2007

Projects Group

and

present

Coal Blending System Methods

Coal Blending Methods

2 April 2007

Why the term Garbage IN = Garbage OUT?

Definition of GIGO:
GIGO is usually said in response to users who complain that a program did not "do the right thing" when given imperfect input. It is also commonly used to describe failures in human decision-making due to faulty, incomplete, or imprecise data.
Source: Wikipedia..

Imperfect Boiler Input =

Loss of Boiler Life & Reliability Loss of Boiler Efficiency & Capacity Loss of Sulphur Credits & Environmental Non-compliance Change in Boiler Waste Streams (now products)

EUCI polled Utilities, and asked what the most pressing Generation Issues were. Their #1 answer: Flexible Fuels and Blending Retrofits.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Presentation Outline
What drives the Coal Fire Generation Industrys need for blending? What are your probable blending challenges? What are your Fleet and Plant objectives, now & in the future? Identifying Cost Effective Solutions
Systems Equipment & Layout Operation & Maintenance Practices Implementation

?
Mark Collett Benetech, Inc. Projects Group 630-740-9134
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Lee Ready Ready Engineering Abacas Software 780-975-9312

What drives the Industrys need for Blending?

Economical environmental compliance (Sulphur Credits, etc.)? Chemistry of element balancing to minimize boiler slaging & fouling (Boiler Character vs. heat content, ash fusion temperatures, etc)? Sweetening of Low Rank Coals for BTU output enhancement? Encourage coal contract competition due to wider spectrum of flexibility? More contingencies for coal availability during unplanned loss of primary source (including equipment redundancy)?

Flexibility can deliver more than just one of these advantages to a plant!
Performance / Economic Sweet-Spot
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Probable Blending Challenges

Learning curve of New (unfamiliar) Coal Characteristics
Safety Considerations Explosivity (ignition), Spontaneous Combustion, Respirable Dust (Workforce Behavioral Modification) - safety rules / communications / depth. Process Considerations Coal Quality / Elemental Variability, Capacity & Pluggage facility and operational modifications / communications / depth Containment Considerations Subbituminous Friability brings finer Delivered Material, and faster breakdown and aging on-site - facility and operational modifications / communications / depth Housekeeping facility and operational modifications / communications / depth

Modifications required for Test-Burns / Blends Long-Term Handling / Blending / Burning

Dont have the right fuels to blend - requires accurate, and timely feedback to purchasing Dont know what you have - requires accurate, and timely feedback to Control Rm. Dont have enough in storage requires adequate storage design and/or control Cannot keep the control of Elemental Blending consistent requires adequate controls

Multiple Coal Sources, Communications, & Transportation Logistics

Effects of Regional Source Demand on Coal Shipments communications, logistical modeling, logistical oversight, foreign affairs...and a good contingency plan Communication Gaps on Coal Quality and Logistics demand analysis previews
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Blending Challenges & Opportunities

Economics
Capital Expenditures have often been based on older designs. Operations & Maintenance have often been based on industry standards in efficiency and replacement costs, rather than new and improved training & practices. Environmental Caps, Credits, and a more complex World Coal supply/demand have changed some of the dynamics. LOOK AGAIN!

Be Optimistic!
There are many who are safely and profitably blending coals in the US! There are very many more who are safely and profitably burning Subbituminous coal in the US! Do not prematurely rule out the feasibility of safe and profitable blending due to operating concerns or economics, without a healthy and full review of options.

Get HELP!
Great options out there! Keys to success: Assemble TEAM of internal and external resources, with depth and innovation at their core, to include Operations/Safety Advisors and Seasoned Engineers. Avoid considering only the old solutions that get pulled out of the drawer. Have existing and new technologies in your back pocket, and make informed decisions based on sound design (no fatal flaws or surprises).
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Coal Sources
US Coal Sources (2005 courtesy of DOE)

Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2005

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Coal Sources - Elemental Variability / Quality

30.00 28.00

1.8
Actual Target

Wt % Ash (as received)

26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00

1.6

High Sulfur Limit

Weight % Sulfur

1.4

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Ash Content by truck: October 6, 2005

Train Number

15 14 13

0.8
South Rail Loadout High Ash Limit

Weight % Ash

12 11 10 9 8 7
1

0.6
North Rail Loadout High Ash Limit

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231

Truck Number

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231

Truck Number

Challenge: Normalize, as much as possible, the variability of incoming materials.

