a safer and more prosperous future.
Thirty nine clean energy initiatives of energy and petrochemicals, urban transportation, forest and environment, rural development and industrial and mines will fall under this new Department. It will also carry out a study on the impact of global warming along the State's 1600 km. coastline. Gujarat currently has 29 percent share of the entire country's carbon credit. State government further intends to launch 'Green Credit Movement' on the lines of carbon credit. Under the Green credit movement, if someone cuts trees to set up an Industry he would have to replace with the same number of full grown trees.
Promote Green Tech Earn more carbon credits Power saving Preserve ground water Promote CNG network Increase mangrove cover Fund research in Green Tech Preparation of comprehensive multi-dimensional Climate Change Policy of Gujarat State
Conservation of Land, Water and Air Coordination with all other departments with respect to Climate Change Educational curricul Climate Change will be prepared and introduced. Universities will undertake R&D on Climate Change along with introduction of new courses a teachers training modules on Climate Change. Public Participation and Public Awareness will be developed in this cause in an extensive way Cooperation with national and international agencies will be undertaken. Constant interactio and consultation will be undertaken with National Clean Development Authority and concern international agencies under the umbrella of United Nations.
There is seriousness of Global Warming, an increase in the earth's temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes leading to a buildup of "greenhouse gases" (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere. It has been known since 1896 that carbon dioxide helps stop the sun's infrared radiation from escaping into space and thus functions to maintain the earth s relatively warm temperature. This is called the "greenhouse effect." Many of the world's top scientists have urged immediate action, and have called for international cooperation on the problem. Many scientists agree that warmer temperatures would cause rise in sea levels, the oceans when warmed up will occupy more space. The glaciers and polar ice will begin to melt. Since humidity of the atmosphere increases with the temperature, more snow would fall on earth s extremes. It is is predicted by 2030, the sea will rise by 150 to 300 mm endangering coastal town and cities around the world. The growing blanket of Carbon dioxide gas will become thicker and cause havoc. The Nuclear threat of explosions has yet posed another man made environmental imbalance and it s after effects will have yet to be weighed as to the cause of temperature effects.
1.
A Dynamic, Investor friendly, new Solar Policy with a target to set up 500 MW of Solar Energy Plants
2. 5. 6. 8.
A proactive Wind Power Policy to make the wind energy capacity from 1300 MW to 8000 MW Gandhinagar Solar Energy Project under implementation, as a part of Energy Conservation Program and is under CDM Projec Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) being implemented to shift 40% of the trips from Personal transport vehicles to Public Trans Large Urban Efficiency Program covering all Municipal Corporations and Municipalities in the State under implementation wh lead to 30% energy saving.
11. 3.6 Lac Auto Vehicles switched over to Clean Fuel of CNG/LPG in the last 7 years. Ahmedabad, which was the 4th Most Pollut India has improved to the 66th rank in the last four years. 12. 25000 Hectares of Mangrove Forest have been added in the Postal areas of Gujarat which will be working as strong Carbon S absorbing 50 tons of Carbon per Hectare. 13. Social Forestry in Gujarat has achieved a benchmark of 14 Trees per Hectare. 14. Ground Water dependence has been reduced by a laying a State wide Water Grid which covers 75% of the Population with su surface water resources for drinking water. 15. 3 Lac Water Harvesting Structures constructed in last 5 years has increased the ground water level throughout the State and the Agriculture Income by four times. 16. Drip Irrigation System (DIS) has been introduced and inter-linking of 21 rivers of the State for Conservation of water.
The Protection of Environment is rooted in Indian Culture Hon ble CM, NarendraModi
The literacy rate among the Gujarati population has improved. The literacy rate has increased to 69.97% from 61.57% recorded in the census conducted ten years ago.
increase in capability by 5 to 10% in writing, reading and calculating by students of standard -3.
Financial Aid schemes like Viidhyalaxmi Bond Yojna and Insurance schemes like VidhyadeepYojna are implemented by the Government to provide facilities to children and families to support Education. Health of School children is a prime concern for the Government and hence, with co-operation of WHO (World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNESCO) and World Bank Health Developing School-Programme pilot project pioneer in Gujarat. Computer Training is enhanced for Primary Level Education. The Government adopt Tech nology by promoting Computer aided Learning, which is expected to benefit around 8,50,000 students of government run schools of Gujarat. It also aims for education in rural places to set path of development with continuous power supply and broadband connectivity. The Government has also initiated the SCOPE program to sharpen English language skills among Gujarati learners. Desirous Schools to set up Language Laboratory are supported by learning software for improving pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The software includes self learning program for improving pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The students can master the English language skills and gain confidence. The Education Department s SarvaShikshanAbhiyaan (National Program) and other pro motional schemes are managed by Gujarat Council of Elementary Education (GCEE) which has grown from an agency implementing a project in just three districts to an organization implementing several different projects in primary education sector in the state, viz. DPEP (Distant Primary Education Program) II & IV.
