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Question Answer
Historical Vocabulary
Period of the human past before writing was invented prehistory
The story of the human past history
Development that separates prehistory from recorded history writing
Folktales that explain the past legends
The way of life of a people culture
The number of people who live in a given area population
Person who studies the human past historian
The study of people, their environments, and their resources geography
Scientist who studies the earth geologist
Scientists who studies the remains of ancient peoples and civilizations archaeologist
Society centered around cities civilization
Any surviving object made by early people artifact
Large, extended kinship unit clan
Digging into the earth to find ancient remains excavation
To decode an ancient language decipher
Careful hunting for facts or evidence research
Idea about how something happened theory
To determine how old a historical find is date
Scientist who studies languages and written records Philologist
Scientist who studies the origin and development of human beings Anthropologist
Term for father-related society patrilineal
Term for mother-related society matrilineal
Scientist who studies fossilized remains of early life Paleontologist
Prehistoric Life
Earliest (Paleolithic) ways of getting food gathering & hunting
A shaped stone fool
Earliest clothing material animal skin
Resource used both for cooking and as a weapon fire
Neanderthal shelters caves
Huge wooly creature, often hunted mammoth
How Neanderthals disposed of their dead burial
Prehistoric wall art cave paintings
Neolithic ways of securing food farming & herding
New, Neolithic living arrangement villages
Neolithic invention used for cooking and food storage pottery
Neolithic clothing material cloth
Neolithic material that began to replace stone metal
Neolithic invention that was the basis of transportation wheel
Neolithic invention that was a machine to weave cloth loom
Material mixed with clay to produce pottery straw or dung
People who wandered from place to place, as Old Stone Age people did Nomads
Hardened lava from volcanoes, used as mirrors Obsidian
Methods of shaping stone in the Old Stone Age chipping
Methods of shaping stone in the New Stone Age grinding
Neanderthal religious belief about death life after death
First domesticated animal dog
Mobile way of life that depended on large herds of livestock Pastoralism
Cultural Developments
Principle building material in Sumer clay brick
Sumerian writing material clay
System that linked the different parts of both the Assyrian empire and the Persian empire roads
Form of money used for Persian trade coins
Basic political division in Sumer-made up of a city and its surrounding lands and villages city-state
Sumerian wedge-shaped writing cuneiform
Architectural element invented by Sumerians arch
Governors of Sumerian cities priests
The Babylonian collection of laws Code of Hammurabi
Group of states or nations under one ruler, first created by Sargon empire
Artisan's device for shaping jugs and bowls, first used by Sumerians potter's wheel
Vast Assyrian collection of clay tablets (one of the world's first) library
Divisions of the Assyrian empire provinces
Chaldean studies of the stars and planets astronomy & astrology
Kingship passed down from father to son hereditary kingship
Owned of each Sumerian city's land city's god
Pyramid-temple at the center of each Sumerian city ziggurat
Sumerian development in mathematics algebra
Basic principle of justice under Babylonian law retribution
Basic principle of Hittite justice payment of damages
Belief in a number of gods, common among ancient people polytheism
Persian provinces satrapies
Mesopotamian Places
The "land between the rivers" Mesopotamia
Easternmost Mesopotamia's twin rivers Tigris
Westernmost of Mesopotamia's twin rivers Euphrates
Principal city of the Babylonian empire Babylon
Arc of rich-soil land where Mesopotamia was located Fertile Crescent
The two Far Eastern lands that trade with Mesopotamia India & China
Mesopotamia's twin rivers emptied into this body of water Persian Gulf
Present-day country that includes most of Mesopotamia Iraq
Southern Mesopotamia, home of the earliest known civilization Sumer
Capital city of the Assyrian empire Nineveh
Western boundary of the Babylonian empire Mediterranean Sea
Hanging Gardens
One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, located in Babylon of Babylon
Capital city of Persia Persepolis
Present-day country that includes Persia Iran
African country that traded with Mesopotamia Egypt
Area where Mesopotamia's twin rivers began Armenia
Great city-state of Sumer Ur
Easternmost boundary of the Persian empire at its peak Indus River
Famous Persian transportation route Royal Highway
Desert land to the south of Mesopotamia Arabia
Mesopotamian People
People who created the earliest known civilization Sumerians
Warlike people from Asia Minor who were the first conquerors of Babylon Hittites Assyrians
Warfare specialists who destroyed Babylon and created a huge empire Cyrus the Great
First ruler of the Persian empire scribes
Mesopotamian writers Persians
People who created the mightiest Mesopotamian empire Gilgamesh
Sumerian priest-king who was the hero of the world's oldest written story Sargon
Ruler who joined Sumer and Akkad, creating the world's first empire Hammurabi
Ruler of the first Babylonian empire Chaldeans
People who captured Ninevah and rebuilt Babylon Nebuchadnezzae
Ruler of the second Babylonian empire Medes
Former allies defeated by the Persians around 550 B.C.E. Darius
Ruler of the Persian empire at its peak Xerxes
Son of Darius who invaded Greece Zoroaster
Great Persian religious leader
Class of people who had more rights in Babylonia than in other Mesopotamian countries women
Major occupation of the Assyrians warfare
Assyrian king who created a notable early library Ashurbanipal
Son of the first Persian ruler; he conquered Egypt Cambyses
Supreme god of the Assyrians Assur
Religion
Religious status of the Egyptian ruler god
Tombs built to house the deathless rulers pyramids
This process preserved bodies for the afterlife mummification
Buildings constructed to honor gods, especially Amon-Re temples
God of the sun Re
God of the underworld; personification of the Nile Osiris
Fertility goddess wife of Osiris Isis
New single god decreed by Ikhnaton Aten
Collection of magic spells to help achieve life after death Book of the Dead
Pharaohs' burial places during the Middle Kingdom tombs cut into cliffs
Each god's symbol, revered and mummified sacred animal
Major preoccupation of Egyptian religion life after death
Sacred insect scarab
God of Thebes Amon
Chief Egyptian god Amon-Re
Son of Re, also of Osiris and Isis Horus
Where all the pyramids were built West bank of the Nile
Monster that devoured sinful souls Eater of the Dead
Device used by god Osiris to judge a soul scale
Belief in a single god monotheism
Belief in a number of gods polytheism
A sacred bull worshipped by the ancient Egyptians Hapi
Culture
Ancient Egyptian system of writing hieroglyphic system
Paperlike Egyptian writing material papyrus
Artifact that showed how to decipher Egyptian writing Rosetta Stone
Economic basis of Egyptian power and wealth agriculture
Source of wealth for Egypt in addition to agriculture trade
Healing science in which Egyptians became proficient medicine
centers of government and religion cities
Material Egyptians used to write with ink
Building material of Egyptian villagers mud-brick
Animal introduced to Egypt by the invading Hyksos horse
Hereditary writing and recordkeeping professional scribe
Time of year when the river flood began June
Mathematical skill developed by the Egyptians outside the city geometry
Type of calendar developed by Egyptians 365-day calendar
Important crop in both ancient and modern Egypt cotton
Devices used to build the pyramids ramps & levers
Home of wealthy Egyptians outside the city estates
Storage buildings for grain from good harvests granaries
The two building materials for the pyramids granite & limestone
Approximate number of pyramids built 80
Places
River whose valley was the site of India's first civilization Indus
Northernmost of China's two greatest rivers Huang He
Southernmost of China's two greatest rivers Yangtze
Major body of water on China's eastern boundary Pacific Ocean
Major Indian river that flows southeasterly Ganges
"China's sorrow" or "the great sorrow" Huang He
Large sea on China's eastern boundary Yellow Sea
Desert in the north of China Gobi
Major pass through India's northwestern mountains Khyber Pass
Body of water into which the Indus River empties Arabian Sea
Mountains northeast of India and southwest of China Himalayas
One of ancient India's large cities, in ruins today Mohenjo-Daro
Geographic term for India, rather than "country" subcontinent
wide deserts, high mountains,
One of the three geographical factors that kept Eastern peoples isolated and large bodies of water
Chinese term for the land of the two major river valleys Middle Kingdom
India's northwestern mountain range Hindu Kush
Broad area populated by the spreading Aryans Indus-Ganges plain
Capital city of an early Chinese dynasty Anyang
Large river south of China's two greatest rivers Si
Mountains to the northwest of China Tien Shan
Leaders
Famed soldier and politician who became sole ruler and was later assassinated Julius Caesar
Ides of March
The day Caesar was assassinated (March 15th, 44 B.C.E.)
