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obtained by MA^^^^^^^
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jVi t XA^ K^ \f
THE BEGINNINGS OF
CHRISTIANITY
BY
EX UBB .S
ST, BASIL S SCHOLASTICS
J/\N2l 1952
IRibfl bstat.
REMIGIUS LAFORT,
Censor Librorum.
"[Imprimatur.
f JNO. M. FARLEY,
Archbishop of New York.
PAGE
PREFACE vii
THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY 7
ST. PAUL TEACHER OF THE NATIONS
: 55
A BISHOP OF ROME IN THE TIME OF DOMITIAN (A.D.
81-96) 81
177) 103
SLAVERY AND FREE LABOR IN PAGAN ROME 121
THE OKIGIN OF CHRISTMAS 137
WOMEN IN THE EAKLY CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES 157
WOMEN IN PAGAN ANTIQUITY 167
ST. AGNES OF ROME 181
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE (A.D. 250-312) 211
I. (a) IN THE WEST 219
BOISSIER 311
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS 363
ALPHABETICAL INDEX .441
THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY.
critic.
of mankind.
For such and similar reasons the story of her foun
dation and first growth will always have a profound
I.
and perfect state the world has yet seen. From the
Atlantic to the Euphrates, from the Rhine and the
Danube to the Cataracts of the Nile her will;
was su
preme; and if she recognized these limits, it was
because beyond them there was little worth fighting
for. Step by step, piecemeal, she had put together
this massa imperil, subduing first the little towns
in the surrounding plains and hills, and then breaking
Conquistadori
"
coepit."
of
filled up, the high mountains laid low, and the social
Verily their sound hath gone forth into all the earth,
The hour comes when they must quit the Holy City
and go out into a world they know not and which
knows not them. Was it a light or indifferent thing
for a Jew to abandon the Temple, which held all that
he reputed dear and sacred? The oracles of God were
neither before nor since has the like been seen will not
II.
establish
"
ible passion, the personal love of God for man and man
for God, has been introduced among men, and that,
likean atmosphere or a perfume, it must soon trans
form the hearts of all who admit it, and eventually
renew from within every society in which its believers
multiply?
The personal memories of Jesus worked marvels in
himself, not the world about him, and his true wealth
or poverty is the memories of the past, with their
sweetness or their horror. Jesus knew that the mem
ory of Himself would be for all time the most potent
confirmation of faith. So He established on the last
flesh.
Go
ing therefore, teach all nations."
"
III.
He seemed
"
Assent, pp. 445 and 446): "If these causes are ever
comes in contact!
In the first chapter of his Epistle to the Romans
St. Paul puts his finger on the chief source of opposi
tion to the preaching of Christianity, the frightful
"
I.
torian, man
has always admired, sometimes too
To
immemorial gratitude of our race we owe
this
to the Creator.
We are gathered to-day to make our yearly com-
ST. PAUL: TEACHER OF THE NATIONS. 57
,
the equal of any of the twelve in
knowledge and commission. And throughout the
documents that have come to us from his hand he
maintains at its original high rating the office of
stock of Israel,
of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of the Hebrews,
as touching the Law a Pharisee.
"
He had gone
through the primary schools of the Jewish quarter at
Tarsus, had learned the text and the interpretation
of the Law, perhaps been the equal of Josephus, who
was a learned teacher of it at the age of fourteen.
more.
It is because St. Paul, as a disciple of Judaism, de
veloped every native energy of his being that he was
one day pre-eminently fitted for the office of a teacher;
ST. PAUL: TEACHER OF THE NATIONS. 65
II.
The world was indeed the only fit school for a man
of his training. Alexander wept because he had no
more worlds to conquer; Paul was heart-broken be
cause he could not offer to his Master, Christ, every
one of those miniature worlds called men, in whom
alone the outer world has meaning, praise, end, and
III.
diary between the soul and God, like the very bind
ing link of religion, and he is filled with the most
solemn consciousness that on his vicarious tongue
and action depends the fate of a world. He is like
one of those narrow estuaries through which the
waters of an ocean are driven, whose bed and shores
are torn and churned and gashed by the elemen
tal conflict of wind and waves.
We
can only admire from afar the unparalleled
ciety.
