L1 Introduction

RMIT University
Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing COSC 1111/2061 Lecture 1 Introduction

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry
School of Computer Science and Information Technology
Slide 1
Course Details
Lecturer: Dr Andrew Fry Room: see blackboard Email: andrew.fry@rmit.edu.au Consultation hours: 3:30PM-4:30PM on Thursday Course Code Undergraduate: COSC1111 Postgraduate: COSC2061
Head Tutor: Writabrata Banerjee
Email: writabrata.banerjee@rmit.edu.au
Slide 2
Lecture Overview
During this lecture, we will cover: whats the Internet whats a protocol? network edge, network core access net, physical media Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay protocol layers, service models Recommended reading r Chapter 1,2 (Data and Computer Communications. Stallings.)
Slide 3
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

millions of connected
computing devices: hosts, end-systems

r r
router server local ISP
workstation mobile
PCs workstations, servers PDAs phones, toasters
running network apps communication links

r
regional ISP
fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth company network
routers: forward packets
(chunks of data)
Slide 4
Cool internet appliances
IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/
Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster Worlds smallest web server - iPic
Slide 5
Cool internet appliancesRealtime ECG monitoring
Slide 6
Cool internet appliancesRealtime monitoring of environment
Slide 7
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

router
protocols control sending,
workstation mobile
receiving of msgs
r
server local ISP
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: network of
networks
r r
loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
regional ISP
Internet standards
r r
company network
Slide 8
Internet Standards What's an RFC

RFC Request for comments
r
r r
Originally discussion between developers Became informal outline Now regarded as standard protocol descriptions
Official repository
r
www.rfc-editor.org
Difficult to read Superceded over time
April 1 RFCs 1149 IP using avian carriers (pigeons) with natural collision avoidance 2549 updates to avian carriers 1217 ultra low speed network using tanks marked 1 or 0 1606 historic perspective of IP9 1607 emails from the future 1925 12 networking truths 2324 coffee pot control protocol 3514 Evil flag in IP packets 527 after Lewis Carrol
Slide 9
Whats the Internet: a service view

communication
infrastructure enables distributed applications:

r
Web, email, games, ecommerce, database., voting, file (MP3) sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
r r
connectionless connection-oriented
cyberspace [Gibson]:
a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of operators, in every nation, ...."

Slide 10
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi
Got the time? TCP connection req TCP connection response
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00 time
<file>
protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
Slide 11
A closer look at network structure:

network edge:
applications and hosts network core:

r r
routers network of networks
access networks,
physical media: communication links
Slide 12
The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
r r r
run application programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA
client/server model
r
peer-peer model
r
Slide 13
Network edge: service protocols Goal: data transfer between end systems Connection oriented protocols
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
Connectionless protocols
UDP User Datagram Protocol
Slide 14
Network edge: connection-oriented service

TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
TCP service [RFC 793]

reliable, in-order byte-
Internets connectionoriented service
stream data transfer

r
Handshaking: setup
(prepare for) data transfer ahead of time

Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts
loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions
r r
flow control: r sender wont overwhelm receiver congestion control:

r
senders slow down sending rate when network congested
Slide 15
Network edge: connectionless service

UDP - User Datagram
Apps using TCP:

HTTP (Web) FTP (file transfer) Telnet (remote login) SMTP (email)
Protocol [RFC 768]: Internets connectionless service r unreliable data transfer r no flow control r no congestion control
Apps using UDP:

streaming media teleconferencing DNS Internet telephony
Slide 16
The Network Core

mesh of interconnected
routers fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? r circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net r packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Slide 17
Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch
capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required dividing link bandwidth into pieces r frequency division r time division
Slide 18
Circuit Switching: FDMA and TDMA

FDMA frequency time TDMA Example: 4 users
frequency time
Slide 19
Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation
resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time r transmit over link r wait turn at next link
Slide 20
Network Taxonomy
Telecommunication networks
Circuit-switched networks
Packet-switched networks Networks with VCs Datagram Networks
FDM
TDM
Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless. Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps.
Slide 21
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated?
Slide 22
Residential access: point to point

Dialup via modem
r
up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Cant surf and phone at same time: cant be always on
ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line

r
up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream 4 kHz - 50 kHz for upstream 0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone
network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router

Slide 23
Cable Network Architecture: Overview
cable headend cable distribution network (simplified)

home
Slide 24
Company access: local area networks

company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: r shared or dedicated link connects end system and router r 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet deployment: institutions, home LANs happening now
Slide 25
Wireless access networks

shared wireless access
network connects end system to router

r
router base station
via base station aka access point
wireless LANs: r 802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps wider-area wireless access

r r
provided by telco operator 3G ~ 384 kbps Will it happen?? WAP/GPRS in Europe
mobile hosts
Slide 26
Physical Media
Bit: propagates between
transmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media:
r
Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires

r
signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5 TP: 100Mbps Ethernet
unguided media: r signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
Slide 27
Physical Media: coax, fiber

Coaxial cable:
two concentric copper
Fiber optic cable:

glass fiber carrying
conductors bidirectional baseband:

r r
single channel on cable legacy Ethernet
light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation:

r
broadband: r multiple channel on cable r HFC
high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 5 Gps)
low error rate:
repeaters spaced far apart; immune to electromagnetic noise
Slide 28
Physical media: radio

signal carried in
Radio link types:

terrestrial microwave r e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., WaveLAN)
r
electromagnetic spectrum no physical wire bidirectional propagation environment effects:

r r r
2Mbps, 11Mbps
reflection obstruction by objects interference
wide-area (e.g., cellular) r e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps satellite

r
r r
up to 50Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus LEOS
Slide 29
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network
Slide 30
Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g.,
UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage

rtreat
Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs r Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs r last hop (access) network (closest to end systems) Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
each other as
equals
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Slide 31
Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!
local ISP
Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Slide 32
How do loss and delay occur?

Packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
A B
Router/switch
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all
Slide 33
Four sources of packet delay

A B
transmission propagation
nodal processing
queueing
The delays are: nodal processing (check bit errors) queueing (time waiting at output link for transmission ) transmission (time required to push bits from buffer) propagation (distance/speed)
Slide 34
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: r hosts r routers r links of various media r applications r protocols r hardware, software
Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?
Slide 35
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing airplane routing
ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing
a series of steps
Slide 36
Organization of air travel: a different view

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing airplane routing Layers: each layer implements a service r via its own internal-layer actions r relying on services provided by layer below ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing
Slide 37
Distributed implementation of layer functionality Departing airport arriving airport

Slide 38
ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing
ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing
intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex systems pieces r layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system r change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system r e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system layering considered harmful?
Slide 39
Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network
applications
r
FTP, SMTP, STTP
transport: host-host data transfer r TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams
application transport network link physical
from source to destination

r
IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between

r
neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet
physical: bits on the wire
Slide 40
Layering: logical communication

Each layer: distributed entities implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers
application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical
Slide 41
Layering: logical communication

E.g.: transport
take data from
app add addressing, reliability check info to form datagram send datagram to peer wait for peer to ack receipt analogy: post office
data application transport transport network link physical application transport network link physical ack data network link physical data application transport transport network link physical
Slide 42
post office analogy of layers
Slide 43
Layering: physical communication

data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical
Slide 44
Protocol layering and data

Each layer takes data from above adds header information to create new data unit passes new data unit to layer below source
M Ht M Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M
destination application Ht transport Hn Ht network Hl Hn Ht link physical

M M M M message segment datagram frame
Slide 45
Summary of duties and OSI Model
Slide 46
Summary & Lecture Roadmap
Covered a lot in todays lecture! We'll discuss these (and more) in details during this course Internet overview whats a protocol? network edge, core, access network r packet-switching r circuit-switching Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay layering and service models
Roadmap: what well cover

Week 2: Internetworking, IPv4, IPv6 Week 3: Physical Aspects of Data Communications, Data Encoding Week 4: Error Detection Week 5: Multiplexing Week 6: Flow Control, Error Control Week 7: Routing Week 8: LAN and Medium Access Control (MAC) Methods Week 9: Wireless Networking Week 10: Wide Area Networks, Packet and Circuit Switching, ATMs Week 11: Transport Protocols Week 12: Emerging Networking Technologies
Slide 47
Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing 1972:
r
theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational
r r
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first hosthost protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Slide 48
Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
Cerf and Kahns internetworking network in Hawaii principles: 1973: Metcalfes PhD thesis r minimalism, autonomy proposes Ethernet no internal changes 1974: Cerf and Kahn required to interconnect architecture for interconnecting networks networks late70s: proprietary r best effort service model architectures: DECnet, SNA, r stateless routers XNA r decentralized control late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM Define todays Internet precursor) architecture 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Slide 49
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of
new national
TCP/IP 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IPaddress translation 1985: FTP protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control
networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
Slide 50
Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: ARPAnet
decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web r hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s] r HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee r 1994: Mosaic Netscape r late 1990s: web commercialization
Late 1990s 2000s: more killer apps r instant messaging r peer2peer file sharing (e.g., Naptser) network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps
Slide 51

L1 Introduction

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RMIT University

Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing COSC 1111/2061 Lecture 1 Introduction

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Head Tutor: Writabrata Banerjee

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

computing devices: hosts, end-systems

router server local ISP

PCs workstations, servers PDAs phones, toasters

running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth company network

routers: forward packets

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Cool internet appliances

IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/

Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster Worlds smallest web server - iPic

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Cool internet appliancesRealtime ECG monitoring

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Cool internet appliancesRealtime monitoring of environment

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

server local ISP

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Internet Standards What's an RFC

Difficult to read Superceded over time

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Whats the Internet: a service view

infrastructure enables distributed applications:

Web, email, games, ecommerce, database., voting, file (MP3) sharing

a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of operators, in every nation, ...."

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

A closer look at network structure:

applications and hosts network core:

routers network of networks

physical media: communication links

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

The network edge:

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Network edge: connection-oriented service

TCP service [RFC 793]

Internets connectionoriented service

stream data transfer

(prepare for) data transfer ahead of time

loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions

flow control: r sender wont overwhelm receiver congestion control:

senders slow down sending rate when network congested

Lecture 1 Dr Andrew Fry

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

Network edge: connectionless service