Phytotaxa 26: 2538 (2011) www.mapress.

com/ phytotaxa /
Copyright 2011 Magnolia Press

Article

ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)

PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)

New records of Cosmarium (Desmidiaceae) to Brazil1

IVANIA B. OLIVEIRA2, CARLOS EDUARDO DE M. BICUDO3 & CARLOS WALLACE DO N. MOURA2
1 2

Part of the doctoral thesis of first author. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Ps-Graduao em Botnica, Laboratrio de Ficologia, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, CEP 44036-900 - Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil Email: ivboliveira@gmail.com (corresponding author) 3 Instituto de Botnica, Seo de Ecologia, Av. Miguel Estfano, 3687, CEP 04301-902, So Paulo, SP, Brazil

Abstract
This study presents 14 specific and infra-specific pioneer citations of the genus Cosmarium for the Brazilian desmid flora. Sixty-three samples of planktonic and periphytic material studied were collected in three Environmental Protection Areas (Rio Capivara, Lagoas de Guarajuba and Litoral Norte), located in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil, during the Summer (JanuaryMarch 2007 and 2009) and Winter (JuneAugust 2007 and 2009), both in lotic and lentic environments.

Introduction
Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs (1848: 91) has generally solitary cells, is free living, with a median sine that varies from a shallow and open depression to a linear and closed fissure; elliptical in apical view, oblong or reniform, but rarely circular; semicells vary from spherical to sub-pyramidal or conical; cell wall smooth, punctate, granulate, scrobiculate, with denticules more or less conical or with combinations of these elements; mucilage pores can sometimes occur; one or two axial chloroplastids per semicell or, in some cases, up to eight, parietal in each semicell (Prescott et al. 1981, Croasdale & Flint 1988, Bicudo & Menezes 2006). Cosmarium is one of the largest (in number of species described) and most ancient genera in the family Desmidiaceae, but according to Bicudo & Menezes (2006), the characteristics that define the taxa are often fragile or poorly defined, making species identification more difficult. According to Croasdale & Flint (1988), the genus is polyphyletic and the grouping of the species is artificial, and very few specific works on Cosmarium of Brazil have been published (see Silva & Cecy 2004, Felisberto & Rodrigues 2004, Arajo & Bicudo 2006, Oliveira et al. 2010, Bortolini et al. 2010). This work is a contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Cosmarium in three Environmental Protection Areas of the state of Bahia, and consequently of the Brazilian desmid flora.

Materials and methods

The study area is located in the coastal plains of northern Bahia State, Brazil, within three Environmental Protection Areas (EPA): Rio Capivara (1.800 ha), Lagoas de Guarajuba (230 ha) and Litoral Norte (144.000 ha) (Fig. 1).

Accepted by S.B. Lanza: 12 Jul. 2011; published: 29 Jul. 2011

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FIGURE 1. Map of three Environmental Protection Areas (Rio Capivara-A, Lagoas de Guarajuba-B and Litoral Norte -C) in the coastal plains of northern Bahia State, Brazil.

The material was collected during summer (JanuaryMarch 2007 and JanuaryMarch 2009) and winter (June-August 2007 and JuneAugust 2009), totaling 63 samples from randomly chosen sites, 20 in Rio Capivara, 20 in Lagoas de Guarajuba and 23 in Litoral Norte. All collections were made using standardized techniques for taxonomic study of continental microalgae (Bicudo & Menezes 2006). The dimensions of the individuals were determined using an ocular micrometer, and photomicrographs were taken using a digital camera coupled to an optical microscope. The species were identified based on specialized literature; the classification system adopted follows Brook (1981).

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Samples were preserved in Transeau solution following Bicudo & Menezes (2006), and incorporated into the liquid collection at the Herbarium of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (HUEFS).

Results and discussion

A taxonomic survey of the genus Cosmarium in three Environmental Protection Areas, on the coastal plains of northern Bahia State, Brazil, resulted in 14 new records to Brazil: C. americanum Lagerheim (1886: 240), C. elegantissimum f. minor West (1892a: 164), C. isthmochondrum var. asymetricum Scott & Grnblad (1957: 18), C. isthmochondrum var. ornatum Borge (1903: 90), C. logiense Bisset (1884: 194), C. obtusatum Schmidle, C. ordinatum (Brgesen) West & West (1896: 251), C. portianum Arche (1860: 49), C. pseudophaseolus Brhl & Biswas (1926: 288), C. pseudopyramidatum var. carniolicum Ltkemller (1900: 69), C. pseudopyramidatum var. excavatum (Nordstedt) Krieger & Gerloff (1965: 127), C. sphyridium West & West (1895: 64), C. succisum West (1892b: 146) and C. subhammeri Rich (1935: 135). These can be identified using our artificial key below.