2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Probable Blending Challenges

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Probable Blending Challenges

Coal Elemental Characteristics and Quality effects: Efficiency reduction
Moisture Content Hydrogen Content Exit gas Losses Excess air Temperature Off-Design Conditions Steam Temperature deSH Spray flow

Heat transfer surface

Surface deposits Erosion wear Corrosion Pluggagein gas path

Coal Handling
Fugitive dust Spontaneous combustion Wet/frozen coal

Pulverizer Capacity
Grindability Index Surface Moisture, Btu/lb Fineness and Flow Output Milling: BHP per ton

Emission control equipment

Removal Efficiencies Control of variability

Aux Power usage Operator support

Inspection & Monitoring

Higher Heating Value

Btu/lb
2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

What are your Fleet & Plant Objectives?

Safety Prevention of Worker Injury Prevention of unmitigated respirable dust levels Environmental Compliance through Flexibility Long-Term Profitability Risk Mitigation Facility Event Prevention Reliability or Loss Asset Optimization Boiler Capacity, Efficiency, and Maintenance Costs More Control of Fuel Yard Coal Quality Output Lower Fuel Costs through more aggressive competition Fleet wide Improvement & Stability Total Cost of Ownership (Aggressive TEAM Management to meet specific Objectives) Coal Yard Franchising (Commonality & Predictability no surprises). Predictive vs. Reactive, with continuous improvement loop based on regular audits and quantification.
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

What are your Fleet & Plant Objectives?

2006 PRB Plant of the Year

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Identifying Cost Effective Solutions

Systems
The Blending Control Concept Accurate Elemental Analysis (Type & Strategic Locations) Blending Control Systems (Type & Levels of Automation/Software) Inventory and Incoming Logistics Rail & Truck Unloading Storage Breaking & Sizing Accurate Reclaiming & Blending (turn-down ratio / repeatability) Milling & Boiler Feed Flow, Containment, & Dust Management

Equipment and Layout

Operation & Maintenance Practices

Safety & Fire Prevention / Fighting Manpower Efficiency Tribal Knowledge / Training Stockpile Management Reliability Based PMs and Calibration of Critical Equipment Pluggage and System Lags (speed, relocation, or capacity) Material Containment & Dust Management Housekeeping
Design Practices Facilitate Specification of Blending Requirements and Optional Solutions Audit to determine GAP Franchise Coal Yards - Predictability and Standardization Capital and Operating Cost Economics
Coal Blending Methods

Implementation

2 April 2007

Systems the concept

Coal Contracts & Purchasing Transportation & Logistics Receiving Analysis

Catalogued Storage

Fuel Blend Analysis Performance

2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Systems
Accurate Analysis was projected to have value at Pacificorp
Courtesy of ThermoElectron Corporation

Hunter Units 1 & 2 Slagging vs. Ash Softening Temperature

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Thermo Electron CQM (sample stream)

2050

2075

2100

2125

2150

2175

2200

Average Minimum Ash Softening Temperature (degrees F)

Sulfur: 0.02% 0.04%, depending upon range Ash: 0.2% 0.4%, also depending upon range Moisture: 0.4 0.5% Btu/lb: 100 150, affected by variability of MAF Btu/lb Ash fusion: site specific Accuracies comparable to, and often better than, traditional method of sampling, preparation, and analysis
Thermo Electron ECA (full flow)

Daily Avg MWh Lost Due to Slagging

Moisture the same Sulfur and Ash 50% higher than CQM
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Systems
Accurate Analysis (payback was less than 3 months).
460 440

420

400

380

360

Coal analyzer commissioned

340

320

300 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Nov-99 Nov-00 Nov-01 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Sep-99 Sep-00 Sep-01 Mar-99 Mar-00 Mar-01 Jan-02 May-99 May-00 May-01 Mar-02 May-02 Jul-02

Hunter 1

Hunter 2

Pacificorp Hunter MW/Unit Recovered

Courtesy of ThermoElectron Corporation 2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Systems - Strategic Locations of Analysis

MINING

Prime Belt Analyzer Location Prime Sample Stream Analyzer Location

Auger Analysis Sorting Pit Management

POWER PLANTS
Receipt Monitoring

LOADOUT MONITORING

Sorting

Blending

Blending Loadout Monitoring

COAL CLEANING

Sorting

Emissions Control Heat Rate Improvement Coal Quality Segregation Blending

Power Plant Prep Plant Prep Plant Control Sorting Blending

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Systems
Blending Control Systems
Receive Analyze Catalogue (Storage) Blend Demand automatically controls appropriate feeder tonnages Blend Demand is adjusted based on Blended Analyzer data. Boiler Performance determines Element Demand.
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Simple Process Detailed Fuel Spec.

