ForensicInvestigations of DamFailures

PaulC.Rizzo October7,2010 October 7,2010

CaseHistories
Afewintroductorynotes:
All Allmajorlitigationoneachprojectiscompleted j liti ti h j ti l t d Allinformationreportedhereisinthepublicdomain

DamFailuresdiscussedtoday y
TheClassicsplus TaumSauk SilverLake SaludaDam SwingingBridge
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WillnottalkaboutTampaBay,LakeDehli,LeveeFailures

References
Dr.A.J.SkipHendron BrianGreen Prof.J.DavidRogers Prof J David Rogers EulerCruz&RafaelCesrio Dr.DavidPetley
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DefinitionofFailure
Failureatadamisanuncontrolledreleaseofwater Causes of Failure CausesofFailure
Overtopping themostcommoncause PipingthruEmbankment 2nd!! d PipingthruFoundation 3rd!! i i h d i FoundationDegradation
Karstdevelopment Li Liquefaction f ti Lossoffinesovertime

Earthquakes groundmotionandfaults Click to edit Master title style Failure of gates stoplogs flashboard malfunction Failureofgates,stoplogs,flashboardmalfunction, penstocks,tunnels,andreservoirslopes

Some Classics Some Classics

Welearnfromoutmistakes!! We learn from out mistakes!!
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ClassicFailures
Hadamajorimpactondamorhydro engineering Hadamajorimpactondamsafety legislation and dam safety regulations anddamsafetyregulations Hadamajorimpactonsociety
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FolsomDam Folsom,California July17,1995

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FolsomDam Before

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FolsomDam After

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FolsomDam 1995

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FolsomDam
Increasedprofessionsawarenessof p theneedformaintenanceand inspectionofauxiliaryfeatures inspection of auxiliary features associatedwithadams
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ShihKangDam g Taiwan September21,1999

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ShihKangDam Taiwan Impactofbuildingadamoverafault Impact of building a dam over a fault

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ShihKangDam Taiwan

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ShihKangDam Taiwan

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Austin(Bayless)Dam ( y ) Austin,Pennsylvania September30,1911

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AustinDam Before

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AustinDam After

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AustinDam
Destroyedthemyththatgravitydams cantfail Illustrates the need for detailed, Illustratestheneedfordetailed, comprehensivefoundationinvestigations andfoundationpreparation and foundation preparation Illustratestheneedfortemperature Click to edit Master title style expansion/contractionjointsingravity expansion/contraction joints in gravity dams
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VaiontDam V i D Italy October1963

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VaiontDam DoubleArch 245m(800)fthigh 245m (800) ft high

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VillageofLongaroneBefore VaiontDamFailure Vaiont Dam Failure

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TheVaiontDamDisaster
Dam completed and filled Reservoir cycled up and down several times over three years Left Reservoir Slope Failed catastrophically Within 30 40 seconds some 270 million m3 of seconds, rock crashed into the reservoir. Click to edit Master title style Resulting wave overtopped dam by about 100 150 m.

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VaiontDam ReservoirSlopeFailure

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LongaroneVillageAfter VaiontDamFailure Vaiont Dam Failure

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VaiontDamattheTop

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TetonDam T D Teton,Idaho Teton Idaho June5,1976

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Teton Before

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StartofPiping June5 7:00AM

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June511:20AM

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June5 11:50AM
(Creststillintact) (Crest still intact)

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June5 11:50AM
(Crestnoweroding) (Crest now eroding)

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June5 12:00noon (Crestlost maximumflood) (Crest lost maximum flood)

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LessonsLearned
Compactionisextremelyimportant throughoutthedamandespeciallyatthe abutments GroutCurtainsarecriticaltopreventpiping Keyway design is critical Keywaydesigniscritical Filtersareakeyfeaturetoresistpiping
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(Whenindoubt,addafilter)
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CompactionAgainstRightAbutment

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CompactionEquipmentafterChange

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SayanoShushenskaya Khakassia,Russia h k August17,2009 August 17 2009

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AccidentatRussiasLargest HydroelectricPowerStation Hydroelectric Power Station

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Dam Spillway

Penstocks
Units 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Powerhouse Control Building

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TheAccident 2009Aug17

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411 4

BeforetheAccident

Crane PowerUnits

AirOilTanks

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SumpTank
42 42

Governor Pumps

Generatorsfloor

AftertheAccident

SumpTank Sump Tank AirOilTanks

Floor

Unit2

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ColectorRing Colector Ring Crosshead Unit2 Unit1

43 43 Generatorfloor

GeneralView

Floor

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444 4

GeneralView

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455 4

BeforetheAccident

GeneratorRotor Unit5

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Theaccidentstarted here
46 46 GeneratorRunner

SumpTank (turned) AirOilTank

Crosshead

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AftertheAccident

Unit7:destroyed

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Unit9:destroyed

488 4

Unit9

Unit7

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Unit2

Units7 Units 7 and9

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Flood

Flood

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LowerVanNormanDam LosAngeles,California February9,1971 b AClassicthatwasnotafailure!