Caesar's top general, who fell in love with Cleopatra Mark Anthony
Caesar's grandnephew and political heir Octavian
"Exalted One," Octavian's new title Augustus
Octavian's status as absolute ruler of the Roman Empire emperor
Emperor blamed for the Roman fire of C.E. 64 Nero
Tiberius and
Brothers who were "reformer" tribunes Gaius Gracchus
Senator and general who opposed Marius and seized Rome Sulla
Co-ruler defeated by Caesar in Greece Pompey
One of Caesar's two close friends who became his killers Brutus or Cassius
Famous general who extended the empire to its greatest size;
the second Good Emperor Trajan
The third Good emperor, who had a defensive wall built in Britain Hadrian
Last of the Good Emperors; a Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius
Tiberius and
Adopted son and successor of Augustus Gaius Gracchus
Insane successor of Tiberius Caligula
Succession of five wise and able rulers Good Emperors
Old lawyer/ruler who adopted his successor in C.E. 96 Nerva
Orator and politician who supported Pompey Cicero
Conflict that broke out while Marius and Sulla were contending for power civil war
The Hebrews
Religion of the Hebrews Judaism
The Hebrews' different idea about God one god only
Leader who brought the Hebrews out of Egypt Moses
God's laws as given to Moses Ten Commandments
Land Moses led the Hebrews to Promised Land
The Hebrews' God Yahweh
Leader who brought the Hebrews to Canaan in about 1900 B.C.E. Abraham
The Hebrews' journey out of Egypt Exodus
Binding agreement between God and Abraham covenant
The two main occupations of the Hebrews in Canaan farming and sheepherding
King who established Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and wrote many psalms David
Wise king who built a huge temple at Jerusalem Solomon
Spiritual leaders who delivered messages from God to the people prophets
Jewish teachers rabbis
Most sacred Hebrew text; its five books record the early history and laws of
the Hebrews Torah
Portion of the Bible that tells the story of the Hebrews Old Testament
Peoples the Hebrews fought for Canaan Canaanites or Philistines
The Hebrew people's 12 divisions tribes
Leaders of the 12 tribes judges
First king of the Hebrews Saul
Ethical basis of Jewish society social justice or the rule of law
Elijah, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Jeremiah,
Three Hebrew prophets who have books of the Bible named after them (7) Ezekiel
Christianity
Christ, the Messiah Jesus
People among whom Christianity began Jews
How Jesus was put to death crucifixion
People who controlled Palestine when Jesus lived Romans
The savior the Jews waited for Messiah
The archbishop of Rome, head of the Latin church pope
Main message of Jesus love one another
"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" Golden Rule
Rising from the dead, as Jesus is said to have done resurrection
What Jesus said his relationship to God was Son of God
Religious practice early Christians refused to follow honoring the emperor as a god
Title that some Jews gave Jesus, which alarmed the Romans King of the Jews
The Latin churches as a group, after the split of C.E. 1504 Roman Catholic Church
The Greek churches as a group, after the split of C.E. 1504 Eastern Orthodox Church
Portion of the Bible that tells about the life and teachings of Jesus New Testament
The four books of the Bible about the life of Jesus Gospels
Roman emperor in power during Jesus' life Augustus
First Christian missionary to the gentiles; a former persecutor of Christians Paul
Disaster that was blamed on the Christians Great Roman Fire of C.E. 64
Roman emperor who encourages the growth of Christianity Constantine I
Decree that made Christianity legal in C.E. 313 Edict of Milan
Emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire Theodosius
The Franks
Religion the Frankish king and his warriors converted to Christianity
Institution that supported the Franks after they converted Church
Modern-day country that takes its name from the Franks France
Religion the invading Arabs hoped to spread throughout Europe Islam
English translation of both Charlemagne and Karl der Grosse Charles the Great
River along which the Franks lived Rhine
King who first brought all Franks under one rule Clovis
Two characterisitcs shared by most Franks that helped them to feel united common religion and language
Modern country that developed from the Western Frankish kingdom France
Modern country that developed from the Eastern Frankish kingdom Germany
Leader who defeated the invading Arabs Charles Martel
Battle of 732 in which the invading Arabs were defeated Battle of Tours
First Frankish king personally crowned by the pope Pepin (the Short or III)
Frankish king who became "Emperor of the Romans" Charlemagne
Lombards, Saxons, Slavs, Avars, Arabs
The invading peoples defeated by Charlemagne (Muslims)
Charlemagne made this available even to some lower-class children education
Charlemagne's only surviving son Louis the Pious
Agreement that ivided the empire among Charlemagne's three grandsons Treaty of Verdun
Capital of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis Paris
Charlemagne's capital city Aix-la-Chapelle
Asian invaders who reminded Europeans of the Huns Magyars
The Vikings
Europeans' term for Vikings Norsemen (Northmen)
Far northern Europe Scandinavia
A characterisitc of Vikings that terrified Europeans brutal and pitiless in fighting
What the Vikings used much of their abundant timber for shipbuilding
Occupation of seafaring Vikings in addition to raiding trade
Primary occupation of Viking men warrior
An advantage of Viking raids for Europeans opening of trade routes, learning shipping skills
The three kingdoms of the Vikings Norway
Vikings had none of these for their children schools
King of the gods Odin (Wotan)
God of thunder and lightning Thor
Body of water crossed by Viking raiders heading toward Russia Batlic Sea
Norwegian adventurer who founded a colony on Greenland Eric the Red
The two North Atlantic islands colonized by Norwegian Vikings Greenland and Iceland
Eric the Red's son, who saield to North America Leif Eriksson
Vikings' name for the sport on the coast of North America where they landed Vinland
Body of water the Vikings crossed to get to Greenland and North America Atlantic Ocean
Viking letters of the alphabet runes
Heroic or mythic poems of the Vikings Eddas
Heroic stories of the Vikings sagas
Danish ruler who became king of England Canute
Area of France where Danes settled in large numbers Normady
Islamic Culture
Type of mathematics invented by Muslim scholars algebra
Type of numbers introduced to Europeans by Arab mathematicians Arabic numerals
Health-care field in which Arabs excelled medicine
Things that could not be pictured by Islamic artists living creatures
Artistic use of flowing Arabic script calligraphy
Muslim scientists who tried to turn tin and lead into silver and gold alchemists
Muslim scientists who gave many stars their names astronomers
Muslim scientists who determined the earth might be round geographers
Popular collection of Persian tales The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights)
European country that became a point of contact for Europeans and Muslim culture Spain
Events that brought Europeans into contact with Muslim culture the Crusades
Slender towers built next to mosques minarets
Navigation instrument perfected by Muslim scientists the astrolabe
Arab encyclopedia of medicine used in European medical schools for 500 years the Canon on Medicine
Famed Persian scholar, astronomer, and poet, author of the Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam
Great physician and author of collection of medical knowledge al-Razi, or Avicenna
Weapons from Damascus that became world famous steel swords
Revered Muslim shrine in Jerusalem built in the 600s using Byzantine domes and arches the Dome of the Rock
Library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad, a center for scholars the House of Wisdom
Religious Beliefs
The one God of Islam Allah
Muslim book of scriptures, the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad the Qur'an
Muslim house of worship a masjid (or mosque)
Muhammad's status a prophet (the last and greatest)
Food forbidden to Muslims pork
Beverage forbidden to Muslims liquor (alcoholic beverages)
Number of times per day Muslims must pray five
Position in which Muslims must pray facing Mecca
Muslims must do this for the needy. give alms (charity)
What Muslims must do during the daylight hours of the holy month fast
Men learned in Islamic faith and law mullahs
Muhammad believed Allah was the same god that these two religious groups worshipped. the Jews and Christians
Pilgrimage to Mecca a hajj
Heavenly creature whose voice spoke to Muhammad the angel Gabriel
Holy shrine of Mecca that contains a sacred cubelike black structure the Ka'aba
What the word Islam means "submission to God"
Islamic creed that Muslims must recite "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet."