Plus 16 notes, a lengthy document, 4 appendices, and 15 references.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Fuel represents over 70% of the costs for fossil generation

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Combustion Complexity
Complexity Low Example Gas Turbine Fuel Mixing Technology Flow Valves

Medium

Automobile

Fuel Injection or Carburetor Dozer??? or Neural Combustion Optimizer Slag Index Monitoring Elemental Fuel Analysis Elemental Fuel Blending Feedback to Fuels Procurement

High

Coal-Fired Generation

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Fully Automated Blending

Question: Fuel is your #1 cost. Do you know what youre feeding your plant?

Feeders are controlled automatically. Analyzer provides real-time feedback to the blending system.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

What is a Blend?

1000 Tons per hour. 50% Seam 2. 20% PRB. 15% Ash. 20% Moisture. 1% Sulfur. X% any other element you can measure. Feeder 3 max. setpoint 90%.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

What is a Blend?
Tonnage. Product Splits. Elemental Percentages. Equipment Constraints.

Who Decides the Blend?

Operator? Plant Management? Mining Engineer? Usually negotiated. Occasionally an advisory system.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Blending Fuel Dynamically

Fuel blends can change for: Boiler conditions. Different generating units. Different coal silos. Market conditions (electricity & fuel prices). Environmental conditions such as opacity, scrubber performance, or emissions license limits.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Case Study: Sundance Units 1 & 2

Generation limited by mill capacity. High-BTU coal needed for full load. Too much premium coal slags boiler! Blend is by-product: 80% premium 20% bottom seam

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Reducing Derates by Blending

Highvale Cumulative Derates

200,000 Cumulative opacity Cumulative coal quality 150,000 MWH's Cumulative feeder

100,000

50,000

0 Jan-92
2 April 2007

Nov-92

Sep-93

Jul-94

May-95

Mar-96 DATE

Jan-97

Nov-97

Sep-98

Jul-99

May-00

Coal Blending Methods

Different Coal Seams have Different Quality

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Coal is Segregated into Piles

Analyzer Coal 2 Coal 1

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Blend by Product Split: 1.4% @ 1

Blend Consistency - North System

100 80 Percent Error 60 40 20 5% 0
03/1 2/20 03/1 2/26 04/01 /02 04/01 /08 04/01 3 /1 04/01 /21 04/01 /26 04/01 /31

Date

Blend Consistency - South System

100 80 Percent Error 60 40 20 5% 0
03/1 2/20 03/1 2/25 04/01 /01 04/01 /06 04/01 2 /1 04/01 /20 04/01 /25 04/01 /30

Date

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Product Split can be Dynamic

Unit 1: Seam 2 Coal
100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0
03/ 12/20

2 Seam Target 2 Seam Actual

Unit03/12/ 27 1: Bottom Seam Coal 04/ 01/04

Bottom Seam Target

04/01/ 11 04/ 01/19

100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0

03/ 12/20

Date

Bottom Seam Actual

04/01/26

Unit 1: 27 Low Sodium Coal 03/12/ 04/ 01/04

Low Sodium Target

04/01/ 11 04/ 01/19

100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0

03/ 12/20 03/12/ 27 04/ 01/04

Date

Low Sodium Actual

04/01/26

04/01/ 11

04/ 01/19

04/ 01/ 26

Date

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

More Proof: Unit 2.

Unit 2: Seam 2 Coal
100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0
03/ 12/20

2 Seam Target 2 Seam Actual

Unit03/12/ 27 2: Bottom Seam Coal 04/ 01/04

Bottom Seam Target

04/01/ 11 04/ 01/19

100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0

03/ 12/20

Date

Bottom Seam Actual

04/01/26

Unit 2:27Low Sodium Coal 03/12/ 04/ 01/04

Low Sodium Target

04/01/ 11 04/ 01/19

100 Percent of Blend 80 60 40 20 0

03/ 12/20 03/12/ 27 04/01/ 04

Date

Low Sodium Actual

04/01/26

04/ 01/11

04/01/ 19

04/ 01/ 26

Date

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Accurate Tonnage: 1.3% @ 1

Filtered Target Tonnage Error - North System

100 75 Percent Error 50 25 0 03/12/20 03/12/21 04/01/23 04/01/24 04/01/26 04/01/27 04/01/29 -50 -75 -100 Date 04/01/30 04/01/30 -25