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LowerVanNorman February9,1971 February 9 1971

L Lower V N Van Norman D Dam was b ilt b th Cit of L t A l built by the City f Lost Angeles as part of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1916 1918, using the hydraulic fill and puddled fillMaster title style A rolled fill addition Click to edit techniques. was placed in 1924. The embankment failed during the February 9, 1971 M. 6.7 San Fernando Earthquake but no water was released Earthquake, released.
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LowerVanNorman

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LowerVanNorman
ForerunnertoModernLiquefactionAnalysis Forerunner to Modern Liquefaction Analysis SusceptibilitytoLiquefaction

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Careful forensic evaluations by the geotechnical engineering group at U.C. Berkeley unraveled the dams failure by liquefaction of a zone of low density sandy hydraulic fill, shown in blue in the above sections. The St t subsequently slated 30 other h d li fill d Th State b tl l t d th hydraulic dams f retrofitting for t fitti between 1973 75.
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SwingingBridgeDam g g g SullivanCounty,NewYork May5,2005

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SwingingBridgeDamCrossSection Swinging Bridge Dam Cross Section

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SwingingBridgeDam

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SwingingBridgeDam

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SwingingBridgeDam
Overtimeleaksdeveloped Finestransportedtopenstockduringdewatering Sinkholesdevelopedoncrest Reservoirdrained Penstock&Unitabandoned Damrepairedandrefilled(3yrshutdown)
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SilverDamLake UpperPeninsula,Michigan l h May2003 May 2003

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SilverLakeDam DeadRiverHydroelectricProject Dead River Hydroelectric Project

M MountainTopStorageLake t i T St L k
MainConcreteDamwithSpillway&OutletPipe/GateControl AuxiliaryDamsandDikes Emergency Spillway with Erodible Fuse plug EmergencySpillwaywithErodibleFuseplug

May,2003 snowmelt,GateControlnotActivated FusePlugEroded Fuse Plug Eroded MainDamOvertopped minimaldamage DamNo.2overtopped&erodedawayentirely

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Failuredrainedapproximately25,000acrefeetofwaterfrom SilverLakeReservoir $100 million damage no fatalities $100milliondamage nofatalities

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SilverLake OvertoppingofMainDam

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SaludaDam Columbia,SouthCarolina Rehabilitation

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SaludaDam AFailurethatwasPrevented! A Failure that was Prevented!

SALUDA RIVER

WATEREE RIVER

COLUMBIA
SANTEE RIVER

LAKE MURRAY

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AerialViewofSaludaDam
IntakeTowers Spillway NORTH

McMeekin Station SaludaHydro AshPonds& Ash Ponds & Landfill

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River Rd.

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SaludaDam
ExistingDam Hydroelectric Plant LakeMurray

LakeArea Lake Area 78squaremiles 78 square miles LakeCapacity 1,600,000acrefeet DamLength Click to edit Master title style 7,800feet MaxDamHeight 200feet PowerhouseCapacity 260MW OriginalConstruction Original Construction HydraulicFill Hydraulic Fill OriginalCompletion 1930
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Original Dam Construction OriginalDamConstruction

Damwasconstructed1927 1930 11,000,000cysemihydraulicmethod

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AsBuiltDamConfiguration
SemiHydraulicFill MostsoilsDumped Nocompaction
RolledCore WashedFill Washed Fill RipRap Click to edit Master title style UnwashedFill WashedFill UnwashedFill

SluicedCore
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ResidualSoil

DynamicStabilityAnalysis
LiquefactionEvaluationofSaludaDam Earthquakerecordselection Liquefaction methodology Liquefactionmethodology PostSeismicStabilityAnalysis
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LiquefactionAnalysis

FactorofSafetyagainstLiquefaction(FSL)

-0.02

0.32

0.66

1.00

1.33

1.67

2.00

3.78

5.57

7.35

ExtensiveLiquefaction,PostSeismicFS<1 Click to edit Master title style

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SectionAA(typ.)
Lower Bound

-0.03

0.31

0.66

1.00

1.33

1.67

2.00

3.51

5.02

6.53

BestCase B tC
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-0.06 0.30 0.65 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 3.96 5.92 7.88