Muslim prayer leader an imam
Muslim holy month Ramadan
Meaning of the word Muslim "one who submits"
Event that marks the first year of the Muslim calendar the Hijrah (Hegira)
Byzantine Culture
Major unifying force of the empire Christianity
Important arteries that passed through Constantinople trading routes
Pictures made of many bits of colored stone or glass mosaics
Small religious pictures kept in homes and in churches icons
Central figure of Constantinople's magnificent church a dome
Approximate number of years the Byzantine Empire existed 1,000
The Church in the East, after the split of 1054 the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church
Source of the emperor's power, according to the emperor God
Class of people whose rights were expanded at Theodora's urging women
Constantinople's public arena that often filled with rowdy fans the Hippodrome
Common spoken language Greek
Head of the church in Constantinople the patriarch
The Church in the West, after the split of 1054 the Roman Catholic Church
Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church the emperor
People who spread Christianity to neighboring lands missionaries
Religious official with whom the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church clashed the pope
Uniform body of civil law, based on Roman law and legal opinions the Justinian Code
The two major defenses of Constantinople the sea and the city's huge walls
Learning and culture preserved and passed on by the Byzantine Empire Greek and Roman learning and culture
An inflammable liquid that was the secret weapon of the Byzantine navy Greek fire
People
Original inhabitants of North Africa, fiercely independent desert dwellers the Berbers
West African farmers and herders - spread widely S and E between 500 B.C.E. and C.E. 1500 the Bantu
Great Mali ruler who gave away vast amounts of gold on his hajj to Mecca Mansa Musa
Muslim rulers of East African city-states sultans
Mali's first great ruler, who ousted the ruler who had killed all his brothers Sundiata
N. African traveler/historian - wrote in detail about his journeys through Islamic Africa (1300s) Ibn Battuta
People who developed city-states with clay-walled capital cities the Hausa
People who called their ruler ghana, or war chief the Soninke
City-state dwellers whose chiefs all traced their descent from the first ruler of Ife the Yoruba
First great ruler of Songhai, who established the empire Sunni Ali
Second great ruler of Songhai, a Muslim who ruled during the 1500s Askia Muhammad
Spanish Muslim architect who introduced Arabic styles to Mali as-Sahili
Powerful king of Aksum who conquered Kush and converted to Christianity Ezana
King of Kush who founded Egypt's twenty-fifth dynasty Piankhi
People who lived a stateless society from the ninth through the nineteenth centuries the Igbo, Efe, San, Tiv, and Nuer
Queen of the Hausa city-state of Zazzau (Zaria) renowned for her military conquests Amina
Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains King Lalibela
Muslim scholar known in the West as Leo Africanus Hassan ibn Muhammad
Two groups of N. African Berber Muslim reformers - established dynasties in the 11th/12th cent.
the Almoravids and the Almohads
Early Mesoamerica
Most important food crop of Mesoamerica maize (corn)
Chianampas, used by early farmers to grow crops in shallow lakes floating gardens
Unique and colossal Olmec monuments sculpted heads
Time-tracking device developed by several early Mesoamerican cultures the calendar
Body of water whose shoreline formed a boundary of Olmec lands the Gulf of Mexico
People who developed Mesoamerica's first known civilization the Olmec
Writing system developed by the Zapotec people hieroglyphics
Typical terrain of Peru's coastal plain harsh desert
Teotihuacan's giant structure, larger than Egypt's Great Pyramid the Pyramid of the Sun
Warlike people of central Mexico who ruled an empire based on conquest (900 - early 1200s) the Toltec
Culture that flourished on Peru's north coast from about 100 to 700 the Moche
City-state - first major civilization of central Mexico, centered around a monumental city Teotihuacan
First civilization of the Andes Mountains the Chavin culture
People of Peru who created huge drawings that can only be seen from the air the Mazca
Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) the Zapotec
The Feathered Serpent, a snake-bird god common to various Mesoamerican cultures Quetzalcoatl
Site of important Olmec remains San Lorenzo or La Venta
The first large urban center in the Americas, developed by the Zapotec Monte Alban
Toltec capital city Tula
Japanese Civilization
Main characteristic of Japan's terrain mountainous
Supreme military commander the shogun
Religion brought to Japan from China around 550 Buddhism
Warriors pledged to serve their local lord the samurai
Country from which early Japan borrowed many ideas and customs China
Long novel by Lady Murasaki Shikibu that told the story of Prince Genji The Tale of Genji
Warrior lords who pledged to support their shogun daimyo
Largest island of Japan Honshu
Large northern island of Japan Hokkaido
Large southern island of Japan Kyushu or Shikoku
Ancient religion of Japan Shinto
People whose naval invasion the Japanese defeated in 1274 and 1281 the Mongols
Second Japanese imperial capital Heiankyo (or Kyoto)
Social and political system in Japan from about 800 to 1600 feudalism
Ritual suicide practiced by samurai hari-kari (or seppuku)
Asian country invaded by Japan in 1592 Korea
Term for an island chain like Japan archipelago
Type of writing introduced into Japan from Korea around 405 Chinese
Military dynasty founded by Minamoto that ruled during the 1200s the Kamakura Shogunate
Line of shoguns who ruled from 1603 to 1868 the Tokugawa Shogunate
Violent era of disorder, from the mid-1400s to the mid-1500s the "Warring States Period"
First Japanese imperial capital Nara
Samurai code of honor bushido
Feudal People
Person who granted land in exchange for military services a lord
Class of peple who were lords and vassals nobles
People who farmed the land and provided services for nobles peasants
Peasants who were bound to the land serfs
Noble warrior on horseback a knight
Weak rulers who granted land from royal estates to powerful lords kings
Class of medieval religious leaders the clergy
Lesser lord who held land in return for a pledge of services and loyalty a vassal
Legal possession and use of land passed to this person when a lord or vassal died. the oldest son
Peasants who rented land from the lord freemen
First stage of learning to be a knight, beginning at the age of seven a page
A knight's assistant a squire
The last strong king in Europe before feudalism developed Charlemagne
Poet-musicians at feudal castles who sang about romantic love troubadours
Wandering musical entertainers minstrels
Group of nonfarming freemen necessary to village economy skilled workers (or artisans)
Manor official who made sure the peasants worked hard in the fields a bailiff
Head of a medieval university a chancellor
Manor people that the lord's lady was obligated to care for the poor and the sick
Person who kept one third of the manor's land for himself the lord
The Crusades
Land conquered by the Arabs that the crusaders sought to recapture Palestine (the Holy Land)
Religion of the Arabs Islam
Muslim people who took over the Holy Land from the Arabs the Seljuk Turks
Empire that appealed to the pope for protection from the Turks the Byzantine Empire
Holy city recaptured by the crusaders in 1099 Jerusalem
Tragic crusade of 1212 the Children's Crusade
Pope who called on the feudal lords to wage a holy war (a crusade) to regain the Holy Land Urban II
War cry of the crusaders "God wills it!"
