MISSIONS- ASSIGNMENT DURING HOLIDAYS

2)Diabetes : Alis mum is a diabetic.She has suffered diabetes 10 years ago.Doctors said that it will be very dangerous if she fails to control the sugar level in her blood.Now,she is having problem at her eye sight (internal bleeding at the vitreous humour which will eventually lead to blindness) and kidneys (protein is found in her urine which indicates neys are going to be malfunction). Ali is very anxious about his mums condition. He loves her so much but yet he doesnt know what could help his mum.what can be consumed and what should not be consumed and how much that can be taken? What types ofd food can help to ease his mums condition? As a Biology student,you are going to provide Ali with useful information . Please tell him how to control sugar level in term of nutrition. Can his mum take carbohydrate ? if yes ,how many serving of ood can his mum take for breakfast/lunch/dinner ? Help Ali to plan his mum;s meal.

INTRODUCTION TO DIABETES Diabetes is a common life-long health condition. There are 2.8 million people diagnosed with diabetes in the UnitedKingdom and an estimated 850,000 people who have the condition but dont know it. Diabetes is a condition where the amount of glucose in your blood is too high because the body cannot use it properly. This is because your pancreas does not produce any insulin, or not enough, to help glucose enter your bodys cells or the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance). Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter the bodys cells, where it is used as fuel for energy so we can work, play and generally live our lives. It is vital for life. Glucose comes from digesting carbohydrate and is also produced by the liver. Carbohydrate comes from many different kinds of foods and drink, including starchy foods such as bread, potatoes and chapatis; fruit; some dairy products; sugar and other sweet foods. If you have diabetes, your body cannot make proper use of this glucose so it builds up in the blood and isnt able to be used as fuel. Besides that , there are three major types of diabetes that is TYPE 1 DIABETES,TYPE 2 DIABETES and GESTATIONAL DIABETES. What is Type 1 Diabetes ? Type 1 diabetes develops when the insulin-producing cells in the body have been destroyed and the body is unable to produce any insulin. Insulin is the key that unlocks the door to the bodys cells. Once the door is unlocked glucose can enter the cells where it is used as fuel. In Type 1 diabetes, the body is unable to produce any insulin so there is no key to unlock the door and the glucose builds up in the blood. Nobody knows for sure why these insulin-producing cells have been destroyed but the most likely cause is the body having an abnormal reaction to the cells. This may be triggered by a virus or other infection. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but usually appears before the age of 40, and especially in childhood.

Type 1 diabetes accounts for between 5 and 15 per cent of all people with diabetes and is treated by daily insulin injections, a healthy diet and regular physical activity.

The second type is Type 2 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can still make some insulin, but not enough, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance). Insulin acts as a key unlocking the cells, so if there is not enough insulin, or it is not working properly, the cells are only partially unlocked (or not at all) and glucose builds up in the blood. Type 2 diabetes usually appears in people over the age of 40, though in South Asian and black people, who are at greater risk, it often appears from the age of 25. It is also increasingly becoming more common in children, adolescents and young people of all ethnicities. Type 2 diabetes accounts for between 85 and 95 per cent of all people with diabetes and is treated with a healthy diet and increased physical activity. In addition to this, medication and/or insulin is often required. The third type is Gestational Diabetes , Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that arises during pregnancy (usually during the second or third trimester). In some women, GDM occurs because the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the extra needs of pregnancy. In other women, GDM may be found during the first trimester of pregnancy. In these women, the condition most likely existed before the pregnancy. A test called an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is used to diagnose GDM. An OGTT involves a blood test before breakfast, then again two hours after a glucose drink.

CAUSES OF DIABETES As you all known , Ive wrote the three types of diabetes that is Type 1 Diabetes , Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes.There are certain causes for these three major Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease. The body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes may run in families, but genetic causes (a posititive family history) is much more common for type 2 diabetes. Besides that,environmental factors, including common unavoidable viral infections, may also contribute.Type 1 diabetes is slightly more common in men than in women.These are te most common cause for Type 1 Diabetes.

Secondly,Type 2 diabetes has strong genetic links, meaning that type 2 diabetes tends to run in families. Several genes have been identified and more are under study which may relate to the causes of type 2 diabetes. Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes includes High blood pressure , High blood triglyceride (fat) levels , High alcohol intake, unhealthy lifestyle , Obesity or being overweight , Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Risk begins to rise significantly at about age 45 years, and rises considerably after age 65 years.

