Rake Receiver

RAKE RECEIVER A rake receiver is a radio receiver designed to

counter the effects of multipath fading. It does this by using several "sub-receivers" each delayed slightly in order to tune in to the individual multipath components. Each component is decoded independently, but at a later stage combined in order to make the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each transmission path. This could very well result in higher signal-tonoise ratio (or Eb/N0) in a multipath environment.

 The rake receiver is so named because of its

analogous function to a garden rake, each finger collecting bit or symbol energy similarly to how tines on a rake collect leaves.

Rake receivers are common in a wide variety of

CDMA and W-CDMA radio devices such as mobile phones .

RAKE RECEIVER Schemetic is shown below.

CDMA IS-95A ARCHITECTURE

CDMA IS-95A ARCHITECTURE OS

WPT 0

AUX

IWF
PSPDN

TE2

TE1

Sm

WPT1 Um

O Base Station subsystem

BTS
A bis

P L Ai D
W

BSC

A E

MSC

PSTN

DCE

R
TE2

TE2

Rm

TAP MSC

C
HLR

B
D

Mi

ISDN

S
TA

TE1

TE2

Rm

WPT 2

TE2

I I
DMH

VLR
PLMN

H EIR

MS WPT : Wireless Personal Terminal

External network G
Other VLR

AC

DCE : Data communication equipment TE : Terminal Equipment

 The reference model elements are :

Mobile Station : The MS terminates with radio path on the user side and enables the user to gain access to services from the network. It can be a stand alone device or other device like PC, fax machine etc. Base station Subsystem: Base station terminates the radio path and connects to the mobile switching center (MSC). The base station subsystem is divided in to BTS and BSC.

 BTS (Base Transceiver System):

BTS terminate the radio path on the network side. It may be co-located with BSC or independently placed. The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell. This is the part of the CDMA network, which communicates with the MS. The antenna is included as part of the CDMA. BTS includes Transceivers, base band sections, digital signal processing cards, power cards, Transmission cards, Antenna and filter sections etc.

 BSC (Base station controller):

It is the control management for one or more BTS. BSC exchanges information between BTS and MSC. The BTSs and BSC may either be located at the same cell site co-located, or located at different sites Remote. In reality most BTSs will be remote, as there are many more BTSs than BSCs in a network. Another BSS configuration is the daisy chain. A BTS need not communicate directly with the BSC which controls it, it can be connected to the BSC via a chain of BTSs.

Daisy chaining reduces the amount of cabling required to set up a network as a BTS can be connected to its nearest BTS rather than all the way to the BSC. Problems may arise when chaining BTSs, due to the transmission delay through the chain. The length of the chain must, therefore, be kept sufficiently short to prevent the round trip speech delay becoming too long.

 Network switching subsystem:

Mobile Switching Center: Switching of calls Hand offs.. Etc. DMH (Data Message Handler) : Uses to collect billing data.

Home Location Register (HLR): It manages mobile subscribers information by maintaining all subscribers information. The information is like ESN, IMSI, User Profiles, and current location etc. It can be co-located or placed independently. One HLR servers multiple MSCs. Visitor Location Register (VLR): It is linked to one or more MSC. It dynamically stores subscribers information (ESN, User profiles)

 These informations are obtained from HLR.

When a roaming MS enters a new service area, MSC informs the associated VLR about the MS by querying the HLR after MS goes through a registration procedure. Authentication Center : It manages the information associated with the individual subscriber. It can be located with in an HLR, or MSC or located independently of both. It will have the authentication algorithm, named as CAVE Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption Algorithm (CAVE); Authentication Key (AKey)

 Equipment Identity Register:

Provides information about the mobile station for record purpose.

Inter working function :

Enables MSC to communicate with other networks.

External Networks:
They can be PSTN, ISDN, PLMN, PSPDN.

 Operation subsystem (OSS) :

Responsible for overall management. Some of the functions of OSS are Event/Alarm Management. Fault Management. Performance Management. Configuration Management. Security Management.