Emblem of the crusaders, sewn onto their tunics a red cross
The things a crusader would be forgiven for or declared free from debts, taxes, sins, and criminal punishment
Crusade led by nobles that was successful the First Crusade
What the crusaders did when they recaptured the holy city massacred the inhabitants
The three kings who conducted the Third Crusade Richard/Lion-Hearted (Eng), F. Barbarossa (Ger), Ph. Augu
Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 Salah al-Din (Saladin)
Main political effect of the crusades an increase in the power of kings
Site of Church council where the pope pleaded for a crusade Clermont
Crusade led by Louis VII of France and the Holy Emperor Conrad III; begun in 1147 the Second Crusade
Term for the Third Crusade, 1189-1192 the Crusade of Three Kings
Pope who called for a Fourth Crusade in 1198 Innocent III
City looted by crusaders in 1204 Constantinople
France
Result of French religious conflicts a civil war
Lavish palaces built by the French king outside Paris Versailles
European language of diplomacy and nobility French
Alliances against France aimed to preserve this in Europe. the balance of power
French Protestants the Huguenots
King who ended the fighting between Protestants and Catholics Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
Representative body that did not meet from 1614 to 1789 the Estates-General
Family that began to rule France in 1589 the Bourbons
Chief minister, churchman, actual ruler of France from 1624 to 1642 Cardinal Richelieu
Social class weakened by Richelieu and Louis XIV the nobles
"Sun King" who reportedly claimed, "I am the state." Louis XIV
Major drains on the French treasury under Louis XIV years of wars and/or costs of the court
War fought to determine the king of Spain, from which France lost territory the War of the Spanish Succession
Result of Louis XIV's recovotation of the Huguenots' religious freedom loss of skilled workers and businesspeople
Decree that granted French Protestants freedom of worship the Edict of Nantes
Queen who allowed Catholics to attack Protestants Catherine de Medici
King who let his chief minister run France Louis XIII
Louis's chief minister, a believer in mercantilism Colbert
Long war from which France gained much power the Thirty Years' War
Terrible anti-Huguenot event of 1572 the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
England
Popular ruling family the Tudors
Unpopular ruling family the Stuarts
Leader of the Puritans, who ruled as Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell
Fate of King Charles I to be beheaded
What the Restoration restored, politically the monarchy
Popular form of entertainment that the Restoration restored the theater
Document that established many basic rights of the English people the Bill (Declaration) of Rights
The last Tudor monarch Elizabeth I
The first Stuart monarch James I
Type of ruler Cromwell was, essentially a military dictator
English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church the Puritans
The second Stuart monarch, who dissolved Parliament in 1629 Charles I
James I firmly believed in this theory of a monarch's power the divine right of kings
Civil war began in 1642 when Charles I led troops against this body. the House of Commons
Country that the first Stuart monarch also ruled Scotland
Successor to the Cromwells Charles II
Reason why the English monarch had to consult Parliament to raise taxes
Term for the bloodless overthrow of King James II the Glorious Revolution
New joint rulers of England in 1688 William and Mary
Type of monarchy Great Britain became in the 1700s a limited constitutional monarchy
Enlightened Politics
Agreement between the people and their chosen leader a social contract
Rights no one could justifiably take from the people natural rights
Locke's "natural rights" the rights of life, liberty, and property
Freedoms advocated by Voltaire free speech, press, and religion
Revolutions of the 1700s influenced by Enlightenment ideas the French and American Revolutions
Key U.S. documents heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas the U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence
French writer whose ideas inspired the French revolutionaries Jean-Jacques Rousseau
English political thinker who justified the overthrow of Britain's king John Locke
English philosopher who first proposed a "social contract" Thomas Hobbes
Primary concern of Enlightenment political thinkers how people should be governed
Condition in which people lived before organizing society anarchy, or a state of nature
The most nearly perfect existing government, according to Montesquieu the English government
Division among government branches admired by Montesquieu the separation of powers
Limitations created by division of governmental powers checks and balances
Development of this type of monarchy was influenced by Montesquieu. limited monarchy
Supreme power in politics, according to Rousseau the people's will (or the general will)
Free choice of the people in government popular sovereignty
Term for rulers who supported the Enlightenment enlightened despots
French document of 1789 strongly influenced by Enlightenment ideas the Declaration of the Rights of Man
Revolutionary People
Commander of the colonial army George Washington
Main author of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson
King of England during the American Revolution George III
Boston silversmith who made a famous "midnight ride" Paul Revere
Slang term for a British soldier redcoat (or lobsterback)
Colonial soldiers who could be ready to fight quickly Minutemen
German soldiers paid to fight for the English Hessians
People who opposed the split with England Tories (or Loyalists)
People who favored the split with England Patriots
First man to sign the Declaration of Independence John Hancock
Frenchman who was Washington's trusted aide the Marquis de Lafayette
Prussian officer who trained American troops Baron Von Steuben
Patriot author of Common Sense Thomas Paine
British general who surrendered his army to end the war Lord Cornwallis
American ambassador to France during the war Benjamin Franklin
Man who said, "Give me liberty or give me death." Patrick Henry
Important author of the Constitution and fourth U.S. president James Madison
Leader of the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts Samuel Adams
The two outstanding Polish officers who served in the American army Casimir Pulaski and Thaddeus Kosciusko
The three men who represented America at the peace conference Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams
Colonial lawyer and Patriot who defended British soldiers after the Boston killings John Adams
Revolutionary Places
Site of the Continental Congress Philadelphia
Winter headquarters of Washington's army in 1777-8 Valley Forge
Site of famed battle in Boston Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)
New York fort that Benedict Arnold planned to turn over to the British West Point
Colony that took the lead in disobeying British laws Massachusetts
Ocean separating England and the colonies the Atlantic
Colonial harbor closed by the British Boston Harbor
Britain gained all territory east of this river from France. the Mississippi
Massachusetts towns where colonial troops first fired on British troops Lexington and Concord
The British planned to cut the colonies in two along this river. the Hudson
Site of a major American victory in New York in 1777 Saratoga
Site of final American victory in 1781 Yorktown
City where the peace treaty was negotiated Paris
Bodies of water on the new northern boundary of the United States the Great Lakes
Spanish territory that marked the new southern boundary of the United States Florida
English settlers in this territory gained rights after the war. Canada
The two self-governing colonies Connecticut and Rhode Island
The two Canadian cities the colonists tried to seize in 1775 Quebec and Montreal
City evacuated by the British in 1776 after a colonial siege Boston
City where the American army was almost trapped New York
City where the British army spent the winter of 1777-8 Philadelphia
State that did not take part in the Constitutional Convention Rhode Island
Revolutionary Events
Parisian fort taken by a mob on July 14, 1789 the Bastille
Slogan of the Revolution "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Source of government authority, according to the Declaration the people
The wave of killing from 1793 to 1794 the Reign of Terror
Instrument used for execution the guillotine
Fate of Louis XVI and his wife beheading
Government of five directors under the third constitution the Directory
Leader of extreme radicals, assassinated in his bath Jean-Paul Marat
The two leaders of the radical Jacobins Robespierre and Danton
Two countries that invaded France in 1792 Austria and Prussia
The three different groups in the Legislative Assembly the radicals, moderates, and conservatives
Type of government set up by the Constitution of 1791 a constitutional (limited) monarchy
The National Assembly took away this institution's land the Church
The royal family and National Assembly moved to this city Paris
Document that stated the Revolution's principles the Declaration of the Rights of Man
French flag of three colors adopted in 1789 the tricolor
The two reforms passed by the National Assembly in August
abolishing
1789
both serfdom and tax exemptions for nobles and clergy
City government of Paris set up by radicals the Commune
Elected group that governed France from 1792 to 1795 the National Convention
Radical court that tried enemies of the Revolution the Revolutionary Tribunal
Committee that directed the army the Committee of Public Safety
Reform
Type of labor limited by early reform laws child labor
Workers' associations allowed in England after 1824 trade unions
Refusals to work in order to gain demands strikes
Famous English novelist who described the terrible working conditions Charles Dickens