Artificial key to the new records of Cosmarium in Brazil

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cell wall smooth or punctuate ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Cell wall ornamented with warts or granules ............................................................................................................... 6 Cell wall smooth ..........................................................................................................................................C. succisum Cell wall punctuate ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Cells up to 30 m long.................................................................................................................... C. pseudophaseolus Cells more than 30 m long ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Semicells elliptical ............................................................................................................................... C. americanum Semicells of another shape .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Semicells pyramidal-truncate .......................................................................... C. pseudopyramidatum var. excavatum Semicells triangular-rounded .........................................................................C. pseudopyramidatum var. carniolicum Cell wall ornamented with warts .................................................................................................................................. 7 Cell walls ornamented with granules.......................................................................................................................... 12 Median constriction shallow............................................................................................... C. elegantissimum f. minor Median constriction deep.............................................................................................................................................. 8 Warts spaced randomly or irregularly .......................................................................................................................... 9 Warts arranged in rows ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Cells less that 20 m long ....................................................................................................................... C. sphyridium Cells more that 60 m long .......................................................................................................................C. portianum Cell outline quadrangular ..........................................................................................................................C. ordinatum Cell outline elliptical .................................................................................................................................................. 11 Lateral margins concave, ornamented with 45 warts ..................................................................... C. isthmocondrum Lateral margins a little concave and ornamented with small warts arranged in rows .... C. obtusatum var. obtusatum Cells with 810 rows of granules ................................................................................................................ C. logiense Cell with 2 subapical granules ................................................................................................................................... 13 Lateral margins concave ........................................................................................................................C. subhammeri Lateral margins crenulate...................................................................................... C. isthmocondrum var. asymetricum

Cosmarium americanum (Figs 2, 3) Cells 1.61.7 times as long as wide, 3240 m long, 1825 m wide, isthmus 812 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band open; semicell widely elliptical, lateral margins concave, smooth, apical margin rounded; cell wall hyaline, punctate, thickened in the middle, mucilage pores in the median regions of the semicells; oblong in lateral view, central thickening; chloroplastid axial; pyrenoids not observed.

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FIGURES 212. 2, 3. Cosmarium americanum. 3. Side view of the cell. 4. C. elegantissimum f. minor. 5, 6. C. isthmochondrum asymetricum. 6. Apical view cell. 7. C. isthmochondrum var. ornatum. 810. C. logiense. 9, 10. Detail ornamentation of the cell wall. 11, 12. C. obtusatum . 12. Detail ornamentation of the cell wall. Figures 2, 3, 812 (Bars = 20 m); 47 (Bars = 10 m).

Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (13, 16, 26, 33, 34); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (1, 8, 23, 32); Litoral Norte EPA stations (44, 46, 50, 54, 55, 56) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, Central America, Asia (Prescott et al. 1981). Comments:According to Prescott et al. (1981), C. americanum is easily confused with C. contractum Kirchner (1878: 147) from which it differs by having a central thickening on the face of the semicell while the basal margin of the semicell is strongly concave.

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TABLE 1. Stations of collections of Cosmarium and their coordinates in three Environmental Protection Areas (EPA) in the coastal plains of northern Bahia State, Brazil: Lagoas de Guarajuba, Rio Capivara and Litoral Norte.
Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 EPA Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoa de Guarajuba Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Coordinates 123844,9 S 380355,9 W 123850,2 S 380408,2 W 123855,8 S 380418,5 W 124548,1 S 381048,0 W 124521,1 S 380952,0 W 124523,6 S 380953,7 W 123849,7 S 380426,6 W 123850,0 S 380428,8 W 123959,6 S 380515,8 W 123953,6 S 380512,3 W 124523,2 S 380956,0 W 124522,0 S 380956,2 W 124523,7 S 380954,1 W 124457,6 S 381003,3 W 124455,0 S 380956,0 W 124414,7 S 380855,8 W 124356,3 S 380842,8 W 124051,3 S 380601,9 W 124039,9 S 380550,2 W 124030,0 S 380536,7 W 124026,6 S 380536,1 W 124023,1 S 380539,1 W 124019,4 S 380519,4 W Date 12 January 2007 12 January 2007 12 January 2007 12 January 2007 12 January 2007 12 January 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 9 March 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 8 June 2007 Collectors I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira & I.S. Oliveira I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. HUEFS 125503 125506 125507 125517 125519 125520 125525 125528 125533 125539 125546 125548 125549 125563 125567 125570 125572 125575 125576 125577 125578 125579 125580

