INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, AUTOMATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION -2009, 4th-6th June 2009 1

Heuristic Design of CPW-Fed UWB Slot Antenna

J. William, and R. Nakkeeran, Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a design and analysis of compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra wideband (UWB) slot antenna is presented. The proposed antenna has simple structure consisting of rectangular slot, triangular structure on a rectangular patch act as a tuning stub of the antenna, placed at the anterior portion of the feed. The overall dimension of the antenna comes around 28 mm21 mm1.6mm and fed by 50 coplanar waveguide. The impedance matching and radiation characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using MoM based commercially available electromagnetic solver IE3D. The simulation results show that the antenna offers excellent performance for UWB system ranging from 3.3 GHz to 11.5 GHz and the impedance bandwidth of the antenna covers about 98% of UWB range with return loss better than -10 dB over the desired frequency spectrum. The proposed antenna gives bidirectional pattern in the E plane and omni directional radiation pattern in the H plane over the frequency range and relatively stable. This antenna configuration would be quiet useful for UWB indoor applications as it is easy to fabricate and integrate with RF circuitry. Index TermsCoplanar Waveguide, Return Loss, Slot Antennas, Ultra Wideband(UWB), VSWR

INTRODUCTION
Owing to slot antennas wideband characteristic, some square slot antenna with coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed lines [6],[7] and CPW-fed triangular patch antennas [8] are demonstrated in the litreature.

n this modern communication era systems which support high data rate, smaller in size and provides vides high performance are very much required. After the release of Ultra Wideband (UWB) for unlicenced applications by the FCC, that receives much attention by the industry and academic due to its properties of low power consumption, high secured data rate support and simple configuration over conventional wireless communication system [1]. UWB is a short pulse communication system which sends the information through very short duration nano pulses. With the rapid developments of such wireless systems, a lot of attention being given to design the antennas since they are the key elements to radiate and receive the signals. To design an antenna to operate in the UWB band is quiet challenging one because it has to satisfy the requirements such that ultra wide impedance bandwidth, omni directional radiation pattern, constant gain, high radiation efficiency, constant group delay, low profile and easy to manufacture [2]. In the recent years miniaturization of antenna receives much attention. Contemporary researches have been working for the development of miniaturization and cost effective antennas. By modifying the antenna geometry and using high permittivity material the size reduction of the antenna is possible [3],[4]. For wireless applications various antenna configurations including planar monopoles, slot antennas and dipoles have been suggested. Among them, planar slot antennas are more interesting and promising for their simple structure, easy fabrication and wide impedance bandwidth. The coplanar waveguide fed slot antenna in recent times acknowledged much attention because of its advantages, lower profile, wide bandwidth, easy fabrication, less radiation loss, less dispersion and easy integration of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) [5].

Fig. 1 Geometry of the proposed CPW-fed rectangular slot antenna.

J William is a research Scholar in Department of ECE, Pondicherry Engineering College,Pondicherry. E-mail: wills.susan@ gmail.com. R. Nakkeeran is with the Department of ECE, Pondicherry Engineering College,Pondicherry. E-mail: rnakeeran@pec.edu.

In general, the wideband in CPW-fed slot antenna can be achieved by tuning their impedance value. Several impedance tuning techniques are also reported in literatures by varying the slot dimensions. For example, these has been carried out in various slot geometries like bow-tie slots [9],[10],[11] a wide rectangular slot [12],[13],[14], circular slot [15], hexagonal slot [16]. The impedance tuning can also performed by using coupling techniques like inductively and capacitively coupled slots [17], dielectric resonator coupling [18],[19] and other techniques such as using photonic bandgap (PGB) [20]. Even though large impedance bandwidths could be obtained using these techniques, however, they are quite complicated. In planar slot antennas two parameters affect the impedance band-

width of the antenna, the slot width and the feed structure. The wider slot gives more bandwidth and the optimum feed structure gives the good impedance matching [21]. The CPW feed line with various possible patch shapes, such as T, cross, forklike, volcano and square is used to give wide bandwidth [22],[23],[24],[25]. If an antenna designed with multiple resonance characteristics, the overlapping of multiple resonances covers the wide impedance bandwidth [26]. The antenna proposed in this paper designed with a compact rectangular slot and tuning stub comprises of inverted triangular structure on a rectangular patch at the anterior portion of the feed. The antenna has simple design due to less number of design parameters compared with the existing ultra wideband antennas in the literature [27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32]. The pattern obtained from the simulation is relatively stable across the matching band with an average gain of 3 dBi. The simulation software used for this analysis is IE3D 14 [33].

(3.3GHz -11.5GHz) for VSWR less than 2.

Fig. 2 Simulated return loss of the proposed antenna.