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RemediationConcept

CompetentRock

RockfillDam Click to edit Master title style oc a Length5,100feet g Max.Height200feet

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RemediationConcept

Click to edit Master title style RCCDam a Length2,200feet g Max.Height210feet

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TaumSaukUpperReservoir Lesterville,Missouri December15,2005 ecember 5, 005

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TaumSaukonDecember14,2005

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TaumSaukonDecember15,2005
Releaseof1.4BillionGallonsofWater Release of 1 4 Billion Gallons of Water

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OriginalRockfillDamXSection

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OriginalRockfillDamXSection

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Panel72Erosion

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TaumSaukForensicInvestigation
FieldInvestigations Vi l Ob VisualObservations i GeologicMapping Breach Area BreachArea BreachChannel RecordSearch TestBorings&Sampling LaboratoryTesting Click to edit Master title Instrumentation Investigation style InstrumentationInvestigation Interviews(operators&mgmt)

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ForensicInvestigation
EngineeringAnalyses H d li A l i ( HydraulicAnalysis(overflowzones,velocity, fl l it impingementzone) RockfillDike(seepage,piping&stability) ConcreteFacing(effecton) Liner(effecton) Parapet Wall (stability, structural) ParapetWall(stability,structural) AsphaltLiner(effecton) GroutCurtain(effecton) title style Click to edit Master Fil Filters(effecton) ( ff )

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RockfillDikeStability Sliding

WaterPressure Resisting Click to edit Master title style Sliding Estimated Pore P Pressureat Overtoppin g W Normal Force F
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Weightof Weight of Water

TaumSaukRebuildData
SameFootprint Nochangeincapacityorgeneration 110to140fthigh 110 to 140 ft high ~6800ftlong 9monoliths@~800ft RCCwithprocessedoldrockfilldam RCC 2.8millionCY+0.5millionCVC Click to edit Master title style SymmetricalwConcreteFace OverflowReleaseStructure Overflow Release Structure HighlyredundantInstrumentation
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RockFoundationPreparation

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FoundationPreparation

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UpstreamViewoftheFractureZone
CleaningandMappinginProgress Cleaning and Mapping in Progress

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OverflowReleaseStructure

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TaumSaukonApril1,2010

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KeystoaForensic Keys to a Forensic Investigation

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KeystoaForensicInvestigation
InvestigationWorkPlan
Pl f Liti ti f PlanforLitigationfromthebeginning th b i i
CivilorCivil&Criminal ExpectOpposingExperts

LiteratureSearch Lit t S h Interviews ReviewofExistingCalculations&DesignBasis FieldInvestigations LaboratoryTesting Click NewAnalysis to edit Master title style New Analysis ReportPreparation

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KeystoaForensicInvestigation
Have a well defined engagement letter Avoidemails!! Avoidderogatoryremarks&comments Keepconsistent&accuratefieldlogs Keepconfidentiality UseNDAswithSubcontractors Treatdrafts&preliminarydocuments Click to edit Master title style consistentwithstandardcorporatepolicy ImplementarobustQA/QCProgram Beopenminded!!
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KeystoaForensicInvestigation
PublicDomainLiteratureSearch
ProfessionalLiterature NewsAccounts&Photos/Videos /

PrivateFileSearch
STID s&PFMA s STIDs & PFMAs PermitApplications Click to edit Master title style InspectionReports Inspection Reports InstrumentationReports ConstructionReports&Photos C t ti R t & Ph t
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KeystoaForensicInvestigation
FieldInvestigations(drilling,geophysics,etc)
ImplementaFieldWorkPlan ImplementaHSEPimmediately ImplementaQA/QCProgram I l t QA/QC P UseCalibratedEquipmentwithtraceablerecords
SPT Energy SPTEnergy ShelbyTube&SplitBarrelDimensions Pressuregages,flowmeters,DRMSystems

U S UseSampleManifestProtocols l M if P l Watchthefieldrecordscarefully!!!! Use NDAs with subcontractors UseNDA swithsubcontractors

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KeystoaForensicInvestigation
LaboratoryTesting
ImplementaLaboratoryTestingPlan ImplementaQA/QCProgram p Q /Q g UseCalibratedEquipmentwithtraceable records UsedefendableStandards(ASTM,CofE,etc) UseSampleManifestProtocols p Click to edit Master title style Watchthelabrecordscarefully!!!! Should Field Logs be adjusted based on lab ShouldFieldLogsbeadjustedbasedonlab tests?
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Thankyouforyourtime!
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