Yet his calling was an extraordinary one. How
often since then has it happened in the history of the
for it has once fallen away, and the saving dew does
S not often fall twice on the same pastures. To
know s r
it as the Epistle of Clement to the Corinthi
"But
enough of these examples from days of old.
not to one nor two but many labors, and who, hav
ing thus borne witness, passed to the appointed place
of glory; Paul, who by reason of jealousy and envy
was able to point by his example to the prize of pa
tience. Seven times was he thrown into prison; he
was driven into exile, he was stoned; then, when he
had preached in the East and the West, he attained
the noble renown which his faith won for him, teach
-
:
7 .... 7
92 4 BISHOP OF ROME
place. We
must needs beware; for ye have taken
upon you to put some men out of their office, although
they walk discreetly and have held their position
without offence."
sides."
him their hands worn with toil, and assured him that
all they owned between them was one small field:
ciola,"
or bandage; there was the house of Aquila
"
Meditations
"
the martyrs,
7
while the mob jeered at him as the
of :
fly
Far in the bosom of the stainless sky
The sound of fierce, licentious sacrifice.
From shrined alcove and stately pedestal
The marble gods in cumbrous ruin fall ;
that thus
Lyons, could write that the Gospel had made its way
among the Kelts, who held it in reverence written
on their hearts without paper or ink i.e., by oral
preaching.
Among such Kelts may have been some pre-
Patrician Irish Christians. The laws of Rome were
yet translated into Keltic for the inhabitants of
THE MARTYRS OF LYONS AND VIENNE. 119
the race would have easily led them into the society
I.
thirty
boys, forty girls."
tall and lanky Copt who kept the books, the huge
German who rolled about the bales of cloth, were
slaves. The chatty barber across the street, full of
II.
ren, ate and lived with them, and in death were not
SLAVERY AND FREE LABOR IN PAGAN ROME. 129
tag-
rag people"
of Rome? At the best he was de
scended from the hardy local peasantry of Rome,
whom the patricians, like Coriolanus, ever reckoned
"woollen vassals, things created to buy and sell
or step-bread,"
tribute a
man people."
Between the imposing games that
took up half the year and the solemn funerals of the
continuous vaude
ville" performances of the pantomime theatres
that soupape of Roman virility and good for
tune. Thus his life was of pleasure and idleness
all made up, enhanced by the salubrity of the cli
a great banquet.
It had come to this, that the monopoly of all
the
"
full basket
verse of Goldsmith:
"
Sun of justice."
century; Grant,
we beseech Thee, omnipotent God, the prayers
of Thy people! Let from heaven,
Thy justice shine
and the whole earth bring forth joy so that on
the coming [Advent] of the Redeemer of the
thought:
"0
God, who didst lie shrouded [velatus] with
in a bodily shelter, and being made known [re-
144 THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTMAS.
and the Lord of lords, who had laid aside, for the
asses
speaks of his
women who have labored with him and Clement in
the Gospel, and whose names are written in the
book of life. Among the most distinguished of his
Athenian converts was the woman named Damans.
In the Epistle to the Romans he gives us an insight
into the little circle of females whom he had not yet
neys like
Phoebe; they give abundantly like Lydia;
they teach and instruct like the Philippian helpers
of Paul and Clement; they give prestige and political
tells
Women of the
(Lon
don, 1892) will find collected there a mass of details
from the history of ancient and modern uncivilized
WOMAN IN PAGAN ANTIQUITY. 173
Charicles
"
opinion that
and its defeats, its progress and its decay, its diffi
perfect life.
side, that for her they are dearer than the heroes of
Marathon or Thermopyla?; that for them she finds
by every frail girl who laid her head on the block for
the Church saw clearly that her own history was one
of the surest means of consolation and guidance.
The era of the martyrs was like the first epoch of her
vast career, and furnished her with an absolute and
certain proof that the Holy Spirit was with her, that
will.
god of that old society into which East and West had
been for centuries merging around the Mediterra
nean. Compromise and concession were its ordinary
weapons in all that pertained to the other world, a
growing tolerance and indifference of religious belief.
Oh, beware !
you who have fought, yourselves and
your ancestors, for many a long and hopeless decade
inasmuch
as it taught him to live and die for Christ. It
world."
spired by faith?
1
Renan Les
:
Origines du Christianisme (8 vols. Paris, 1891).