3.1

Effect of parameters L and W

ANTENNA GEOMETRY

The structure of the antenna is shown in Fig 1. The parameters W1 and L1 are the width and length of the rectangular slot, W2 and L2 are the width and length of rectangular patch under the triangular structure, H is the height of the triangular patch, d is the distance between the tuning stub and feed line, W and L is the width and length of the antenna respectively. In this study, a dielectric substance (FR4) with thickness of 1.6mm with a relative permittivity of 4.4 is chosen as substrate. The CPW feed is designed for a 50 characteristic impedance with fixed 2.4 mm feed line width and 0.5 mm ground gap. The proposed antenna produces wide impedance bandwidth with omni-directional radiation pattern. The wide bandwidth and wide impedance matching with reduced size of the antenna is achieved due to resultant of different surface magnetic currents of the structure.
TABLE 1 OPIMAL PARMETER VALUES OF THE ANTENNA
Parameter L W L1 W1 d H L2 W2 Description Length of the antenna Width of the antenna Length of the slot Width of the slot Feed gap distance Height of the patch Length of the square Width of the square Optimal Value 28 mm 21 mm 15 mm 16 mm 1.6 mm 9 mm 1.5 mm 1 mm

For various values of the L and W the antenna is studied and found that two structure sizes (26.5 mm 21 mm and 28mm 21 mm ) give good response. Even though two of them give good responses, the second structure size is taken for analysis since it has a good VSWR over the entire spectrum (3.3 GHz to 11.5 GHz). The size of the antenna for this case is 28mm 21 mm .This is clearly depicted in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Effect of W and L of the antenna for the two structures.

SIMULATED RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed antenna, the antenna is simulated through the simulation tool IE3D. The analysis of the antenna for different physical parameter values has been done by varying one of them and keeping others as constant. It is carried out here to expose the flexibility in designing this antenna. The optimal parameter values of the antenna are listed in the Table 1. The simulated return loss of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 2, which clearly indicates that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 8.2 GHz

Fig. 4 a) Simulated return loss for different slot lengths L1.

affect the impedance matching. The radiation pattern of the E plane and H plane are obtained at 5, 7 and 9 GHz is shown in Fig. 7, which confirms the omni directional radiation pattern of the proposed antenna. The ultra wideband is due to multiple resonances introduced by the combination of the rectangular slot and the tuning stub. The resonant frequency and bandwidth are controlled by the size of the rectangular slot, antenna and tuning stub. Proper geometrical selection of the antenna results variation in field distribution, which in turn affects the characteristics of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 4 b) Simulated return loss for different slot widths W1.

3.2

Effect of other antenna parameters

For the fixed values of L and W, the length and width of the rectangular slot L1 and W1 are varied and the simulation results are displayed in Fig. 4. The response clearly brings out that these two parameters affect the resonance and impedance matching of the antenna. It is found that the optimal size of the slot for this case is 15mm 16mm. Fig. 5 depicts the effect of bandwidth for different heights H of the triangular patch , which discloses the profiles of the impedance matching for various heights. The optimal value for this case is 9mm.
(a)

Fig. 5 Simulated return loss curves for different heights of triangular patch.

(b)
Fig. 7 Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna a) E-Plane (yzplane) at 4,7,9 and 11 GHz b) H-Plane (xz-plane) at 4 ,7, 9 and 11 GHz.

CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 6 Simulated return loss curves for different feed gaps.

Fig. 6 displays the return loss for different feed gaps (d=1,1.2, 1.6, 2 & 2.4 mm). The response clearly brings out that the feed width is one of the parameters which

In this paper, a simple antenna structure has been proposed with minimal antenna size and better impedance matching. The triangular structure with rectangular patch, which acts as a tuning stub is introduced at the anterior portion of the feed to enhance the coupling between the slot and feed. With the above structural features the overall dimension of the proposed antenna 3 configuration comes around 28211.6 mm . It is observed that 98% of bandwidth with better size reduction over the frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 11.5 GHz.

Hence, this type of antenna may be suitable for UWB applications. The implementation and measurement of this antenna can be carried out in prospect. .

REFERENCES
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J.William was born in India. He received the B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication from Bharathidasan University, Tamilnadu, India, and the M.Tech.degree in Communication Systems from National Institute of Technology(N.I.T), Trichy,India, in 1991 and 2006 respectively. He is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at Pondicherry Engineering College,Pondicherry, India. He is a life member of ISTE and IE(I). His current research interest is in the area of coplanar antennas and printed slot antennas for UWB. Dr. R. Nakkeeran Received BSc. Degree in Science and B.E degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from the Madras University in 1987 and 1991 respectively and M.E degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering (diversification in Optical Communication) from the Anna University in 1995. He received Ph.D degree from Pondicherry University in 2004. Since 1991, he has been working in the teaching profession. Presently, he is Assistant Professor in Podicherry Engineering College. He is life member of IETE, ISTE, OSI and IE(I). Also he is member of OSA, SPIE and IEEE. He has published seventy papers in National and International Conference Proceedings and Journals. He has co-authored a book, published by PHI. His areas of interest are Optical Communication, Networks, Antennas, Electromagnetic Fields and Wireless Communication.