New, shorter workday for textile mills 10 hours
Negotiating by unions and management collective bargaining
Living standards improved when these became available to workers. chgeap factory (consumer) goods
Social class that supported factory workers against owners the aristocracy
System in which the public owed the means of production socialism
Socialists who designed model communities Utopian socialists
Welsh socialist who established a utopian community for his factory workers Robert Owen
Developer of "scientific socialism" Karl Marx
Marx's famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto
Groups that were in opposition under capitalism, according to Marx
the bourgeoisie (capitalists) vs. the Proletariat (workers)
Economic theory meaning "let do" favored by business owners laissez-faire
Englishman who wrote about increasing population Thomas Malthus
English businessman who wrote that working class poverty was unavoidable David Ricardo
English philosopher who wrote that a government should promote social welfare John Stuart Mill
Owen's utopian factory community in Scotland New Lanark
Marx's co-author Friedrich Engels
Marx's study of capitalism Das Kapital
Brazil
Valuable wood that spurred colonial settlement brazilwood
Slaves were imported from this continent. Africa
Brazil won independence without this. bloodshed
Brazil's major river the Amazon
People who were sent to Brazil to work off their sentences criminals
Religion of Brazil Roman Catholicism
Brazil's "mother country" Portugal
Primary crop of Brazilian plantations in the 1600s sugar cane
The two most valuable products of Brazilian mining gold and diamonds
Family that fled Brazil in 1808 the Portuguese Royal Family
Language spoken in Brazil Portuguese
Brazil's center of government Rio de Janeiro
The two major exports of Brazil in the 1800s coffee and rubber
Pedro II encouraged this to help Brazil's economy. development (of agriculture and industry)
European emperor who invaded Brazil's "mother country" and drove out the royal family Napoleon
King who returned to Portugal in 1821 King John VI
Son of the Portuguese king; he became Brazil's ruler Pedro I
Type of government established for the independent Brazil a constitutional monarchy
Well-educated ruler who brought peace and good government to Brazil Pedro II
Ruler of Brazil appointed by the king the governor general
Brazil borrowed money from this country for building projects. England
Territorial strips in colonial Brazil captaincies
A United Italy
Italian states ruled by the pope the Papal States
Large island at the southern end of Italy Sicily
City ruled by the pope until 1870 Rome
Economic base of northern Italy industry
Economic base of southern Italy agriculture
Secret society formed by local strong men in Sicily the Mafia (or Camorra)
The self-proclaimed "prisoner of the Vatican" the pope
Capital of the kingdom of Italy Rome
Leader who liberated southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi
Kingdom of the lower half of Italy the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Garibaldi's army the Red Shirts
Southern capital seized by Garibaldi and his army Naples
King of Sardinia and of Italy Victor Emmanuel II
French ruler who allied his nation with Sardinia Napoleon III
Prime minister of Sardinia who wored for Italian unity Count di Cavour
Ally of Sardinia in its war with Austria France
Major power that dominated a divided Italy Austria
Leader of Italian unification movements before 1850 Giuseppe Mazzini
The Italian nationalistic movement: Italian for "resurgence" Risorgimento
Northern Italian state Sardinia gained after the brief war with Austria Lombardy
Secret Italian nationalist society of the early 1800s the Carbonari
New youthful Italian nationalist movement of the 1830s Young Italy
State added to Italy after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 Venetia
Central Europe
Dominant power of Central Europe the Austrian Empire
Ruling family of Austria the Hapsburgs
Region that joined equally with Austria in 1867 Hungary
The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary
Feeling of loyalty and patriotism toward a country, strong in Central Europe nationalism
Majority population and language of Hungary Magyar
Dominant nationality and language of Austria German
Dominant power in the Balkans in the 1860s the Ottoman Empire
Nickname for the Ottoman Empire "The Sick Man of Europe"
The Ottoman type of government autocratic
Country that defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1878 Russia
International conference that rewrote the Russian-Ottoman treaty the Congress of Berlin
Ruler of the Ottoman Empire sultan
Ally of the Balkan people Russia
Major ally of the Ottoman Empire Great Britain
Emperor of Austria from 1848 to 1916 and King of Hungary as of 1867 Franz Josef I
Conflict in which Austria lost territory to both Prussia and Italy the Seven Weeks' War
Three of the major peoples of the Balkans Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and Greeks
Treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1878 the Treaty of San Stefano
Mediterranean island gained by Great Britain from the Turks in 1878 Cyprus
Balkan state that gained self-rule in 1878 and independence in 1908 Bulgaria
Russia
Russian form of government under the tsars autocracy
Institution abolished by the tsar in 1861 serfdom
Freedom from serfdom (or slavery) emancipation
Cause of Alexander's death assassination
Radicals who favored bombings and political killings terrorists
Russia wanted access to this sea. the Mediterranean
Program that forced non-Russians to adopt Russian culture and customs Russification
Policy that favored the union of all Slavic peoples Pan-Slavism
War Russia fought against France, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire in 1855-56 the Crimean War
Body of water that bordered the Crimea the Black Sea
The only real benefit of the Crimean War creation of modern field hospitals, prof. nursing for wounded
Tsar who allowed a number of liberal reforms Alexander II
Moderate reformers who became more and more radical socialists
Type of language shared by Russians, Bulgarians, and Serbs Slavic
Strongly nationalistic European people who were part of the Russian Empire Finns and Poles
New class that supported freedom for the serfs middle-class industrialists
Russian naval base under siege for 11 months Sevastopol (or Sebastopol)
Radical activists who wanted to abolish all political and social structures in Russia Nihilists (or anarchists)
Radicals who urged land reform and a better life for the peasants Populists
Violent, often fatal mob attacks, especially against Jews pogroms
Russia claimed to be the protector of these peoples within the Ottoman Empire Orthodox Christians
imperialism
raw materials
tropical foods (or foods from Asia and Africa)
new markets
nationalism
to spread religion
a colony
tariffs
surplus capital (profits)
manpower
refueling stations and/or naval bases
to "civilize" them
World War I
a protectorate
treaty ports
mercantilism
economic imperialism
political imperialism
a sphere of influence
Social Darwinism
steam
the Hawaiian Islands
monarchy
sugar cane and pineapple
American planters
American Samoa
coal
the Midway Islands
the U.S. Navy
a territory
Queen Liliuokalani
the Aleutians
Captain James Cook
Pago Pago
Wake Island
Western Samoa
the Marquesas, Tahiti (Society Islands), and New Caledonia
the Fijis, Gilberts, Solomons, and Cooks
the Solomons, Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas
the Samoan Islands
the Maine
independence
Theodore Roosevelt
the Rough Riders
independent
newspapers
Cuba
Havana
William McKinley
the Spanish-American War
Cuba and Puerto Rico
the Philippines and Guam
Manila
the Philippines and Puerto Rico
an appointed governor
the Caribbean
the Platt Amendment
Guantanamo Bay
Guam
Luzon
Emilio Aguinaldo
experience
defense
the Panama Canal
the mosquito
yellow fever
the Atlantic (or Caribbean) and Pacific
Pancho Villa
the Monroe Doctrine
the Roosevelt Corollary
the Isthmus of Panama
nonpayment of debts
Venezuela
Colombia
the Dominican Republic
Haiti
the Virgin Islands
Nicaragua
the Pan American Union
an "international police power"
Veracruz
sh Cards
/?read_only=109099&u=hooah&p=garrett
31 - Asia and Imperialism
Question Answer
India
People who were barred from important British positions Indians
The two rival religious groups Hindus and Muslims
The Empress of India Queen Victoria
How the British saw themselves as compared with Indians superior
The British policy of divide and rule worked well because India had so many of these. states (or native princes)
Ruling British government official of India the viceroy
European country with a near-monopoly on Indian trade in the 1500s Portugal
Trading company that controlled most of India the British East India Company
Small jail cell where British prisoners died overnight the Black Hole of Calcutta
Important state, site of Calcutta, conquered by the British Bengal
Two major factors that prevented Indian unity the caste system and religious differences
The minority religious group in India the Muslims
This encouraged Indian ideas about nationalism, democracy, and socialism. British education
Parliament transferred rule of India to this entity in 1858. the British Crown (or government)
Reformer and scholar often called the founder of Indian nationalism. Ram Mohun Roy
Group formed to protect the interests of its religious follwers the Muslim League
Military officer who expanded British control Robert Clive
Native Indian troops sepoys
Mutiny (revolt) of the native troops in 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion
Group that favored Indian self-rule the Indian National Congress
Important French trading base on India's southeast coast taken by the British in 1761 Pondicherry
Important British trading base on India's southeast coast Madras
Southeast Asia