Filtered Target Tonnage Error - South System North

100 75 Percent Error 50 25 0 03/12/20 03/12/21 04/01/23 04/01/24 04/01/26 04/01/27 -50 -75 -100 Date 04/01/29 -25

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Accurate Tonnage: 1.3% @ 1

Unit 1: Filtered Coal Output

400 350 300 250 TPH 200 150 100 50 0 03/12/20 03/12/21 04/01/23 04/01/24 04/01/26 Date 04/01/27 04/01/29

Target Act ual

04/01/30

Unit 2: Filtered Coal Output

400 350 300 250 TPH 200 150 100 50 0 03/12/20 03/12/21 04/01/22 04/01/23 Date 04/01/24 04/01/25

Target Act ual

04/01/26

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

$1 Million Annual Savings

Fully Automated Fuel blending Slag index monitoring.

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Centralias Target Mass is Highly Variable!

Target Mass 1600 1400 Tonnes per Hour 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Sample

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Mass Flow Control is still 2.4% @ 1

1600 1400 Tonnes per Hour 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Mean Mass Target Mass

Sample

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Determining the Blend is One Challenge. Controlling it is Another.

PID loops do not work for coal handling!

Proper control.

Fully Automated Performance

Design Criteria: Less than 5 percent error. Actual Performance: 1.4% @ 1 under steady state targets. 2.4% @ 1 under highly dynamic conditions.
Coal Blending Methods

2 April 2007

Typical CoalFusion Architecture

Operator Console Operator Console Operator Console

DCS Blending Computer PLC Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3 Feeder 4 Feeder 5 Feeder 6

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Systems
Inventory and Logistics SIMULATE, MODEL, and...

CONTROL!
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Ship & Barge Unloading Rail Unloading Truck Loading & Unloading Storage Breaking & Sizing Accurate Reclaiming & Blending (turn-down ratio / repeatability) Milling & Boiler Feed Flow, Containment, & Dust Management
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Ship & Barge Unloading

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Typical Rail Unloading
since 1903 Rotary Car Dump w/Vibrating Feeders

Rapid Discharge w/Vibrating Feeders Rotary or Rapid Discharge w/Reciprocating Feeders

Conversion

Equipment & Layout

Typical Rail Unloading
Trestle Dumps Trestle Dumps w/Mass Flow

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Rail Unloading Improvements Stamler Feeder Breaker in Tunnel (replace vibrating & reciprocating feeders)

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Temporary Rail Unloading

Rail Unloading Machine (sets on top of existing rail)

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Rail Unloading Improvements Ashross RUMig (in-ground)

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Typical Truck Loading & Unloading

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Temporary Truck Unloading

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

New Generation Truck Unloader
Solid Bed, Tight Skirtboards, and Surge Mass Flow Bin for Blending

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

New Generation Truck Unloaders
Solid Bed, Tight Skirtboards, and Surge Mass Flow Bin for Blending

Mass Flow Bin for Blending

2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Improvements

Chains carry Aprons

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Typical Storage Options
Mobile Equipment Environmental
Radial Stacker Linear Stacker Linear Stacker / Reclaimer Lowering Well Covered Barn & Slot Silos and Bins Fixed Stacker Extensions
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Improved Storage Options

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Tunnel Reclaiming & Blending
Vibrating Feeder Pile Activator / Belt Feeder Slot Cutter

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Accurate Reclaiming & Blending
Reclaim Dust, Reliability & Accuracy
Stamler above ground reclaim with Mass Flow Surge Bin

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Dozer Traps (blending through surge bins)

Dozer Trap Animation

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Milling & Boiler Feed
COAL QUALITY IMPACT PULVERIZER
Through put capacity BHP per ton grinded O&M expenses

PULVERIZER OPERATION
Mill fineness control Hardgrove Grindability Index High moisture coals Operational problems with
High volatile matter Pyrities/shale3 Spillage Throughput -pph

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Flow, Containment, & Dust Management CRITICAL
VIBRATING SCREEN HOUSE VIBRATING SCREEN HOUSE EXIST. MAG. SEPARATOR
EXIST. MAG. SEPARATOR