On the Christian side there is, as yet, no such brilliant and
comprehensive synthesis of a multitude of excellent mono
graphs. But the Origines Chretiennes of the learned Abb 6
Duchesne; the works of Professor Probst of Breslau on doc
trine, prayer, liturgy, the sacraments, and discipline in the
firstthree centuries; the Histoire des Persecutions by AUard;
the Geschichte der roemischen Kirche by Hagemann; the Hip-
poly tus und Callistus of Doellinger, contain valuable anti
dotes to the Renanesque virus. Priceless material is stored
up in the Bullelino di Archeologia Cristiana of De Rossi.
214 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
t
The divine martyrs throughout the world . were . .
1 "
1
De Broglie, L Eglise et I Etat au IVieme siecle, 6 vols.,
Paris, 1860-66, vol. i., c. i. Mason, The Persecution of Diocle
tian, Cambridge, 1876. Burckhardt, Die Zeit Constantins
(2d ed.), Leipzig, 1880. Gregg, The Persecution of Decius,
London, 1897.
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 219
infernal opposition.
I.
1
H. E. viii., cc. 1, 14.
2
In the famous case of the disputed election between Euse
bius and Heraclius, the epitaph of St. Eusebius, recovered
by De Rossi, tells us: "Hinc furor, hinc odium sequitur, dis-
cordia, lites, seditio, cacdes, solvuntur foedera pacis," etc.
See Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotteranea, I., p. 343.
224 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
1
cemeteries for the burial of the dead. All this
1
Liber Pontificate (ed. Duchesne), i., 164. "Hie (Marcellus)
. . . XXV. titulos in urbe Roma
quasi dioeceses,
constituit,
propter baptismum et poenitentiam multorum qui converte
bantur ex paganis, et propter sepulturas martyrum."
2
Hunter, Primordia Ecclesice Africance. Hafnise, 1829, p.
24.
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 225
suscepta."
The similar testimony of Gregory of
Tours is borne out by the inscriptions and the
2
study of the ancient episcopal lists of Gaul.
There were bishops of Treves and Cologne at
Aries (314), as well as three bishops from Britain,
1
Hefele, I. 145. In the Melanges Renier the Abbe" Du-
chesne has shown that this important synod was held about
the year 300.
3
See Duchesne, Mfrnoire sur Vorigine des diocbses episco-
paux en Gaule, Paris, 1890.
226 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
1
Constantine Porphyrogen. De Adm. regni, c. 50. For
the details of the gradual extirpation of paganism after Con
stantine, see Schultze, Der Untergang des Heidentums. (Jena,
1892.)
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 227
1
"Thenceforward (from A.D. 112) for three hundred years
1
De Vogue", La Syrie Centrale, Architecture civile et reli-
gieuse, du
au VII. siecle. Paris, 1865.
I.
2
Chronicon Edessenum in the Bibliotheca Orientalis of As-
semani. For the many interesting questions connected with
the origin of Christianity in these regions, see Tixeront, Les
Origines de I Eglise d Edesse, Paris, 1888.
3
St. Jerome, Ep. 74 (89) ad Augustinum.
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 231
1
See Schiirer, History of the Jewish People in the Time of
Jesus Christ, vol. i., part ii. p. 276.
8
Euseb., Hist. Ecc., vi., 8, 20; vi., 14, 19, 32.
232 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
martyrs.
Early in the fourth century Alexander of Alex
andria was able to gather a hundred bishops in
the preliminary synod that condemned the teach
de Armenie, Paris, 1867). See also Acta SS. Sept. viii. 295-
I
1
See Hefele, History of the Councils, vol. i., and Tillemont,
Mem. p. servir d Vhist. eccltsiastique, vii. 76.
236 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
tary Moses.
Isolated Christian captives there were among
the Saracens, as among the Goths, in the middle
of the third century. Eusebius relates the tender
Euseb., H. E., vi. 33, 21, 34. Sozomen, Hist. Ecc., vi.
38. "Why need I speak of the multitude that wandered in
the deserts and mountains (of Arabia), and perished by hun
ger, and thirst, and cold, and sickness, and robbers, and wild
beasts?" Dionysius of Alexandria, in Euseb., H. E., vi. 42.
