Middleware 101

Middleware 101

Joseph Amrith Raj

By

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

Table of Contents
What is Middleware? .......................................................................................3 T hree-tier arc hitec tu re ....................................................................................3 F irst tier. .....................................................................................................4 S ec o n d tier..................................................................................................4 T hird tier.....................................................................................................5 C o m m u n ic atio n am o n g tiers: ...........................................................................5 C o m p o n en ts o f Middleware..............................................................................5 Web serv er .................................................................................................5 A p p lic atio n serv er ........................................................................................6 D irec to ry serv er ( L D A P ) ...............................................................................6 A c c ess Man ager...........................................................................................7 H T T P an d H T T P S - What is the dif f eren c e? .......................................................7 What is S S L ?...................................................................................................8 What is D igital c ertif ic ate? ............................................................................8 S S L in ac tio n ...............................................................................................9 Messagin g Middleware ....................................................................................9 Message-o rien ted m iddleware ( MO M) .........................................................1 0 A dv an tages o f MO M...................................................................................1 0 S to rage ..............................................................................................1 0 R o u tin g ..............................................................................................1 0 T ran sf o rm atio n ...................................................................................1 0 C o m p o n en ts o f m essagin g m iddleware...........................................................1 1 Message q u eu in g so f tware .........................................................................1 1 Message B ro k er .........................................................................................1 1 Wo rds that y o u c o m e ac ro ss in m iddleware ....................................................1 2 L o ad b alan c in g ..........................................................................................1 2 T he web c o n n ec to r p lu g-in .........................................................................1 2 S erv lets.....................................................................................................1 2 J sp ...........................................................................................................1 2 E n terp rise j av a b ean s ................................................................................1 2 J db c ..........................................................................................................1 3 C o n n ec to r .................................................................................................1 3 R ic h c lien t .................................................................................................1 3 L egac y sy stem s .........................................................................................1 3

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

W h a t is M id d le w a r e ?
Middleware is computer software th at con n ects software compon en ts or application s. I t is used most often to support complex , distrib uted application s. I t in cludes web serv ers, application serv ers, con ten t man ag emen t systems, an d similar tools th at support application dev elopmen t an d deliv ery. Middleware is especially in teg ral to modern in formation tech n olog y b ased on X ML , SO A P , W eb serv ices, an d serv ice-orien ted arch itecture.

T h r e e -t i e r a r c h i t e c t u r e
Three-t i er is a clien t-serv er arch itecture in wh ich th e user in terfaces, fun ction al process log ic ( b usin ess rules ), data storag e an d data access are dev eloped an d main tain ed as in depen den t modules, most often on separate platforms. T h e term th ree-tier or th ree-layer , as well as th e con cept of multi-tier arch itectures, seems to h av e orig in ated with in R ation al Software. T h e th ree-tier model is con sidered to b e software arch itecture an d a software desig n pattern . A part from th e in terfaces, th e th ree tiers to b or tech n olog y from Microsoft code. usual adv an tag es of modular software with well defin ed th ree-tier arch itecture is in ten ded to allow an y of th e e upg raded or replaced in depen den tly as req uiremen ts ch an g e. F or ex ample, a ch an g e of operatin g system W in dows to U N I X would on ly affect th e user in terface

T ypically, th e user in terface run s on a desk top P C or work station an d uses a stan dard g raph ical user in terface, fun ction al process log ic may con sist of on e or more separate modules run n in g on a work station or application serv er, an d an R DB MS on a datab ase serv er or main frame con tain s th e data storag e log ic. T h e middle tier may b e multi-tiered itself (in wh ich case th e ov erall arch itecture is called an n -tier arch itecture ). T h e 3 -T ier arch itecture h as th e followin g 3 -tiers: 2 . 3 . 1 . P resen tation T ier A pplication T ier/ L og ic T ier/ B usin ess L og ic T ier Data T ier