Thirdly is Gestational Diabetes.It's not yet known why some women develop gestational diabetes and others don't, but you're more at risk if you have a family history of gestational diabetes ( your mother, grandmother or sister had it),have previously given birth to a large baby, weighing over 4.5kg (9lb),are overweight or obese,have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Women whose families originate from certain areas are also at a higher risk.

PREVENTION OF DIABETES
From a website a had browsed into,I found out that Diabetes type 2 is the most common type of diabetes that have been lingering around us.So,prevention is mostly involved in prevention of diabetes type 2 When it comes to type 2 diabetes prevention is a big deal. It's especially important to make diabetes prevention a priority if you're at increased risk of diabetes, for example, if you're overweight or have a family history of the disease. Diabetes prevention is as basic as eating more healthfully, becoming more physically active and losing a few extra pounds and it's never too late to start. Making a few simple changes in your lifestyle now may help you avoid the serious health complications of diabetes down the road, such as nerve, kidney and heart damage. Consider the latest diabetes prevention tips from the American Diabetes Association. The first tip in prevention of Diabetes type 2 is doing more physical activity.There are many benefits to regular physical activity. Exercise can help you lose weight ,lower your blood sugar,boosts your sensitivity to insulin(helps keep your blood sugar within a normal range) Research shows that both aerobic exercise and resistance training can help control diabetes, but the greatest benefit comes from a fitness program that includes both. The second tip in prevention of diabetes is get plenty of fiber.Eating fiber can reduce you risk of diabetes by improving your blood sugar control,lower your risk of heart desease and also to promote weight loss by helping you feel full.Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds. The third tip in prevention of diabetes is ,Go for whole grains .Although it's not clear why, whole grains may reduce your risk of diabetes and help maintain blood sugar levels. Try to make at least half your grains whole grains. Many foods made from whole grains come ready to eat, including various breads, pasta products and many cereals. Look for the word "whole" on the package and among the first few items in the ingredient list. Last step in prevention of this desease by losing extra weight.If you're overweight, diabetes prevention may hinge on weight loss. Every pound you lose can improve your health. And you may be surprised by how much. In one study, overweight adults reduced their diabetes risk by 16 percent for every kilogram (2.2 pounds) of weight lost. Also, those who lost a modest amount of weight at least 5 to 10 percent of initial body weight and exercised regularly reduced the risk of developing diabetes by almost 60 percent over three years.

Answer : As

a Biology student,I am going to provide Ali with useful information. I am going to tell Ali how to control sugar level in term of nutrition and from my observation I found out that Alis mum has the Type 2 Diabetes.From few research,I found out that much of the problem with metabolic syndrome comes from the way our body stores, processes and utilises the glucose released from the carbohydrates we consumed in our diet. A properly structured, low carbohydrate, dietary plan allows our body to restore cellular insulin sensitivity and naturally lowers blood glucose levels. Better yet, a low carbohydrate diet, offers effort free maintenance of healthy blood glucose levels without daily medication. The question is now,What should Alis mother eat in order to control sugar level ? A low carbohydrate diet emphasises the use of proteins and good fats as our major sources of energy. A typical, Australian diet on the other hand, emphasises refined and processed carbohydrates as a major energy source such as breakfast cereals, breads, pastas, rice and grains, are all high in carbohydrates and leads to glucose, and subsequent insulin spikes, in the blood stream. I would like to suggest eating Carbohydrates in order to control sugar level.On a low carbohydrate diet we dont completely remove carbohydrates, rather we focus on mineral rich, but low calorie carbohydrate options. Green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables and salad vegetables replace grains, cereals and more starchy vegetables such as potato and pumpkin.Emphasising vegetables as the main source of carbohydrates we are eating a diet that is closer to nature, much less refined and much higher in fibre. This not only encourages good bowel health, but also helps with the elimination of toxins and provides higher levels of essential nutrients such as magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamin a and vitamin c. Vegetables. Packed with powerhouse nutrients, vegetables are naturally low in calories, and they're full of fiber, so they're plenty filling. Loading your plate with vegetables will automatically mean you're eating fewer simple carbs (which raise blood sugar) and saturated fats (which increase insulin resistance). Aim to get four or five servings a day. (A serving is 1/2 cup canned or cooked vegetables or 1 cup raw vegetables.) Go easier on starchy vegetables -- including potatoes, corn, and peas -which are higher in calories than other vegetables.