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TABLE 1 (continued) Stations 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 EPA Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Rio Capivara Lagoas de Guarajuba Lagoas de Guarajuba Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Coordinates 12 4512,9 S 38 0940,2 W 12 4508,7 S 38 0937,2 W 12 4449,8 S 38 0921,2 W 12 4420,9 S 38 0902,2 W 12 3843,8 S 38 0356,2 W 12 3845,9 S 38 0359,2 W 12 3849,3 S 38 0428,1 W 12 3840,9 S 38 0418,3 W 12 3845,4 S 38 0422,2 W 12 4458,4 S 38 1005,3 W 12 4520,4 S 38 0950,4 W 12 4511,2 S 38 0942,8 W 12 4526,1 S 38 1003,8 W 12 4531,7 S 38 1005,1 W 12 4537,6 S 38 1007,3 W 12 3851,5 S 38 0421,8 W 12 3853,6 S 38 0417,3 W 12 29 28,4 S 37 57 23,9 W 12 29 43 S 37 57 33,7 W 12 26 24 S 37 57 01,5 W 12 12 59.5 S 37 47 50,4 W 12 10 26 S 37 48 41,3 W 12 26 24 S 37 57 13 W Date 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 20 July 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 25 August 2007 11 January 2009 11 January 2009 11 January 2009 14 February 2009 14 February 2009 14 February 2009 Collectors I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. HUEFS 125583 125584 125586 125589 125592 125593 125595 125598 125599 125600 125603 125605 125606 125607 125608 125619 125620 155598 155602 155610 155613 155618 155625

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TABLE 1 (continued) Stations 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 EPA Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Litoral Norte Coordinates 12 03 34,2 S 37 44 51,8 W 12 03 40,1 S 37 44 24,7 W 12 03 37,8 S 37 44 23,6 W 12 14 28,9 S 37 50 57,6 W 12 14 51,4 S 37 51 23,8 W 12 17 42,8 S 37 51 25,2 W 11 53 53,9 S 37 35 14,1 W 12 06 40,7 S 37 42 31,2 W 12 06 51,9 S 37 42 20,2 W 11 58 40,8 S 37 40 41,3 W 12 10 26,9 S 37 48 40,1 W 12 12 58,6 S 37 47 50,9 W 12 34 39,1 S 38 00 46,7 W 12 31 38,0 S 37 59 43,7 W 12 32 57,6 S 38 00 08,4 W 12 34 39,1 S 38 00 46,7 W 11 50 47,6 S 37 34 47,6 W Date 14 February 2009 14 March 2009 14 March 2009 14 March 2009 14 March 2009 14 March 2009 11 June 2009 12 July 2009 12 July 2009 26 July 2009 26 July 2009 26 July 2009 26 July 2009 26 July 2009 2 August 2009 2 August 2009 2 August 2009 Collectors I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira et al. I.B. Oliveira & J.T. Farias I.B. Oliveira & J.T. Farias I.B. Oliveira & J.T. Farias I.B. Oliveira & J.T. Farias I.B. Oliveira & C.W.N. Moura I.B. Oliveira & C.W.N. Moura I.B. Oliveira & C.W.N. Moura I.B. Oliveira & C.W.N. Moura HUEFS 155637 155694 155695 155700 155702 155704 155718 155727 155730 155748 155752 155756 155785 155789 155790 155793 155821

The specimens analyzed during the present study agreed with the descriptions and illustrations presented by the author cited above. Cosmarium elegantissimum f. minor (Fig. 4) Cells ca. 2 times longer than wide, 42.044.5 m long, 2022 m wide, isthmus 1820 m wide, outline oblong, median constriction shallow, median girdle band open; semicell sub-quadrate, lateral margins slightly rounded, 67 crenulations on each side, apical margin retuse to slightly rounded, crenulate; cell wall hyaline to brownish, decorated with warts. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara stations EPA (11, 12, 13); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (1, 7); Litoral Norte EPA stations (43, 46, 47, 50) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, South America, Europe, Asia (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011).