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

3-t i e r a r c h i t e c t u r e

F i r s t t i e r : R espon sib ility for presen tation an d user in teraction resides with th e first-tier compon en ts. T h ese clien t compon en ts en ab le th e user to in teract with th e secon d-tier processes in a secure an d in tuitiv e man n er. A pplication Serv er supports sev eral clien t types. C lien ts do n ot access th e th ird-tier serv ices directly. F or ex ample, a clien t compon en t prov ides a form on wh ich a customer orders products. T h e clien t compon en t sub mits th is order to th e secon d-tier processes, wh ich ch eck th e product datab ases an d perform task s th at are n eeded for b illin g an d sh ippin g . S e c o n d t i e r : T h e secon d-tier processes are common ly referred to as th e a p p l i c a t i o n l o g i c l a y er. T h ese processes man ag e th e b usin ess log ic of th e application , an d are permitted access to th e th ird-tier serv ices. T h e application log ic layer is wh ere most of th e processin g work occurs. Multiple clien t compon en ts can access th e secon d-tier processes simultan eously, so th is application log ic layer must man ag e its own tran saction s.

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

I n th e prev ious ex ample, if sev eral customers attempt to place an order for th e same item, of wh ich on ly on e remain s, th e application log ic layer must determin e wh o h as th e rig h t to th at item, update th e datab ase to reflect th e purch ase, an d in form th e oth er customers th at th e item is n o lon g er av ailab le. W ith out an application log ic layer, clien t compon en ts access th e product datab ase directly. T h e datab ase is req uired to man ag e its own con n ection s, typically lock in g out a record th at is b ein g accessed. A lock can occur wh en an item is placed in to a sh oppin g cart, prev en tin g oth er customers from con siderin g it for purch ase. Separatin g th e secon d an d th ird tiers reduces th e load on th e th ird-tier serv ices, supports more effectiv e con n ection man ag emen t, an d can improv e ov erall n etwork performan ce. T h i r d t i e r : T h e th ird-tier serv ices are protected from direct access b y th e clien t compon en ts residin g with in a secure n etwork . I n teraction must occur th roug h th e secon d-tier processes.

C o m m u n ic a t io n a m o n g t ie r s :
A ll th ree tiers must commun icate with each oth er. O pen , stan dard protocols an d ex posed A P I s simplify th is commun ication . Y ou can write clien t compon en ts in an y prog rammin g lan g uag e, such as J av a or C + + . T h ese clien ts run on an y operatin g system, b y speak in g with th e application log ic layer. Datab ases in th e th ird tier can b e of an y desig n , if th e application layer can q uery an d man ipulate th em. T h e k ey to th is arch itecture is th e application log ic layer.

C o m p o n e n t s o f M id d le w a r e Web server
A computer th at deliv ers (serv es up) W eb pag es. E v ery W eb serv er h as an I P address an d possib ly a domain n ame. F or ex ample, if you en ter th e U R L h ttp: / / www. ex ample. com/ in dex . h tml in your b rowser, th is sen ds a req uest to th e serv er wh ose domain n ame is x ample. com. T h e serv er th en fetch es th e pag e n amed in dex . h tml an d sen ds it to your b rowser. A n y computer can b e turn ed in to a W eb serv er b y in stallin g serv er software an d con n ectin g th e mach in e to th e I n tern et. (O r) A lth oug h it mig h t seem th at a web serv er is a mach in e, it is really a process run n in g on a mach in e th at serv es H T T P con ten t to web b rowsers on clien t mach in es. T h is is importan t b ecause you can actually put sev eral web serv ers on a sin g le mach in e as lon g as you desig n ate specific ports th roug h wh ich traffic will trav el.
By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

Some of th e well k n own W eb serv ers: A pach e Microsoft I I S I P lan et/ Sun on e I B M H ttp serv er

A p p l i c a t i o n server
A pplication serv er is a software en g in e th at deliv ers application s to clien t computers or dev ices. Moreov er, an application serv er h an dles most, if n ot all, of th e b usin ess log ic an d data access of th e application (a. k . a. cen traliz ation ). T h e main b en efit of an application serv er is th e ease of application dev elopmen t, sin ce application s n eed n ot b e prog rammed; in stead, th ey are assemb led from b uildin g b lock s prov ided b y th e application serv er. Some of th e well k n own application serv ers: I B M W eb sph ere B ea W eb log ic Sun on e j av a system serv er J b oss