Besides that,eating fats can also help us in controlling sugar level.Our low fat culture has convinced many people that fats are bad. This could not be further from the truth.Trans fats, or partially hydrogenated fats found in processed foods, puff pastry and bakery goods are the culprit behind cardiovascular disease and raised blood cholesterol levels. On the other hand, good fats have been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels, protect us from cardiovascular disease, improve our ability to remove heavy metals and other toxins from the body, and to protect sensitive central nervous system cells from damage.

Good fats include those from avocado, coconut oil, coconut cream, olive oil, nuts, flaxseeds and sunflower seeds, butter, eggs, soft cheeses, yoghurt, ghee and fish especially salmon. Olive oil is a pretty good example of healthy fat . At the center of the famously heart-healthy Mediterranean diet is olive oil is considered a 'good' fat that helps slash the risk of heart attack -- and has been shown to help keep blood sugar steady by reducing insulin resistance. So toss the butter and cook with olive oil instead. At home and in restaurants, dip your bread in a bit of the stuff. Just watch how much you eat, because at 119 calories per tablespoon, even 'good' fat can pack on the pounds. Protein also helps in controlling sugar level , in a way the building blocks of life, amino acids, come from the protein that we eat in our diet. Regardless of whether plant, or animal origin, our body breaks all proteins down to amino acids where it is re-used as our muscles, skin, organs and many other cells in the body.I recommend high quality, lean proteins including lamb, fish, eggs and soft cheeses such as haloumi. If choosing to use meat, avoid processed meats such as sausages, luncheon meats and frozen options such as chicken nuggets, or strips. Processed meats often contain high levels of dangerous additives that have been linked with many adverse health conditions. You wouldnt believe yogurt that we would always eat can be so amazingly helpful. Yogurt is rich in protein and another weight loss powerhouse: calcium. Several studies have shown that people who eat plenty of calcium-rich foods have an easier time losing weight -- and are less likely to become insulin resistant. As a snack or for breakfast, choose nonfat plain yogurt, and add your own fresh fruit or a sprinkling of wheat germ or low-fat granola for a burst of extra nutrients. Cinnamon is one of 10 Diabetes Super Foods. Believe it! Amazingly, just by sprinkling cinnamon on your foods, you could lower your blood sugar. Components in cinnamon help the body use insulin more efficiently, so more glucose can enter cells. A recent study found that in people with diabetes, just 1/2 teaspoon a day can significantly lower blood sugar levels. So go ahead and add powdered cinnamon to your whole wheat toast, oatmeal, baked apples, or even chicken dishes. Or soak a cinnamon stick in hot water to make a soothing and curative cup of cinnamon tea.

I have picked a short article about What Kind of Foods to Eat with Type 2 Diabetes from a book named Readers Digest , and it says.Many long books have been written on what is a healthy diet for diabetes, but heres a complete answer in four words: Eat foods from farms. By that we mean fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean meats. Factory foods meaning foods that are processed, enhanced, flavored, preserved and packaged tend to contain the ingredients that make diabetes worse. Those include white flour (breads, cookies, cakes); sweetened foods (whether its sugar or corn syrup); and fatty foods (packaged dinners, fried food). Fill your dinner plate half with vegetables, onequarter with whole grains, and one-quarter with a lean protein, and you have eaten perfectly. Also avoid colas and sweetened juices.

The second question is, how much should Alis mother Eat? From my explanation,we already knew what should and should not to eat in order to control sugar level but still often the hardest part of any diet is knowing how much to eat. There are many different calculations and formulas that can be used for calculating portion sizes. We like to say that portion control is as close as the end of your hand. It is one of the only forms of portion control that is easy, and is available anywhere you go. For main meals,Each of your mail meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner, should consist of one palm sized portion of protein and three handfuls of vegetables. As an example ,Breakfast might consist of two boiled eggs and a lightly steamed vegetables or a salad; lunch, a piece of grilled chicken and salad, while dinner might be a piece of lamb, or fish, and steamed vegetables.Snacks,While we dont promote the use of snacks in the long term, for many it is a necessary part of getting blood sugar levels under control in the short term.If you choose to use snacks we recommend no more than what would fit on three fingers. Good examples of snacks include nuts, carrot or celery sticks and hummus.