The Roman Church redeemed many of these unfortunates
from the captivity of the Saracens, Euseb., vii. 5.
See "The Christians of St. Thomas" in The Catholic Times
of Philadelphia, April 15, 1893, and the articles on Manes
and Mamchaeans, in Smith s Dictionary of Christian Biog
raphy.
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE 237
1
How can any one describe those vast assemblies, and
the multitude that crowded together in every city, and the
famous gatherings in the house of prayer, on whose account,
not being satisfied with the ancient buildings, they erected
from the foundations large churches in all the cities." Euseb.,
H. E., viii. 1.
1
See Allard, Les Esclaves Chretiens, Paris, 1876. It is the
240 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
house-churches
"
bination of house-church/
1
private domestic hall. Yet, while it is clear that
1
See the article on Basilicas in the Encyclopddie of Kraus.
242 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
De Lapsis.
II.
1
"Sed ad Christianos quod spectat, senatum Romanum,
imperatores diversis temporibus, milites, populos, ipsos eorum
qui credidemnt parentes, in eorum doctrinam conspirasse."
Contra Celsum, i. 3.
2
Inde liquet quod Christian}, quantum in se est, curent ut
"
1
Cruel as Caracalla was, there are several reasons for be
lieving that he was favorable to the Christians: his early edu
cation, his aversion to sacrifices, his recalling of all those ban
ished to the islands, his vexation at the punishment of his
Christian playmate, the comparative peace of the faithful
during his reign. (Cf. Caracalla in Dictionary of Christian
Biography.")
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 251
all the while the world looks on and knows not the
secret springs of such strange resolutions, but some
where and always there is a poor slave who divide*
with the Lord a secret that causes his heart to
1
overflow with heavenly gladness."
1
The position of Christianity in the early imperial
legal
period the subject of an exhaustive study by the Christian
is
places? Much
light has been thrown upon this
1
Cf. Renan, Marc-Aurele, pp. 53, 302, and Allard, Hist,
des persecutions pendant Us deux premiers siecles, i. 329-388.
THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE. 255
1
poor sought in their association or college. It
1
Mommsen, De Collegiis et Sodaliciis Romanorum, Kiliae,
1843. Boissier, La Religion Romaine aux temps des Antonins,
Paris, 1884, vol. ii., p. 238, Les Classes inferieures et les
Associations populaires. Doulcet, Rapports de VEglise et de
VEtat aux trois premiers siccles, Paris, 1883, pp. 152-164; Bois-
eier, Promenades Archcologiques, Paris, 1887 (Rome et Pom
peii, p. 183).
2
Fouquet, Des Associations religieuses chez les Grecs.
256 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
difficulty.
1
See some remnants of the ancient legislation in the Cor
pus juris civilis, xlvii. 22. De collegiis et corporibus.
258 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
1
M. Gaston Boissier sums up satisfactorily the points of
contact between the pagan and the Christian burial clubs:
"Les ressemblances sont en effet tres nombreuses entre les
associations des deux cultes. Les Chretiens possedent aussi
une caisse commune, alimented par les contributions des
fideles; chez eux aussi les contributions se payent tous les
mois; Us n ont pas moins de souci de la sepulture de leurs
morts, et 1 Eglise a de depenser une grande partie de ses reve
nue a constmire ses immenses cimetieres. Des deux cotes le
respect de la hierarchic sociale se mele a un grand esprit
d 6galit4; les morts de toute condition sont confondus dans
les columbaria comme dans les catacombes. C est le suf
frage de tous qui nomme les chefs, et il va quclquefois cher-
cher le plus humble pourle mettre a la premiere place. Au
moment ou de pauvres affranchis arrivent aux dignite"s les
plus 61ev6es des colleges, un ancien esclave, le banquier Cal-
liste, s asseoit sur la chaise de Pierre que devait occuper un
Cornelius. Enfin, les repas communs ont autant d impor-
tance dans les reunions des Chretiens que dans les associations
paiennes; 1 Eglise c61ebre dans toutes ses fetes le festin frater
nal des agapes, et, pour honorer des martyrs, les fideles dinent
260 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE.
Ecclesice de- . . .
porations.
The regular distributions of the Church to the
clergy, the widows, the poor, and the strangers
could easily be carried on at these semi-legal meet
1
The arguments of De Rossi are neatly summed up by
Northcote and Brownlow in their Roma Sotterranea, i., pp.