D i rec t o ry server ( LD A P )
A directory serv ice (DS) is a software application or a set of application s th at stores an d org an iz es in formation ab out a computer n etwork ' s users an d n etwork resources, an d th at allows n etwork admin istrators to man ag e users' access to th e resources. Y ou can defin e lik e th is also- A directory serv ice is a sh ared in formation in frastructure for locatin g , man ag in g , admin istratin g , an d org an iz in g common items an d n etwork resources, wh ich can in clude v olumes, folders, files, prin ters, users, g roups, dev ices, teleph on e n umb ers an d oth er ob j ects. A directory serv ice is an importan t compon en t of N O S (N etwork O peratin g System). I n th e more complex cases a directory serv ice is th e cen tral in formation repository for an org an iz ation Some of th e well k n own Directory serv ers (L DA P ): Sun J av a System Directory Serv er I B M T iv oli Directory Serv er W in dows N T Directory Serv ices (N T DS) for W in dows N T A ctiv e Directory for W in dows 2 0 0 0 , Serv er 2 0 0 3 O pen L DA P

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

A c c ess M a n a g er
A ccess Man ag er is th e sin g le solution for W eb access man ag emen t, federation , an d W eb serv ices security. (or) A ccess Man ag er is a v ersatile solution for auth en tication an d auth oriz ation prob lems.

Defin es an d man ag es cen traliz ed auth en tication , access an d audit policy with access man ag emen t software g eared toward a b road ran g e of b usin ess in itiativ es E stab lish es n ew audit an d reportin g serv ice with auth en tication software th at collects audit data from multiple en forcemen t poin ts, oth er platforms an d security application s R educes h elp-desk calls an d oth er security prob lems associated with multiple passwords with flex ib le SSO to W eb -b ased application s th at can span multiple sites or domain s with a ran g e of SSO option s Man ag es an d secures b usin ess en v iron men ts from your ex istin g h ardware (main frame, P C s, serv ers) an d operatin g system platforms, in cludin g W in dows , L in ux , A I X , Solaris, an d H P U X . P rov ides a modular auth oriz ation arch itecture th at separates security code from application code.

Some of th e popular A ccess Man ag er products: I B M T iv oli A ccess man ag er for e-b usin ess Sun on e J av a system A ccess Man ag er N ov ell A ccess Man ag er O racle A ccess Man ag er

H T T P a n d H T T P S

- W h a t is t h e d iff e r e n c e ?

Did you ob serv ed th e g olden lock at th e rig h t b ottom of your I E pag e wh en you access your in tern et b an k in g pag e? I t' s all ab out k eepin g you secure H T T P stan ds for H ypertex t T ran sport P rotocol, wh ich is j ust a fan cy way of sayin g it' s a protocol (a lan g uag e, in a man n er of speak in g ) for

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

in formation clien ts.

to b e passed b ack

an d forth

b etween

web

serv ers an d t d 't g

Y ou really don ' t n eed to k n ow wh at it all stan ds for; th e importan th in g is th e letter S wh ich mak es th e differen ce b etween H T T P an H T T P S. T h e S (b ig surprise) stan ds for " Secure" . Y ou prob ab ly didn n eed me to tell you th at, b ecause you already k n ew it h ad someth in to do with security.

I f you v isit a web site or web pag e, an d look at th e address in th e web b rowser, it will lik ely b eg in with th e followin g : h ttp: / / . T h is mean s th at th e web site is talk in g to your b rowser usin g th e reg ular ' un secured' lan g uag e. I n oth er words, it is possib le for someon e to " eav esdrop" on your computer' s con v ersation with th e web site. I f you fill out a form on th e web site, someon e mig h t see th e in formation you sen d to th at site. T h is is wh y you n ev er ev er en ter your sen sitiv e in formation in an h ttp web site! B ut if th e web address b eg in s with h ttps: / / , th at b asically mean s your computer is talk in g to th e web site in a secure c ode th at n o on e can eav esdrop on .