BF1B BF1B

BF1B BF1B

BF1A BF1A

C4A C4A

ROTARY SCREEN ROTARY SCREEN

C1
NEW. MAG. SEPARATOR NEW. MAG. SEPARATOR

C2A C2A

C2 C2

C1

Audits and GAP Analysis Preliminary Engineering Fire Protection & Washdown Dust Management Containment Dust Collection Dust Suppression Capacity & Flow Enhancements
2 April 2007
2A

SURGE HOPPER SURGE HOPPER

C4 C4

C3A VIBRATING SCREEN VIBRATING SCREEN C3A C3 C3

DOOR CURTAINS DOOR CURTAINS x4 x4 x4 x4 BF BF BF BF 3A PIT 3A PIT BF BF BF BF BF BF BF BF BF BF 3 PIT 3 PIT BF

DOOR CURTAINS DOOR CURTAINS

RAILCAR UNLOADING PIT RAILCAR UNLOADING PIT

BF BF

x5 x BF 5 x5 x5

C13 C11 11 / 13 PIT 11 / 13 PIT C33 C23 C23 x3 x3 x3 C21 C21 TURNING TOWER C31 C31 C33 C13 C51 C11 C51

TOTAL DUST MANAGEMENT R LEGEND TOTAL DUST MANAGEMENT R LEGEND

x3 CRUSHER BUILDING CRUSHER BUILDING

TRIPPER HOUSE TURNING TOWER TRIPPER HOUSE

TRIPPER PNEUMATIC TRIPPER SYSTEM PNEUMATIC SYSTEM C41 2B 2A 2B 2C 2C C41 2D 2D 1A 1A 1B 1B 1C 1C CASCADE CONVEYORS x6 C43 C43 x6 3A 3A x6 x6 3B 3B 3C 3C 3D 3D 3E 3E 3F 3F CASCADE CONVEYORS

This design is proprietary and confidential, and is not to be disclosed to others withoutand confidential, and of not to This design is proprietary the written approval is Benetech, Inc.. This drawing and design is not to be reprobe disclosed to others without the written approval of duced by any means, and is to be returned upon request. Benetech, Inc.. This drawing and design is not to be reproduced by any means, and is to be returned upon request.

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY MIDAMERICAN ENERGY NEAL NORTH STATION TOTAL DUST MANAGEMENT PLAN NEAL NORTH STATION TOTAL DUST MANAGEMENT PLAN GENERAL SYSTEM DIAGRAM GENERAL SYSTEM DIAGRAM
R R

Phone: 630-844-1300 Fax: 630-844-8690 Phone: 630-844-1300 Fax: 630-844-8690

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Determine System Performance Expectations
Blending Accuracy. Determine Blending Specifications and Capacity Storage & Reclaim Improvements Improve the overall coal handling work environment Audit to determine gap Eliminate coal spillage from the transfer points during normal operation at al loading rates Determine Temporary and Permanent Unloading and Storage Requirements Test Burn (short term requirements) Capacity Improvements Process & Layout Design Safety, Fire Protection, & Washdown Logistical & System Smoothing Spillage, Transfers, & Skirting Upgrades Dust Collection & Environmental Improvements Reduce the life-cycle cost of the system Feeder & Gate Replacements Housekeeping Plant Documentation Improvement
2 April 2007 Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects Above Grade Live/Dozer

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects Radial Stacker/Tunnel

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects - Silos

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects Glory Hole Dome

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

Drawings

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Equipment & Layout

Blending Projects

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

Operations & Maintenance Practices

Safety & Fire Prevention / Fighting Frequent Audits & Continuous Improvement Scoring Manpower Efficiency Tribal Knowledge / Training Stockpile Management Preventative Maintenance Programs (improving reliability and cost) Maintenance and Calibration of Critical Equipment Housekeeping

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods

SUMMARY
Fueling Sources, Fueling Yards, Cost Limitations, and Safety threaten predictable and sustainable operations at Coal Fired Plants. There are options which now: Bring many Blending Projects into Cost Feasibility Maximize Safety Minimize Spillage and Dust Manage Operations, Labor and Pile Tending Costs Maximize Accurate Blending (insure your compliance without large contingency) Enable Fuel Flexibility Manage Risk Optimize your Assets It is a matter of: Depth & Experience Operations based Engineering Sound Technologies and Innovation

2 April 2007

Coal Blending Methods