Peninsula east of India and south of China Indochina (or Southeast Asia)
Large Asian countries that strongly influenced southeast Asia India and China
What the first European traders came looking for spices
Two beverage products Southeast Asia became an important source of coffee and tea
Asian nation that once dominated eastern Southeast Asia China
System of native work in the Dutch colony forced labor
Ocean to the southwest of Southeast Asia the Indian Ocean
Early European traders along the Southeast Asian coast the Portuguese and the Dutch
Country that took control of Burma Great Britain
Island at the southern tip of the Southeast Asian peninsula Singapore
The only independent state (a kingdom) of Southeast Asia Siam
Today's name for Siam Thailand
European nation that took control of eastern Southeast Asia France
Term for the French-controlled nations of Southeast Asia French Indochina
Trading company that governed the Netherlands' island possessions the Dutch East India Company
The Dutch colony of Southeast Asia the Dutch (Netherlands) East Indies
Kingdom on the eastern border of India Burma
Peninsula that jutted out at the southern end of Southeast Asia the Malay Peninsula
Britain controlled the northern part of this large island. Borneo
Britain controlled the southeastern part of this large island. New Guinea
Sea that bordered Southeast Asia on the east the South China Sea
The major islands of the Dutch colony (6) Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Timor, New Guinea
China
Basic foreign policy of the ruling dynasty isolation
Drug that the British introduced to China opium
Manchu capital Peking
China's giant neighbor to the north Russia
Type of government established in China by the revolution of 1912 a republic
Ruling dynasty from 1644 until 1911 the Manchu dynasty
War that opened China to increased British rule the Opium War
Island granted to the British in 1842 Hong Kong
Peninsular country east of China Korea
Nation that defeated China in a war of 1894-95 Japan
Northern area Russia wanted control of Manchuria
U.S. backed policy of giving all nations equal trading rights in China the Open Door Policy
Movement to drive all foreigners out of China the Boxer Rebellion
Leader of the revolution against the Manchus Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
Chinese term for treaties China was forced to sign "unequal treaties"
Rebellion that weakened the Manchus the Taiping Rebellion
Russian naval base near Manchuria Vladivostok
Dowager empress who blocked most modernization reforms Cixi
The young emperor Guang Xu launched a hundred days of this. reform
The Nationalist People's Party Kuomintang
Sea between China and Korea the Yellow Sea
Japan
Foreign policy of Japan before imperialism isolation
Japan refused to help these people in distress. shipwrecked sailors
Purpose of the first European treaties with Japan to open up trade
Japan developed a surplus of this as it industrialized. population
Japan had to import these important items. raw materials and food
All Japanese became literate because of this. universal public education
U.S. naval officer who arranged for a treaty Commodore Matthew Perry
Japan's response to Western conflict industrialization and/or modernization
Japan's form of government after 1889 constitutional (but absolute) monarchy
Countries that Japan fought for control of Korea China and Russia
Excellent harbor taken from China by Russia, then Japan Lüshun (Port Arthur)
Island colony acquired by Japan from China in 1894 Taiwan
Man who arranged the peace between Russia and Japan Theodore Roosevelt
Japan and Russia divided this area into two spheres of influence Manchuria
Japan annexed this country in 1910, renaming it Chosen. Korea
Only Japanese port open to foreign trade until the mid-1800s Nagasaki
The reign of "enlightened rule" Meiji (or the Meiji Era)
Emperor who established the reign of "enlightened rule" Mutsuhito
Peninsula on Manchuria's southern coast fought over by China, Russia, and Japan the Liaotung Peninsula
Treaty ending the Russo-Japanese war was signed here. Portsmouth, New Hampshire
West Africa
Term for Africa south of the Sahara sub-Saharan Africa
Collective name of France's territories in West Africa French West Africa
Area east of the Cote d'Iviore known for its gold mines the Gold Coast
Belgium's large colony in west-central Africa the Belgian Congo
West Africa's only independent nation Liberia
Body of water that borders West Africa the Atlantic Ocean
Large French territory from the Congo to the north French Equatorial Africa
Largest British colony in West Africa Nigeria
British journalist and explorer of the Congo River basin Henry Stanley
Person who was the first European "owner" of the Congo basin area King Leopold II of Belgium
Capital named after President James Monroe Monrovia
Portugal's colony on western Africa's coast Portuguese Guinea
Port city of Nigeria Lagos
The four French settlements along the coast of Western Africa's "bulge"
Senegal, French Guinea, Cote d'Iviore, Dahomey
Ancient city of the western Sudan region Timbuktu
The French worked inland from the western coast along this river. the Senegal
Coastal area south of the "bulge" claimed by France the (French) Congo
Major river basin of central Africa: site of Brazzaville the Congo
Confederation of native tribes in the Gold Coast region the Asante
Leader of anti-French resistance in West Africa for 16 years Samori Toure
Germany's possessions in west Africa Togo and the Cameroons
Spanish colonies on western Africa's coast Rio de Oro and Rio Muni
East Africa
Scottish mercenary and renowned explorer David Livingstone
Journalist sent to find Livingstone Henry Stanley
Stanley's famous greeting "Dr. Livingston, I presume?"
Germany's protectorate in East Africa German East Africa
Britain's large coastal protectorate in East Africa British East Africa
Italian desert land on the Indian Ocean Italian Somaliland
Ocean bordering Africa's east coast the Indian Ocean
Sea bordering Egypt and the Sudan the Red Sea
Interior region invaded by Italy Ethiopia
Eastern region just south of Egypt the Sudan
French toehold on the Red Sea French Somaliland
The only independent nation of eastern Africa Ethiopia
European powers that vied for possessions of the Sudan France and Great Britain
Major river that flows through the Sudan the Nile
Large lake bordering Uganda Lake Victoria
Name for the Sudan under British and Egyptian control Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
African uprising in German East Africa the Maji-Maji rebellion
Large island claimed by France Madagascar
Rich inland territory gained by the British from Germany Uganda
Italian desert land along the Red Sea Eritrea
Sudanese city besieged by rebelling natives for 10 months Khartoum
Ethiopian emperor whose army crushed the invading Italians Menelik II
Southern Africa
Dutch settlers in southern Africa the Boers
Man largely responsible for expansion of British power in southern Africa Cecil Rhodes
Gems found in Cape Colony diamonds
Discovery of this caused a rush of people to the Transvaal. gold
Territory named for Rhodes Rhodesia
Seaport established by the Dutch in 1652 Cape Town
War between the British and the Dutch settlers the Boer War
Language of the Boers Afrikaans
Union of English colonies and Boer states the Union of South Africa
Portugal's colony to the north and east of South Africa Mozambique
German territory to the north and west of South Africa German Southwest Africa
Oldest colony in Africa, a Portuguese possession Angola
Spectacular falls in Zimbabwe Victoria Falls
Dutch colony seized by Great Britain in the early 1800s Cape Colony
The two independent Boer republics the Orange Free State and the Transvaal
Rhodes's dream for Africa a north-south railway (through a chain of British colonies)
Region west of the Transvaal controlled by Great Britain Bechuanaland
Colonies united to form the British dominion of South Cape
AfricaColony, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange Free State
Natives of German Southwest Africa who rebelled the Hottentots and Hereros
River of Mozambique and Rhodesia explored by Livingstone the Zambezi
Renowned Zulu warrior and chief of the early 1800s Shaka
Another name for Mozambique Portuguese East Africa
Industrial Advances
New power source that replaced steam electricity
Outstanding U.S. inventor involved with electricity Thomas Edison
These replaced gas lamps. electric light bulbs
Power generated by the use of water hydroelectric power
American teacher of the deaf who patented the telephone Alexander Graham Bell
Natural resources used to run electric generators waterfalls
Engine that used a portable supply of gasoline or oil the internal combustion engine
German engineer who invented an economical oil-burning engine for heavy vehicles Rudolf Diesel
Improved material that allowed skyscrapers to be built structural steel
The Bell Telephone Co. was formed to create this. a phone network (long-distance lines)
Marconi's invention, a way to send messages through space without wires the radio
Edison invented the first practical model of this sound machine. the phonograph
Important centers of scientific study industrial research labs
Industry that set up the first U.S. research labs the electrical industry
The two German pioneers of self-propelled vehicles Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
Brothers credited with inventing the first successful gas automobile in the U.S. in 1893 Charles and Frank Duryea
The modern chemical industry began when Perkins accidentally produced this. artificial dye
Country that took the lead in the production of synthetic chemical materials Germany
American who perfected the simple camera George Eastman
Machine that transformed mechanical power into electrical energy the dynamo (electric generator)
Conflict Begins
Site of the 1914 assassination that triggered the war Sarajevo
The assassin was a nationalist of this ethnic group Serbs