W h a t is S S L ?
SSL (Secure Sock ets L ayer) is th e stan dard security tech n olog y for estab lish in g an en crypted lin k b etween a web serv er an d a b rowser. T h is lin k en sures th at all data passed b etween th e web serv er an d b rowsers remain priv ate an d in teg ral. SSL is an in dustry stan dard an d is used b y million s of web sites in th e protection of th eir on lin e tran saction s with th eir customers. T o b e ab le to create an C ertificate. SSL con n ection a web serv er req uires an SSL

Wh a t i s D i g i t a l c ert i f i c a t e?
SSL C ertificates g iv e a web site th e ab ility to commun icate securely with its web customers. W ith out a certificate, an y in formation sen t to a web site can b e in tercepted an d v iewed b y an yon e. T ypically an SSL C ertificate will con tain your do main n ame, your compan y n ame, your address, your city, your state an d your coun try. I t will also con tain th e ex piration date of th e C ertificate an d details of

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

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Middleware 101

th e C ertification A uth ority respon sib le for th e issuan ce of th e C ertificate. W h en a b rowser con n ects to a secure site it will retriev e th e site' s SSL C ertificate an d ch eck th at it h as n ot ex pired, it h as b een issued b y a C ertification A uth ority th e b rowser trusts, an d th at it is b ein g used b y th e web site for wh ich it h as b een issued. I f it fails on an y on e of th ese ch eck s th e b rowser will display a warn in g to th e en d user lettin g th em k n ow th at th e site is n ot secured b y SSL .

S S Lin a c t io n
A b rowser req uests a secure pag e (usually h ttps : / / ) T h e web serv er sen ds its pub lic k ey with its certificate. T h e b rowser ch eck s th at th e certificate was issued b y a trusted party (usually a trusted root C A ), th at th e certificate is still v alid an d th at th e certificate is related to th e site con tacted. T h e b rowser th en uses th e pub lic k ey, to en crypt a ran dom symmetric en cryption k ey an d sen ds it to th e serv er with th e en crypted U R L req uired as well as oth er en crypted h ttp data. T h e web serv er decrypts th e symmetric en cryption k ey usin g its priv ate k ey an d uses th e symmetric k ey to decrypt th e U R L an d h ttp data. T h e web serv er sen ds b ack th e req uested h tml documen t an d h ttp data en crypted with th e symmetric k ey. T h e b rowser decrypts th e h ttp data an d h tml documen t usin g th e symmetric k ey an d displays th e in formation .

Software th at prov ides an in terface b etween application s, allowin g th em to sen d data b ack an d forth to each oth er asyn ch ron ously. Data sen t b y on e prog ram can b e stored in a q ueue an d th en forwarded to th e receiv in g prog ram wh en it b ecomes av ailab le to process it. W ith out usin g a common messag e tran sport an d q ueuin g system such as th is, each application must b e respon sib le for en surin g th at th e data sen t is receiv ed properly. Main tain in g commun ication s b etween differen t types of application s as th ey are rev ised an d ev en tually replaced with n ewer arch itectures creates an en ormous prog rammin g b urden in th e larg e en terprise.

M e s s a g in g M id d le w a r e

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

M essa g e-o ri en t ed m i d d l ew a re ( M O M )
I t is an in frastructure focused on sen din g an d receiv in g messag es th at in creases th e in teroperab ility, portab ility, an d flex ib ility of an application b y allowin g th e application to b e distrib uted ov er h eterog en eous platforms. I t reduces th e complex ity of dev elopin g application s th at span multiple operatin g systems an d n etwork protocols b y in sulatin g th e application dev eloper from th e details of th e v arious operatin g system an d n etwork in terfaces. A P I ' s th at ex ten d across div erse platforms an d n etwork s are typically prov ided b y MO M. MO M is software th at resides in b oth portion s of clien t/ serv er arch itecture an d typically supports asyn ch ron ous calls b etween th e clien t an d serv er application s. Messag e q ueues prov ide temporary storag e wh en th e destin ation prog ram is b usy or n ot con n ected. MO M reduces th e in v olv emen t of application dev elopers with th e complex ity of th e master-slav e n ature of th e clien t/ serv er mech an ism.