SarvaShikshaAbhiyan Mission (SSAM), Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) Kasturba Gandhi BalikaVidyalaya (KGBV)KGBV
du-Project Initiatives:
Under SarvaShikshaAbhiyan Mission (SSAM), all the 25 districts and Municipal Corporations in Gujarat are being covered. Under the umbrella of SSAM, it is implementing National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) in 1093 clusters of 78 rural Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) and 39 clusters of 13 urban slums in 21 districts (excluding Bharuch, Dang, Porbandar and Valsad) in the state. The Department execute Kasturba Gandhi BalikaVidyalaya (KGBV) Yojana, under which, 30 residential elementary schools with boarding facilities are being set up for girls belonging to the disadvantaged groups of SC/ST/ OBC/ Minority and BPL in difficult areas.
Childhood in Gujarat should not be lifeless but full of vigour and enthusiasm CM, NarendraModi
Primary Education
Vidhyalaxmi Bond Yojna VidhyadeepYojna Hon. Chief Ministers The Girl Child Development Program School-Health Check-up Program Computer Training at the Primary Educational level
Secondary and Higher Secondary Department
Diploma for the teachers to improve their teaching skills ( Teachers Training Program ) Common Entrance Test for admission Teleconference for the students of Std. 10th and 12th.
Technical Education
The Educated Girl Child Initiative was born out of a painful distress call as Womens Education in Gujarat in 2001 stood on 20th Position with Literacy rate among Female with 48.1%. Honble CM joined hands with all Government officers IAS, IPS and other beauracrats, in a massive KanyaKelavaniRath and turned into a massive movement to face the challenge in 2009. Government charts out plans to enroll 525,000 girls in the state in KanyaKelavani drive. It covers 1,865 routes and as a result, 100% enrollment and reduction in the drop out rate from 40% to 2.29% is achieved. It foresees a vision 2010 that, when Gujarat celebrates its golden Jubilee, there should be a zero - 0 percentdrop out rate in Gujarat (Literally No Drop Outs). Girl Child Education program is initiated in villages across Gujarat. It covers almost 18,000 villages esp. where the literacy rate is below 20 percent and focus on identified suburbs of the urban areas to spread the message of education. The Government further envisage the Initiative to road ahead of success by making Jyoti-Gram and Broadband connectivity available in all villages. Also, Education would be one of the major sector in the Gram MitraYojna comprising of 5 Gram Mitra departments viz. Agriculture, Health, Education, Vikas (Development) and Human Development. (Gram MitraYojna is aimed to provide a boost to the social and economic structure of villages). Education is power and the government is all set to transform the villages to illuminate with knowledge information and awareness to bring a change in socio-economic drawbacks.
To ensure co-operation and enhance better quality of food with nutrition, the officials even share the food with children under Mid Day Meal schemes which was started by the Government as the second state in the country, committed to social integration and social up-liftment.
NirogiBal
Government ensures on NirogiBal scheme along with BalPravesh as Health is a prime concern of the child while it attends the classroom. Literacy to Health with NirogiBal is announced for 2008-09 with mass movement for Safe Health with impact to Social Development of Gujarat. It ensures universal reach and delivery of quality health services. It also make certain of quality nutrition and growth through effective implementation of MamtaAbhiyan. One of the many goals is to guarantee Elementary Education and Life Skills Education for all children.
Vidhyalaxmi Bonds
Gujarat Government focus on role of Education in Poverty Eradication and the campaign is aimed at ensuring maximum enrollment of boys and girls in primary schools all across the state. To encourage Girl Child Education, Vidhyalaxmi Bonds are entrusted among areas with low literacy rates, below 35 percent among women and this serve as an incentive to poor parents to send their daughters to schools.