Country whose heir to the throne was assassinated Austria-Hungary
Germany's response to Russian troop mobilization declaring war
Nation that wanted to create a Slavic state Serbia
Slavic nation, a major power, that supported Serbia's Pan-Slavism Russia
Leader assassinated in 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The final terms offered for a settlement, presented to Austria to Serbia an ultimatum
Russia's action to prepare to defend Serbia mobilizing its troops
Neutral country invaded by Germany Belgium
Event that brought Great Britain into the war the invasion of Belgium
Far East nation that declared war as Britain's ally Japan
Triple Alliance member that remained neutral at first Italy
Empire that joined Germany and Austria in November 1914 the Ottoman Empire
Nation that presented Serbia with an ultimatum Austria
Germany's new leader in the 1890s Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germany's reason for invading a neutral country to knock France out of the war quickly
Name for the Serb assassin at Sarajevo Gavrilo Princip
Balkan nation that entered the war as Germany's ally in 1915 Bulgaria
The Turks kept Russia's southern fleet bottled up in the sea the Black Sea
Austrian territory Serbia wanted; where the assassination took place Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Fighting
New rapid-fire weapon the machine gun
New armored vehicle the tank
New airborne weapon the airplane
New oceangoing weapon the submarine
New form of chemical warfare poison gas
Soldiers protected themselves from machine-gun fire and artillery in these. trenches
Result each side expected in the summer of 1914 a quick victory
Germany and its allies the Central Powers
Britain and its partners in the war the Allied Powers (or the Allies)
How the armies of World War I were different from earlier European armies being citizen (non-professional) armies
Sea blockaded by the British to cut off Germany the North Sea
British passenger liner sunk by German submarines the Lusitania
German policy that drew the United States into the war unrestricted submarine warfare
Why the United States entered the war, according to Woodrow Wilson "to make the world safe for democracy"
Event that caused Russia to drop out of the war the Russian Revolution
Two uses for airplanes in the war to observe troop movements and drop explosives
Battle that ended Germany's hope of a quick victory the First Battle of the Marne
The war's only large naval battle Jutland
Site of deadly but inconclusive monthlong fight in France Verdun (or the Somme)
Secret message that outraged Americans the Zimmerman Telegram
The battle to open up the Dardanelles Strait Gallipoli
Forest battle that forced the Germans back to their border the Argonne
Japan
Japanese head of state who wielded no real power the emperor
In th 1920s, Japan agreed to limit the size of this part of its military forces. the navy
Element of Japanese society that controlled the government by the 1930s the military
Need for these fueled Japan's desire to expand raw materials, or markets for its products
Growth of this fueled Japan's desire to expand. the population
Neighboring country that Japan invaded in the 1930s China
Important source of Japanese wealth, disrupted by the Great Depression trade
Man who reigned on Japan's throne from 1926 to 1989 Hirohito
Increased characteristic of Japanese government during the 1920s democratic
Term for extreme nationalists ultranationalists
Northern Chinese province that Japan seized in 1931 Manchuria
Kellogg-Briand Pact--Japan pledged to renounce this "as an instrument of national policy." war
Japan put pressure on this neighbor with the Twenty-One Demands in 1915 China
Zaibatsu, people who strongly influenced politics in the 1920s powerful business leaders
Name of the Japanese Parliament the Diet
Values vigorously promoted by the military-dominated government traditional values
Japan's name for its puppet state in Manchuria Manchukuo
Int'l body that Japan withdrew from in 1933 b/c of condemnation of Japanese aggression the League of Nations
India
Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi
Indians' name for Ghandhi, meaning "saintly one" or "Great Soul" Mahatma
Imperialist country that ruled India as its colony Great Britain
The way to respond to British shootings and beatings, according to Gandhi with nonviolence
Hindu social system that Gandhi opposed the caste system
Britain promised more self-government if Indians fought in this war. World War I
British-made item that Indians boycotted widely cloth
Peaceful protest led by Gandhi to defy the British laws about salt the Salt March
Deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law civil disobedience
Gandhi's profession, which he practiced in South Africa law
Non-Hindu Indian independence group the Muslim League
Gandhi's policy of peaceful resistance through refusing to cooperate with the government nonviolent noncooperation
India's leading political party the Indian National Congress (or Congress party)
Indian province where the Amritsa massacre took place in 1919 Punjab
Reforms allowed by the Government of India Act of 1935 local self-government and/or limited democratic elections
Leader of the Muslim League beginning in the 1930s Muhammad Ali Jinnah
New goal of the Muslim League under Jinnah a separate independent state
Social injustice that Gandhi worked against in South Africa racial discrimination
Garment adopted by Gandhi in place of western clothing the dhoti (or a simple and traditional white garment)
Economic Conditions
Institution that took more control of economics after the war the government
Condition of many countries because of wartime borrowing heavily indebted
Source of government revenue, very high in many postwar countries taxes
Drastic business collapse of the 1930s the Great Depression
Many of these financial institutions failed in the 1930s. banks
Condition of 30 million workers in 1932 unemployed
Condition caused by demobilizing (disbanding) the armed forces unemployment
Common postwar condition of rising prices inflation
Widespread walls that blocked free trade among nations tariffs
Investment arena that collapsed in October 1929 the stock market
The program of relief and reform in the United States the New Deal
Law that gave U.S. workers unemployment and old-age benefits for the first time the Social Security Act
Group that pressured governments to help with workers' problems organized labor
Work stoppage by laborers in many areas of the economy a general strike
U.S. farm prices fell because of this. overproduction
The International Monetary Conference of 1933 tried to promote this among nations. financial cooperation
Government programs that provided employment for workers public works
Global activity that dropped by 65 percent in the 1930s world trade
Policy of improving a nation's economy without regard for other countries economic nationalism
Practice of buying stock with only a small cash down payment buying on margin
Europe
Average life span of a French government cabinet less than a year
British workers who inspired a general strike coal miners
British working-class party that gained power in 1924 the Labour Party
Irish force that fought British troops the Irish Republican Army
Portion of Ireland that stayed part of the United Kingdom Northern Ireland
Line of defenses built along the French-German frontier the Maginot Line
German coal and iron valley that French troops attempted to occupy the Ruhr Valley
British prime minister elected with working-class support Ramsay MacDonald
The Irish nationalist uprising of 1916, named for a holiday the Easter Rising
The independent southern portion of Ireland the Irish Free State (Eire)
Main characteristic of Eastern European economies agriculture
Union of Germany, desired by many Austrians Anschluss
Form of Hungarian government under Admiral Horthy a military dictatorship
Form of government in Poland after the constitutional democracy failed a military dictatorship
Owners of most land in Eastern Europe wealthy aristocrats
Because France had so many political parties, it had this type of government. coalition governments
European nations' agreement to settle future disputes peacefully the Locarno Pact
French coalition government of socialists and communists the Popular Front
French socialist premier Leon Blum
Hungarian communist who seized power in 1919 Bela Kun
One of the Eastern European nations that maintained democratic government Finland, the Baltic States, or Czechoslovakia
Paris treaty that condemned war as a way of settling disputes the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Conflict Begins
The three major Axis powers Germany, Italy, and Japan
English statesman elected to replace Chamberlain Winston Churchill
Major Allied country taken by Hitler in June 1940 France
Leader of the French fighters General Charles de Gaulle
Germany signed a nonaggression treaty with this country in 1939. the Soviet Union
Strip of Polish territory that cut through Germany the Polish Corridor
Hitler's attack on this country started World War II. Poland
Hitler's tactic of "lightning war" Blitzkrieg
The four major Allies Great Britain, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., China (plus France)
Two Scandinavian countries invaded by Hitler in April 1940 Denmark and Norway
The three Low Countries taken by Hitler in May 1940 the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Allied troops withdrew from this French seaport to England, by all boats available. Dunkirk
The French group that continued to fight the Germans the Free French
Two Western nations that were defensive allies of Poland Great Britain and France
Free city on the Baltic Sea open to Poland, desired by Germany Danzig
Germany's line of defense in the Rhineland the Siegfried Line
Country that disappeared when the Soviet Union moved into it in 1939 Poland
The only country to be expelled from the League of Nations for aggression the Soviet Union