A d va n t a g es o f M O M S t o ra g e
Most MO M systems prov ide persisten t storag e to b ack up th e messag e tran sfer medium. T h is mean s th at th e sen der an d receiv er do n ot n eed to con n ect to th e n etwork at th e same time (asyn ch ron ous deliv ery).

R o u t in g
MO M deliv ers an oth er importan t adv an tag e th roug h route messag es with in th e middleware layer itself. its ab ility to

Tra n sf o rm a t i o n
I n a messag e-b ased middleware system, th e recipien t' s messag e n eed n ot replicate th e sen der' s messag e ex actly. A MO M system with b uilt-in in tellig en ce can tran sform messag es en -route to match th e req uiremen ts of th e sen der or of th e recipien t. I n con j un ction with th e routin g an d b roadcast/ multicast facilities, on e application can sen d a messag e in its own n ativ e format, an d two or more oth er application s may each receiv e a copy of th e messag e in th eir own n ativ e format

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

C o m p o n e n t s o f m e s s a g in g m id d le w a r e M essa g e q u eu i n g so f t w a re
Y ou can th in k of messag e q ueuin g as b ein g electron ic mail for prog rams. I n a messag e q ueuin g en v iron men t, each prog ram from th e set th at mak es up an application suite is desig n ed to perform a welldefin ed, self-con tain ed fun ction in respon se to a specific req uest. T o commun icate with an oth er prog ram, a prog ram must put a messag e on a predefin ed q ueue. T h e oth er prog ram retriev es th e messag e from th e q ueue, an d processes th e req uests an d in formation con tain ed in th e messag e. So messag e q ueuin g is a style of prog ram-to-prog ram commun ication . Some of well k n own Q ueuin g products I B M' s W eb Sph ere MQ (formerly MQ Series) O racle A dv an ced Q ueuin g (A Q ) with in an O racle datab ase Microsoft' s MSMQ . J B oss Messag in g J O R A M O pen Messag e Q ueue A ctiv e MQ

M essa g e B ro k er
Messag e b rok er is an in termediary prog ram th at tran slates a messag e from th e formal messag in g protocol of th e sen der to th e formal messag in g protocol of th e receiv er in a telecommun ication n etwork wh ere prog rams commun icate b y ex ch an g in g formally-defin ed messag es. Messag e B rok er is an arch itectural pattern for messag e v alidation , messag e tran sformation an d messag e routin g . I t mediates commun ication amon g st application s, min imiz in g th e mutual awaren ess th at application s sh ould h av e of each oth er in order to b e ab le to ex ch an g e messag es, effectiv ely implemen tin g decouplin g . Some of well k n own messag e b rok ers I B M W eb sph ere messag e b rok er O racle messag e b rok er F U SE messag e b rok er Microsoft B iz T alk serv er
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Middleware 101

W o r d s t h a t y o u c o m e a c r o s s in m id d le w a r e
L oad b alan cin g is div idin g th e amoun t of work th at a computer h as to do b etween two or more processors or computers so th at more work g ets don e in th e same amoun t of time an d, in g en eral, all users g et serv ed faster. L oad b alan cin g can b e implemen ted with h ardware, software, or a comb in ation of b oth . (O r) Distrib utin g processin g an d commun ication s activ ity ev en ly across a computer n etwork so th at n o sin g le dev ice is ov erwh elmed. L oad b alan cin g is especially importan t for n etwork s wh ere it' s difficult to predict th e n umb er of req uests th at will b e issued to a serv er. B usy W eb sites typically employ two or more W eb serv ers in a load b alan cin g sch eme. I f on e serv er starts to g et swamped, req uests are forwarded to an oth er serv er with more capacity. T h e W eb C on n ector P lug -I n in en ab les commun ication b etween A pplication Serv er an d a W eb Serv er. E ach plug -in en ab les th e W eb serv er to receiv e req uests from clien ts an d pass th em on to th e A pplication Serv er. W eb b rowsers can th en access application s h osted b y th e A pplication Serv er th roug h th e W eb Serv er. Serv lets are J av a tech n olog y' s an swer to C G I prog rammin g . T h ey h an dle req uests an d respon ses from b rowser clien ts an d en capsulate data access in a b usin ess log ic layer compon en t such as an E n terprise J av aB ean or a reg ular J av aB ean . T h ey are prog rams th at b uild W eb pag es on th e fly. J SP is a type of serv er-side scriptin g th at allows you to g en erate an d main tain dyn amic presen tation pag es. B ecause J SP pag es are written as H T ML files with emb edded J av a code, th ey are b est suited for layout task s. Serv lets are b est suited a s cen tral dispatch ers for in comin g req uests.