103-9. On the interesting question of the Roman confra
ternities cf. Mommsen and Marquardt, Romische Staatsver-
waltung, iii. 131-142; and Boissier, La Religion Romaine
aux temps des Antonins (Paris, 1884), vol. ii., pp. 239-304.
Loening in his Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts, and Al-
lard in his Histoire des Persecutions pendant la premiere moitie
du Hie siicle, give valuable details on the use of the civil
1
The reader may consult with profit the monumental work of
Count Melehior de Vogue, L Architecture civile et religieuse de la
1
mangers.
At El-Barah the traveller may see one of the
numerous wine-presses of the country, a huge
basalt vat, with stone supports for the simple but
gant villas.
Christ is forever
;
and over
the inside door, "If God be with us, who is against
us? Glory be Thine forever."
inscription, is all,
A.D. 412,"
and in the village built at the foot of
cultus.
cophagi of
Egyptian style, made
blocks of single
cession.
or octagon temple.
Seven Churches" of
cism.
294 . A CHRISTIAN POMPEII.
arose."
300 A CHRISTIAN POMPEII.
strong with all its strength and weak with all its
weaknesses. Men will never cease, however, to
admire the last noble struggle, when, penned up
between the mountains and the sea, like a lion
ess at the mouth of her lair, Carthage gathered
herself for a last resistance within her triple land
centuries.
Senate, where the wheat and the wine and the oil
were stored up, somewhat as in the great elevators
an ethical novel
" "
his
"
Carmen
7
de Deo/ a kind of hymn on the mercy of God, in
which there are touching passages and several
fine descriptions of natural scenes and sounds.
M. Boissier does not mention the metrical "
In
structions" and the Carmen Apologeticum of
past ;
and from the consciousness of the one and
the accurate story of the other, forecast the fate
of his kind in the similar situations of the
future.
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
I.
1
The biographical items for this sketch of the public career
of De Rossi are drawn from the Albums or proceedings of
the festivities on the occasions respectively of his sixtieth
and seventieth birthdays (1882, 1892) and from the brochure
Giovanni Battista de Rossi, Fondatore delta Scienza di Archeo-
logia Sacra: Cenni Biografici, per P. M. Baumgarten (Rome,
1892).
;363
364 THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
upon them.
It would seem that in the family of De Rossi
the Catacombs were a frequent subject of con
versation, and awakened, almost from infancy,
an unquenchable curiosity in the mind of John
Baptist. We hear that his father eagerly sought
the rare work of Antonio Bosio, Roma Sotterranea,
as a premium for his gifted son, and that the
favorite excursion of De Rossi and his brother
1
The bust, of white Serravezza marble, is the work of Lu-
chetti, and is ornamented with the following inscription:
IOHANNI BAPTISTAE .
DE . ROSSI
QVO DVCE CHRISTIANA VETVSTAS
IN NOVVM DECVS EFFLORVIT
PONTIFICVM HEROVMQVE PRIMAEVAE ECCLESIAE
ILLVXERE TROPHAEA
NATALI SEPTVAGESIMO
EIVS
CVLTORES MARTYRVM ET SACRAE ANTIQVITATIS
MAGISTRO OPTIMO P A MDCCCXCII
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS. 373
II.
activity.
De Rossi was pre-eminently an epigraphist.
The science of inscriptions was his first love; out
of his devotion to the monumenta literata sprang
all his other researches, and to them were finally
referred his most striking conquests in the do
main of antiquity. Inscriptions engraved, painted,
scratched, or stamped; pagan and Christian, public-
historical, domestic, and artistic; on stone, bronze,
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS. 377
1
Latinarum, consilio et auctoritate
Corpus Inscriptionum
Academiae Litter arum Borussicae editum, Berolinii, in
regice
1
J. P. Waltzing : Le recueil general des inscriptions latines,
et I epigraphie latine depuis cinquante ans. Louvain, 1892.
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS. 387
1
Cf. Piper: Einleitung in die monumentale Theologie. Gotha,
1867.
388 THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
1
Inscriptiones Christiance Urbis Romce septimo saeculo an-
iiquiorcs. Romae, in folio, vol. i., 1861; vol. ii., pars i.,1888.