Term for the nearly actionless early days of the war the "phony war" or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war")
Term for the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania taken by the Soviets in 1940 the Baltic States
The U.S.S.R. was expelled from the League of Nations for invading this Scandinavian country Finland
The French government under Hitler the Petain (or Vichy) government
Economic Recovery
Germany transportation industry that became a strong competitor of its American counterpart the automobile industry
Great Britain's moderate socialist party the Labour Party
State like Great Britain where government took main responsibility for its citizens' welfare a welfare state
Discontented French workers caused these to spread rapidly in 1968. strikes
The European Recovery Program; it provided U.S. aid to Europe the Marshall Plan
The most stable currency in postwar Europe the mark
What happened to British railroads, coal mines, and utilities "nationalization"
EEC, the economic and trade union of Western Europe the European Economic Community
Common name of the European economic union the Common Market
Trade barriers the Western European nations gradually dropped tariffs and/or import quotas
Major European nation that remained outside the EEC for 15 years Great Britain
The U.S. Trade Expansion Act allowed the president to cut these. tariffs
Many newly indpnt. nations of this continent joined the EEC as associate members in the '60s Africa
U.S. official who suggested the policy of massive aid to Europe Secretary of State George C. Marshall
The EEC members had the most trouble agreeing on this policy. agricultural policy
The East European nations' common market Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
Country that vetoed British membership in the EEC France
Union of Western Europe's coal and steel industries, ECSC the European Coal and Steel Community
Term for the amazingly rapid economic recovery of Germany "the German miracle"
UNRRA, the organization that gave emergency relief aid to war-torn
the
countries
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
Southeast Asia
Communist leader of North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh
The communist guerrillas in South Vietnam the Viet Cong
U.S. president who greatly expanded U.S. involvement in Vietnam Lyndon Johnson
Capital of Vietnam Hanoi
Capital of South Vietnam; fell to the communists in 1975 Saigon
Refugees from Southeast Asia who attempted to emigrate by sea boat people
Large drain on Thailand's economy refugees
Collective term for the countries that border the Pacific Ocean the Pacific Rim
New name of Saigon Ho Chi Minh City
Neighbor of Vietnam invaded by U.S. troops Cambodia
U.S. president who first sent aid to Vietnam Dwight Eisenhower
The communist forces of Cambodia who established a brutal rule in the 1970s the Khmer Rouge
Country that invaded Cambodia in 1979 and took control for a decade Vietnam
Cambodia's ruler from 1941 through 1970, who remained active in exile Norodom Sihanouk
Site of crushing French army defeat by the Vietnamese Dienbienphu
Communist-led group of Laos the Pathet Lao
The one nation of Southeast Asia that never was a European colony Thailand
Nation to the east of India; it gained independence in 1948 Burma
New name given Burma by its military leaders Myanmar
The three countries formed out of French Indochina Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
Burmese woman who won the Nobel Prize in 1991 while under house arrest Aung San Suu Kyi
Leaders
Kenya's nationalist leader and first president Jomo Kenyatta
South African nationalist leader jailed for 27 years and elected president in 1994 Nelson Mandela
South African bishop; 1984 Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu
French government leader who supported colonies' independence Charles de Gaulle
Uganda's notorious dictator; forced from office in 1978 Idi Amin
Emperor of Ethiopia; deposed in 1974 Haile Selassie
Ghana's nationalist leader and first president Kwame Nkrumah
Senegalese leader and noted poet Leopold Senghor
Guinea's first president elected in 1958; a nationalist leader Sekou Toure
1st premier of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - forced from office and killed in 1961 Patrice Lumumba
First president of both Tanganyika and Tanzania Julius Nyerere
Uganda's nationalist leader Milton Obote
Prime minister of Rhodesia who declared independence in 1965 Ian Smith
First Zambian president, a nationalist leader Kenneth Kaunda
Leader who became Cote d'Iviore's first president in 1960 Felix Houphouet-Boigny
African nationalist leaders of Southern Rhodesia Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe
South African leader who urged nonviolence; 1961 Nobel Peace Prize winner Albert Luthuli
Apartheid leader assassinated in parliament in 1966 Hendrik Verwoerd
Former U.S. professor, founder of modern Mozambique nationalism; assassinated in 1969 Eduardo Mondlane
Longtime leader who changed his country's name from Congo to Zaire Mobuto Sese Seko (Joseph Mobuto)
South African president who began the dismantling of apartheid laws F.W. de Klerk
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Ancient name of the land disputed by Jews and Arabs Palestine
Reaction of Arabs to Israel's independence war
Arab group that seeks to establish an Arab state in Palestine the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
Longtime leader of the PLO Yasir Arafat
Status of most Arabs who left Israeli Palestine after its 1948 independence refugee
Coastal area seized from Egypt by Israel in a 1956 invasion the Gaza Strip
Egyptian territory between Israel and the Suez Canal the Sinai Peninsula
Organization that divided Palestine into Arab and Jewish states the United Nations
Term for the Palestinian uprising in Israeli-occupied territories the intifada
Waterway Egypt closed to Israel the Suez Canal and/or the Gulf of Aqaba
Short Arab-Israeli war of 1967 the Six-Day War
Arab residents of this Israeli-held territory began angry demonstrations in 1987. the West Bank (or Gaza Strip)
War that broke out on the Jewish high holy day in 1973 the Yom Kippur War
Egyptian and Israeli leaders who agreed to peace Sadat and Begin
U.S. president who brought Egyptian and Israeli leaders together Jimmy Carter
Hard-line Israeli prime minister who took office in 2001 Ariel Sharon
Eastern (Arab) Palestine became part of this country. Jordan
High land in Syria seized by Israel in 1967 the Golan Heights
The Arab-Israeli Oslo agreement of 1993 allowed some of this. Palestinian self-rule
Term for the Egypt-Israel peace agreements the Camp David Accords
Israel invaded this country in 1982 to wipe out PLO bases. Lebanon
Country that abandoned its ties with West Bank Palestinians in 1988 Jordan
Joint winners of the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize Arafat, Rabin, and Peres
South America
President and dictator of Argentina Juan Peron
First democratically elected Marxist leader in the Western Hemisphere Salvador Allende
U.S. group accused of being involved in Allende's overthrow the CIA
Argentina went to war with Great Britain in 1982 over these islands. the Falkland Islands
Brazil moved its capital to Brasilia to help develop this area. the interior
By 1970, most Brazilians lived in these areas. urban areas
The army of this large country rebelled against a leftist government in 1964. Brazil
Country that had a Marxist president Chile
Deadly disease that became an epidemic in the early 1990s cholera
Juan Peron's wives who helped him rule Eva and Isabel Peron
First female president in the Western Hemisphere Isabel Peron
Los desaparecidos of Argentina the disappeared ones
Country that connects South America with Central America Colombia
South American member of OPEC Venezuela
Countries terrorized by their drug lords Bolivia and Colombia
Country whose army fought the Tupamaros guerrillas Uruguay
Argentina's Spanish name for the Falklands the Malvinas
Brazilian city; major industrial center of South America Sao Paulo
Military leader who succeeded Allende in Chile General Augusto Pinochet
Leftist guerrilla group of Peru the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
Paraguay's military leader from 1954 to 1989 General Alfredo Stroessner
U.N. Peacekeeping
Large-scale combat forces were sent here in the early 1950s. Korea
The U.N arranged a cease-fire between these two Mideast belligerents in 1956. Israel and Egypt
The Security Council arranged a cease-fire in 1967 to end this Arab-Israeli war. the Six-Day War
The U.N. arranged another cease-fire for this region in 1973. the Mideast
U.N. resolutions set the terms for settlement of this brief 1991 war. the Persian Gulf War
Small U.N. groups that supervise cease-fires or truces observers
Mideast crisis of 1956 that created a U.N. emergency force the Suez Canal crisis
The U.N. intervened when this former Communist nation in the Balkans split up. Yugoslavia
Unpaid peacekeeping charges brought the U.N. close to this in the 1960s. bankruptcy
Major weakness of the League of Nations that the U.N. avoided only recommending (not initiating) action
The U.N worked out a cease-fire between these parties in 1949. Israel and the Arab states
U.N. peacekeepers went to this Caribbean island in 1995. Haiti
Island nation that received a U.N. peacekeeping force in 1964 Cyprus
A U.N. force was sent to this Mideast nation in 1978. Lebanon
U.N. troops tried but failed to restore order in this East African nation in the 1990s. Somalia
The U.N. lacks this for peacekeeping duties. a permanent police force
Conflict between these groups on Cyprus caused U.N. intervention. Greeks and Turks
How the U.N. pays for its special peacekeeping forces special assessments
The Netherlands granted this country independence in 1949 due to U.N. efforts. Indonesia
African country that asked for U.N. troops to create stability in 1960 the Congo