What is an allergy?

An allergy is a specific allergic reaction to a certain toxin, protein or pollen (Antigen) that the body has already in counted and has created memory cells. For the next occasion the substrate is in counted. So antibodys can quickly be administrated. From quickly divided B cell memory cells to plasma cells so the threat cannot take hold and antibodies are released from Plasma cells on to mast cells waiting to pick up the non-self substrate. Problem is that the substrate is usually harmless and when cross bridging occurs of the substrate on the antibodies connected to the mast cell. The mast cell releases histamine. Histamine then will attach to receptors in near by cells, which causes Vasodilatation of blood vessels. This makes swelling, redness or pain occur in a number of places including lungs (Asthma swelling of airways in particular bronchial) or nose (hay fever). These symptoms occur because when the blood vessels vassodilate become more permeable or leaky it makes monocytes and blood protein in the blood vessel able to squeeze through vessel membrane ( where monocytes turn into macrophages) and into area where histamine has been released and cause the swelling, redness, pain or runny nose (nose blood vessels have become vasodilated there are a lot of mast cell is areas where external environment directly affects body e.g. (lungs air is breathed), in eyes and nose) an allergy is a complete over

reaction of these processes. This whole process is a specific immune response

Common Allergies
Common allergies include hay fever. This occurs when signalling proteins (antigen) from female plants are released and come into contact with immune system and over reaction and processes of immune system occur Another common Allergie is Asthma, which is swelling of lungs that makes it hard to breath

Two ways B cells can divide

(When T helper cell pick up particular substrate and releases cytokines to make B cell or B memory cell divide into plasma cell or memory cell. Or if Dendritic cells (Presenting cell) show substrate to T helper cells so T helper cell can collect substrate and release cytokines for the particular response against that substrate for B cell to divide into plasma cell to release antibodies or B memory to remember what antibody to make next time it transforms in to plasma cell when that substrate appears)

Bibliography http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywdk3BTjK2s Biology workbook

Notes http://www.asthmasymptom.org/cause-of-asthma.html

Non-specific immune response The other immune responses that are not specific and are non-specific are the Skin, which acts as a barrier against entry of microorganisms, the mucous membranes in the reparatory tract which sweep bacteria to stomach to be destroyed and the Natural flora found on skin and in gut which prevent growth of unwanted bacteria

Effective treatments of allergies Antihisomines are drugs that can protect cells from some of the allergic effects cause by histamine. By attaching themselves to the the receptors these drugs can prevent cells receptors from binding with histamine this prevents the allergy symptoms Note people who dont produce antibodies dont have cross bridging of protein on antibodies attached to mast cell this means no histamine is released and overreaction and allergy does not affect these people

Self & Non Self In all of your own body cells there is a protein marker on them. For white blood cells (immune System) to recognise that your body cells are your own or self so immune system does not attack its self. This protein marker is called Major Histocompatability complex or MHC. Every bodies cell MHC markers are different. This is why transplanted tissue from one person to another will be attacked by immune system because the MHC marker is foreign and body recognises cells as non-self and will initiate immune response on the tissue. Organ Dona patients will have to take medication to suppress there own immune system from attacking transplanted tissue so they can live. This is also why these patients develop rare

types of cancer because the cancer cells that are usually destroyed by immune system are able to develop because immune system is suppressed