8500 Schools upgraded since 1998 18053 schools equipped with power supply facilities Primary School children gets School text books at no cost as 36 Crores Grant >> Initiated by Govt. School Laboratories enhanced at the cost of 3.4 Crores every year 84,33,426 children gets Health Check up and 12, 27, 199 children get immediate . health treatment by 2007
Key Factors & Achievement:
Special campaign to recruit 1.05 lakh Assistant Teachers for a strong and prosperous Gujarat KanyaKelavaniRathyatra and PraveshMahotsav (mid June 2009) have led to a reduction in the drop out ra Efforts in Primary chools have led to 49.34 lakh students obtaining uniforms at total expenditure of Rs.6,5 Efforts in Primary chools have led to 49.34 lakh students obtaining uniforms at total expenditure of Rs.6,518 lakh Facility of free bus transport for girls in rural areas Special concentration on 6 special schemes of KanyaKelavani for girls in 41 most backward talukas With increased efforts, KanyaKelavani Fund has reached Rs. 21.83 crore, for girls Education The next steps for Gujarat in the area of Human Development Index: Children University and BalGokulamSanstha Reading, writing and numeracy of students in Primary Schools has improved by 80%
Admission rate in schools is 90.30% - to be raised to 100% Rate of drop-outs in 48.1% - to be decreased to zero. Literacy rate among male is 73% - to be raised to 100% Literacy rate among female is 48.6 % - to be raised to 100% Literacy rate among scheduled castes is 61.07% - to be raised to 100% Literacy rate among scheduled tribes in 36.45% - to be raised to 100%
Besides schools, Gujarat also houses some of the well known colleges and universities that are offering types of degree courses of different themes. Like IIM Ahmedabad, National Institute of Design, National Institute of Technology Surat, SardarVallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, NIT, Marine Chemicals Research Institute are some of the prestigious education institutes of higher education in Gujarat. The four agricultural universities in Gujarat also play an important role in attracting students towards Gujarat. All these universities and colleges offer different types of undergraduate and postgraduate level of degree courses. Here indiaedumart offers state wise education system that includes list of schools, colleges and universities of every state and cities of India. This section of indiaedumart offers detail information about Gujarat education that includes list of schools, colleges and universities of the same.
GUJARAT
Industrial estates of Gujarat are cesspools of filth and environmental health hazards. Yet the government is blindly promoting industry Gujarat has more than 90,000 industrial units, according to the state government. About 8,000 of these units are polluting, also says the state government. Major polluting industries are located in the Vadodara Petrochemical Complex, Nandesari,
Ankleshwar, Vapi, Vatva and Hazira near Surat. The Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) was managing 270 industrial estates as on March 1996, and its activity plan for the year 1998-99 included sanctioning of eight new ones. About 70 per cent of the investment in Gujarat since the 1970s has been in the chemicals sector, says R C Trivedi, former chairperson of the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB). He says that in the 1970s, the state government was encouraging small-scale units in the chemicals sector through financial incentives. These industrial units came up in huge numbers. But the government gave a very low priority to the environment. This is why environmental problems cropped up in Gujarat, says Trivedi. Nowhere more so than in the nearly 400-km stretch between Vapi in southern Gujarat and Vatva in northern Gujarat, called the golden corridor, an industrialists dream come true. This stretch has become a hot bed of pollution. In the golden corridor, we have created a number of potential disasters similar to the Bhopal gas tragedy. The time-bomb is ticking very fast, says AchyutbhaiYagnik, secretary of Setu, an Ahmedabad-based ngo. Another example of an environmental nightmare is Alang, the largest shipbreaking yard of the world, situated 50 km from Bhavnagar. The 11-km coastline of the yard has been severely polluted due to scrapping of hazardous ships.(see Bare Facts; Down To Earth, Vol 6, No 20; March 15, 1998).
Blackened rivers
Gujarats rivers are bearing the brunt of industrial pollution, as are the people living on the banks of these rivers. All the major rivers and streams of Gujarat are in a bad state due to effluent discharged by industry, be it the Kolak, the Mahi, the Daman Ganga or the Amlakhadi. One can see red water flowing in the Sabarmati, released by the common effluent treatment plant (CETP) in Vatva. Several times, drug factories in Vapi dump spoilt batches in the open. These contain chemicals that are high ly toxic. Take the case of the farmers from 11 villages between Lali and Navagam, who irrigate their fields with untreated effluents released into the Khaririver. Nearly 100 tubewells and borewells have been contaminated. When factories were prevented from dumping effluents in the Mini river, they resorted to reverse boring, pumping untreated effluents straight into underground aquifers, says SahabsinhDarbar, 73, a farmer from Sherkhi village in Vadodara district.
We do not require any study to confirm that channels and rivers in Gujarat are polluted. You can see that from the colour of the water, says MayurPandya, a noted lawyer who chaired a committee set up to investigate pollution of Khaririver near Ahmedabad by the Gujarat High Court in 1995. So, what have the people done to prevent their land and rivers from being defiled?
facilities and the betterment of the agriculture and livestock in the said villages. But even today, farmers use waters from the polluted Khari river when water is released from the upstream Kadana dam, says Girish Patel, a lawyer based in Ahmedabad. As for compensation, sources point out that while some industrial units have paid up, others are still in the process of doing so. Several units have started production again. The situation has not changed at all. Untreated effluents still flow in the river. Water in the 100-odd wells near Khari is still a distinct red. Kanubhai Patel, a farmer, says the paddy yield has gone down by half. The villagers find a difference in milk quality, too, which they attribute to cattle grazing in contaminated areas. In August 1999, Down To Earth got a sample of groundwater from Lali village analysed at the Facility for Ecological and Analytical Testing (FEAT) of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. It had a mercury concentration that was 211 times the permissible limit. Mercury is an extremely toxic heavy metal and is known to cause damage to kidneys and the central nervous system.