Lo a d ba l a n c i n g

Th e w eb c o n n ec t o r p l u g -i n

S ervl et s

Jsp

E n t erp ri se j a va bea n s

T h e b asic idea b eh in d E n terprise J av aB ean s[ tm] is to prov ide a framework for compon en ts th at may b e ' plug g ed in ' to a serv er, th ereb y ex ten din g th at serv er' s fun ction ality. E J B [ tm] is desig n ed to mak e it easy for dev elopers to create application s, freein g th em from low-lev el system details of man ag in g tran saction s, th reads, load
By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t

Middleware 101

b alan cin g , an d so on . A pplication dev elopers can con cen trate on b usin ess log ic an d leav e th e details of man ag in g th e data processin g to th e framework .

Jd bc

T h e J DB C A P I is th e in dustry stan dard for datab ase -in depen den t con n n ectiv ity b etween th e J av a prog rammin g lan g uag e an d a wide ran g e of datab ases. T h e J DB C A P I prov ides a call-lev el A P I for SQ L b ased datab ase access an d prov ides a layer of ab straction b etween th e application an d th e datab ase itself. J 2 E E C on n ector arch itecture defin es a stan dard arch itecture for con n ectin g th e J 2 E E platform to h eterog en eous en terprise in formation systems (E I Ss). I t prov ides a J av a solution to th e prob lem of con n ectiv ity b etween th e man y application serv ers an d E I Ss already in ex isten ce.

C o n n ec t o r

R i c h c l i en t
A

rich clien t is an application th at commun icates directly with an application serv er. T h e life of a req uest from a rich clien t is processed accordin g to th e followin g steps: 1 . T h e rich clien t con tacts th e A pplication Serv er usin g th e R MI -I I O P protocol. T h e req uest is directed at th e C O R B A E x ecutiv e Serv er. I t tak es th ese req uests an d deleg ates th em to an ex istin g J av a Serv er process. 2 . C O R B A E x ecutiv e Serv er receiv es th e req uest an d forwards it to th e appropriate application compon en t in th e J av a process. 3 . T h e application compon en t processes th e req uest (from with in th e J av a process) an d return s th e results to th e C O R B A E x ecutiv e Serv er process. 4 . T h e C O R B A E x ecutiv e Serv er process sen ds th e results b ack to th e rich clien t.

Leg a c y sy st em s

E n terp rises with su c c essf u l e -b u sin esses n eed to in tegrate their ex istin g E I S s with n ew web -b ased ap p lic atio n s. T hey n eed to ex ten d the reac h o f their en terp rise in f o rm atio n sy stem s ( E I S s) to su p p o rt b u sin ess -to -b u sin ess ( B 2 B ) tran sac tio n s. E x am p les o f E I S s in c lu de en terp rise reso u rc e p lan n in g ( E R P ) , m ain f ram e tran sac tio n p ro c essin g, an d legac y ap p lic atio n s n o t written in the J av a p ro gram m in g lan gu age.

By Joseph A m r i t h R a j . D ow n l oa d ed f r om

h t t p: / / si t es. g oog l e. c om / si t e/ a c t i v ex per t