394 THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
archaeologists. Besides
very ancient notices of
its
1
One of the last works of De Rossi was to prepare, in co
operation with Duchesne, the text of this most tangled and
corrupted document for the latest volume of the Acta Sane-
torufn (1894).
412 THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
x
Sotterranea and in the Bulletino di Archeologia
1
La Roma Sotterranea Cristiana, descritta ed illustrata
dal cav. G. B. De Rossi, pubblicata per ordine dell a San-
tita di N. S. Pio IX. Roma: vol. i., 1864 j vol. ii., 1867j
vol. Hi., 1877.
2
The most famous of the discoveries in the cemetery of
Callixtus are, besides the identification of it, the crypt of Lu-
cina, the Papal crypt, with epitaphs and loculi of third-cen
tury Popes, the crypt of St. Cecilia, the sepulchre of St.
Cornelius, the arenarium of St. Hippolytus, the epitaphs of
St.Eusebius and of Severus, and the cemeteries of St. Soteris
and St. Balbina, closely connected with that of Callixtus. I
forbear to speak here of the paintings and sculptures or of
the varium suppellectile, the lamps, medals, glasses, ivories,
and other sepulchral furniture of the Christians, in all of which
St. Callixtus is rich. The prefaces of the Roma Sotterranea
contain a complete history of the catacombs, their origin and
Christian character, their external vicissitudes, the order and
method of their construction, their decoration and use as
HI.
partments.
De Rossi kept a watchful eye on the develop
l
Codicum Latinorum BibliotJiecce Vaticance, Tomus x.,
1
Musaici delle Chiese di Roma anteriori al secolo XV. Roma
Spithover, 1872-1892. Con testo bilingue, italiano-francese:
grand! tavole cromolitografiche (fasciculi i.-xxiii).
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS. 427
1
His disciple, Prof. Gatti, has drawn up a chronological
series of his minor writings, which is to be found in the Album
of 1892. A catalogue of all the known works that issued
full
from the pen of De Rossi would fill over twenty-five closely
printed folio pages.
2
(Euvres Completes di Bartolomeo Borghcsi, vols. i.-ix. Paris,
1862-1884.
428 THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS.
is
scarcely possible to read with dry eyes the nar
rative of that long pursuit of fifty years crowned
with such final success. In his language, bristling
with technical terms, there an intensity of de
is
tions in
Europe. idea, The true, cropped it is
1
The valuable proceedings of this body of disciples and
admirers of De Rossi have been for some years published in
the Bullettino, and form one of its chief attractions. The
monthly meetings of the society usually draw many learned
strangers and exercise a salutary influence on the study of
Christian antiquities. The Collegium Cultorum Sanctorum
Martyrum has its seat near the Vatican at the German Campo
Rome as
of men:
THE COLUMBUS OF THE CATACOMBS. 439
;
tian epigraphy, 382, 390;
senate, 29, 100; and Roman plan of Orbis Christianus.
emperors, 38, 52-, and Roman 395, 418; Roma Sotter-
world, 105; constituent ele ranea of, 402, 417; Bullet-
ments of, 239; rapid diffu tino of, 417, 418; minor
sion, reasons of, 27, 242 writings, 427; devotion to
Christians, number of, about Eternal City, 437
A.D. 300, 238 De Rossi, Michele, 405
Christmas Day, origin of feast, Diocletian, Christian family of,
144; earliest evidences for, 53
140; three Masses on, 149; Donatists, 138, 142, 222, 224
earliest legends of, 151
Chronology, beginnings of Emperors, Roman, 38, 52, 53,
Christian, 393 97
Church, and the Roman Em Enthusiasm, contagion of
pire, 183, 214, earliest
216<; apostolic, 33
constitution of, 89 Epigraphy, growth of science,
Church feasts, public func 376, 381 materials
i
;
of
tions of, 152,; spiritual pur Christian, 379; difficulties
Woman, in Roman
world, 163, the Kelts, 171; in Judea,
165; at Rome,176, 179; 173; in the Gospel, 158;
among the Greeks, 174; primitive Christian, 248
among the Jews, 169; in Worship, early Christian, 306
Egyptian law, 170; in Mace
donian law, 171g among Zeal, nature of apostolic, 27
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