gpcb is the one of the worst pollution control boards in India. It has mainly political appointees or bureaucrats at senior positions, who lack knowledge of environmental issues, rues Trivedi. It is an irony that only the first two chairpersons of gpcb had any background in the field of the environment. I was the second chairperson during 1980 -82. After me, either bureaucrats or the political appointees have been appointed. A former chairperson of gpcb was allegedly forced to leave because he did not work as the politicians wanted him to, says Trivedi. There is no pressure from the implementing agencies over industrialists. They do not have an initiative to meet the environmental norms, he adds. This has certainly helped big industries find ways to flout environmental norms. Today, industrialists first invest money in a project and then plead in the court that they cannot stop the work on environmental grounds as they have already made the investment. In most of the cases, the court relaxes some of the norms. As a result, what happens is that the pollution remains, but the conditions disappear, comments Patel.
A way out?
Michael Mazgaonkar says the only way out of the present situation is to have a very democratic system of permitting industries: If we can ensure this along with easy access to information, we can reduce the problem to a great extent. We have adequate environmental rules that, if implemented properly, can control most of the industrial hazards. But the industries have found ways to circumvent these rules. So even if all these rules are implemented and the decision-making is not democratic, the problem is likely to continue, he feels. The problem can only be dealt with if good ngos and people take up the issue seriously. If community-based organisations come up, then some improvement can be made in the present situation, says Trivedi. C J Jose, member secretary of GEC, has another view: To protect their trade at the international level, these industries will be forced to comply with international environmental norms. Gujarat clearly needs direction today when it comes to environmental governance. The civil society is faced with a huge task. The first thing to do, however, is to involve rural communities and industrial workers in the struggle against pollution. That being done, solutions will emerge. But if that is not done, then the cesspool is only going to worsen.
Contaminated Groundwater
Until the 1980s, BharatbhaiBhagat, a farmer who lives a kilometre away from the Sarigam Industrial Estate (sie) in Valsad district of Gujarat, had 600 mango trees. He had been selling 10 truckloads of mangoes every year. Today, we have to buy the fruit, even for our own consumption, he says. Bhagats story is no different from those living in villages near sie. The 450-odd industrial units, including 50 chemical units, have in 12 years contaminated the groundwater. And if villagers are to be believed, some units even use borewells to pump untreated effluents into the ground. A recent Greenpeace study shows that groundwater in Sarigam is contaminated with organic pollutants such as tri chloroethane, benzene and several organochlorine compounds. Benzene is a known carcinogen and dichlorobenzene is a persistent organic pollutant, which remains in the environment for a very long period of time. Groundwater is the only source of drinking water for the villagers. But use of groundwater results in health problems, ruins our crops and the land as well, says Prakash B Arekar, former sarpanch (head) of Sarigam village council. Arekar, along
with fellow villagers, has been has been trying to bring to task industrial units responsible for contamination but without success. A 1986-87 incident explains their failure. Seventy-year-old blind farmer GaneshbhaiAmbalis 1.2-hectare land was completely destroyed after untreated effluents from Ami Chemicals spilled onto his fields. The company official offered me money. He said that was all I would get. He also said that since he controlled 32 inspectors of the pollution control board, I was small fry, recalls Ambali. The current controversy over Sabero Organics, which deals with chemicals, is also a case in point. According to Rajendra Singh Jadeja, vice-president of the Sarigam Industrial Association, Sabero had been caught red-handed dumping untreated effluents in the open. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board served a closure notice to Sabero in 1999. The company is now seeking permission to set up a unit to manufacture the fungicide mancozeb. AnandMazgaonkar of the ParyavaranSurakshaSamiti, a non-governmental organisation, says production of this fungicide has been banned in several industrialised countries in view of the health risk it poses: Its usage could adversely affect the central nervous system and is a suspected endocrine disrupter. In a public hearing held at the collectors office in Valsad on March 31, 1999, 100-odd people protested against Saberos decision to set up the plant. However, some questioned the very idea of calling a public hearing wh en almost 60 per cent construction of the proposed plant had been completed. We have been cheated by our own representatives, says Arekar. In 1983, the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (gidc) acquired land in Sarigam for setting up the industrial estate. Politicians played mischief with us. They had said there would only be engineering units in the area, says Bhagat. But they declared it a chemicals zone. Now our area has become like a multi-storeyed building without any latrines and bathrooms, says Arekar. But we have to fight. Our future generation will curse us if we do not protect the environment now, he adds.