Conclusion : We were divided in to groups of three and all the task here must be done in groups also.We have discussed amongst our group members and each of us have chose 3 out of 5 questions that was provided by our biology teacher, Mr. Tan.We have chose question 2 , question 4 and question 5. Our leader , Iqbal had chosen question number 4. Iqbal have to have to find some informations on cholesterol and the advantages and disadvantages of eating egg.Besides that,Iqbal also needs to some research and make an essay on whether cholesterol in our diet is good or bad .he also needs to find information on heart desease and is cholesterol the one to cause heart desease.Its a challenging question because the question involves the ability of surfing the net and Iqbals general knowledge.It would be utterly impossible for Iqbal to do the task if he have a lack of general knowledge and the ability of surfing the internet to find some information in order to complete the task. As the leader of this group he also have to work extra hard to finish the task.

The first member of the grop,Amir had chosen question number 5.Amir have to find information about the advantages of eating banana and how it can help to improve human health.Besides that,he also needs to make an essay based on four guidelines that was provided in question 5.He was firstly asked to find information on does banana contain vitamin B12 and how does vitamin B complex in banana help human.Secondly,he was provided the fact that the content of potassium in banana is high . He was also provided with the fact that a few amino acids in banana are raw materialsc for our bodies to synthesize serotonin which can help to ease depression.Lastly ,he needs to answer the question whether the content of ferum in banana is high or not.Its quite easy for Amir to accomplish the task because he was already been provided with four guidelines.

The last member of the group,Akram had chosen question number 2. Akram have to search the web to find informations to provide a son of a diabetic patient on how to control sugar level.Akram also have been stayed up all night searching for information about diabetes and from the essay that was made by Akram,now we all know that diabetes can be divided into 3 main types.He also provide information on how much a diabetes patient should eat.Its an easy task to complete because diabetes is already a well known desease so there are many articles and web site that contribute to this assignment.

The conclusion is ,without these knowledge about health there will be many desease that would spread around the world without prevention.Medical information can be confusing and most of us can recall having difficulty deciphering health information at one time or another.So,we have made this task to provide readers on how important it is to take care of your own health. Patients today are expected to play an active role in their own medical care and treatment. Regardless of age, health status, language barriers and literacy levels, patients have responsibilities that extend beyond the visit to the doctors office. Patients need to follow written instructions, understand the benefits and risks of procedures and medications, understand drug-drug interactions and formulate appropriate questions if the material isnt presented in a clear fashion. Its a tall order for most people. Unfortunately, many people run into difficulties.So,as the end of the conclusion,I would like to ask everybody to take care of their own health for greater tomorrow.

APPENDIX: This assignment wont complete without helps from other people.I would like to express my gratitude towards my dad for explaining all about Diabetes cause he is a doctor and he could explain clearly what is diabetes.I would also like to say thank you to my family and friends that have been supporting me since the start of the project. These are web sites that I had browsed into to find information regarding the assignment.using my on wisdom and general knowledge wont be enough to accomplish the task.Thats why,Ive been working hard surfing the web trying to find suitable explanation about Diabetes in order to complete the assignment .

http://organizedwisdom.com/What-Kind-of-Foods-to-Eat-with-Type-2Diabetes/large/wte/med http://www.rd.com/slideshows/10-diabetes-super-foods/10/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/316423-nutritional-goals-for-diabetes/ http://thebloodsugarlevels.info/category/blood-sugar-levels/ http://www.passion4health.com.au/nutrition-resources/197-diet-diabetes-insulinresistance http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_prevention/article.htm http://diabetes-askjohnandsue.weebly.com/ http://diabetes.webmd.com/modules/sponsor-box-cymbalta http://www.40daydetox.com/blood-sugar-insulin-and-diabetes-day-29/type2causes/ http://www.passion4health.com.au/nutrition-resources/197-diet-diabetes-insulinresistance http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Prevention_of_Diabetes http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-prevention/DA00127 http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/d/diabetes-in-pregnancy http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/Introduction-todiabetes/Causes_and_Risk_Factors/ http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/page3_em.htm http://www.nahanniriverherbs.com/94,156 Lastly,I would like to express my utmost gratitude towards our Biology Teacher,Sir tan for giving us the opportunity to do or at least finish the assignment that was given to us,Form 4 Starians.thanks to the assignment that was given by our Teachers,our holiday wasnt filled with useless things but instead the assignment had given us the chance to explore the world searching for things that werent even crossed our mind to think of.Ive learnt many useful things while surfing the net searching for information about the assignment.i would also like to say thank you to those who was involved especially my group.