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Comments:This variety differs from typical specimens of the species as it has a smaller ratio of cell length to width, and has only six or seven crenulations on each side, while the typical variety has eight or nine crenulations. The material studied agreed with the description and illustrations of Prescott et al. (1981), although the cell measurements (4954 m long, 2223 m wide) presented by those authors were greater than those encountered in the present study. Cosmarium isthmochondrum var. asymetricum (Figs 5, 6) Cell 1.21.3 times longer than wide, 15.518.0 m long, 13.014.5 m wide, isthmus 3.55.5 m wide, outline sub-rectangular, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, closed; semicell oblong, lateral margins crenate, rounded, apical margin retuse, 34-crenate; cell wall hyaline, ornamented with 2 elongated granules at the median region of the semicell, 34 undulations along the lateral margins; chloroplastid axial; 1 pyrenoid, central. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara stations EPA (11, 12, 37, 38); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (2, 7, 9, 18, 29); Litoral Norte EPA stations (46, 47, 50, 58, 59) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America (Prescott et al. 1981). Comments:Scott & Grnblad (1957) proposed the variety asymetricum based on material collected in the United States, although without citing any specific collection locality. This variety differs from typical specimens of the species by having two granules on the central face of each semicell and three or four undulations along the apical and lateral margins. Morphologically, this variety resembles C. bipunctatum Brgesen (1890: 40), from which it differs by having larger granules, a quadrangular cell outline, and lateral and apical margins decorated with warts. Cosmarium isthmochondrum var. ornatum (Fig. 7) Cells ca. 1.31.4 times longer than wide, 2830 m long, 2022 m wide, 22.5 m thick, isthmus 7.5 11.0 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band narrow, rectilinear; semicell trapeziform, lateral margins concave, decorated with 45 warts, apical margin widely rounded, almost straight, smooth; cell wall hyaline, ornamented with 1 row of sub-marginal granules all around the semicell, 2 supra-isthmal granules, 3 granules arranged transversally in the median region of the semicell; chloroplasts 2, axial in each semicell; pyrenoid 1 in each plastid. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (27, 38); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (20, 23, 30) (Tab. 1). Distribution:South America (West & West 1895). Comments:Var. ornatum differs from typical specimens of the species by having crenulate margins of the semicell, with one granule per crenulation, and relatively smaller cell measurements. Morphologically, C. isthmochondrum var. ornatum is similar to C. subpraemorsum Brbisson (1856: 128), although it differs by having two rows of warts around each semicell, girdle band median dilated in its distal portion, with rounded basal angles. Cosmarium logiense (Figs 810) Cells 1.41.5 times longer than wide, 7078 m long, 4854 m wide, isthmus 2024 m wide, outline subquadrangular, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, tight, dilated near the isthmus, semicell elliptical, basal margin retuse, margins lateral subtlety concave, parallel, apex truncated, 1 concavity in middle, face of the semicell with 810 transversal rows of rounded granules, prominent, solid, crossed lines marking the granules, ca. 30 granules around each semicell; cell wall hyaline; chloroplastid 1, axial; pyrenoids 2. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (5, 13, 16, 26, 35); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (10, 24, 31, 40); Litoral Norte EPA stations (44, 47, 51, 58) (Tab. 1).

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Distribution:North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Bisset (1884) proposed C. logiense based on material collected in England, although this work only presented minimally didactic drawings. This species later appeared in Roy & Bisset (1894) and was accompanied by excellent drawings that gave an exact idea of the circumscription of the species. Specialized literature makes only a passing reference to the occurrence of C. logiense in Brazil that was only cited for Par State by Grnblad (1945). This author did not, however, include any description or commentaries, identifying this taxon only as a form (without any other taxonomic connotation) based on an illustration by Borge (1899: 27) who also referred to the species as the form C. logiense for Cuba. As such, we consider the present work the first confirmed report of the presence of C. logiense in Brazil. Cosmarium obtusatum (Figs 11, 12) Cells ca. 1.2 times longer than wide, 4449 m long, 3740 m wide, isthmus 10.012.5 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, dilated in proximal portion, later closing; semicell trapeziform, basal margins retuse, lateral margins a little concave, apex truncate, retuse; cell wall hyaline, decorated with small warts arranged in rows, near the margins; chloroplastid 2-furcated; pyrenoid 1 per semicell. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara stations EPA (4, 5, 13, 14, 27, 34, 36); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (16, 27, 40, 45, 54); Litoral Norte EPA stations (46, 49, 50, 54) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, Central America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Morphologically, C. obtusatum is similar to C. subochthodes Schmidle (1895: 75) differing by the latter having three rows of crenulations circling the entire semicell, median girdle band closed, and larger cells, measuring 6485 m long and 5072 m wide Prescott et al. (1981) reported cell measurements larger than those encountered in the present study (42 64 m long, 3753 m wide), although their descriptions and illustrations are otherwise identical. Cosmarium ordinatum var. ordinatum (Figs 13, 14)
Cosmarium brasiliense var. ordinatum Brgesen (1890: 40).

Cells ca. 1.1 times longer than wide, 2028 m long, 1825 m wide, isthmus 68 m wide, outline subquadrangular, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, open; semicell oblong, basal margins straight, lateral margins concave, apical margin retuse to slightly rounded; cell wall hyaline, 78 rows of warts arranged vertically; chloroplastid parietal, filling the entire cell volume; pyrenoids 2, large. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (6, 13, 14, 16, 37); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (3, 18, 19, 28, 29); Litoral Norte EPA stations (55, 62) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Oceania. (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Morphologically, C. ordinatum var. ordinatum is close to C. geminatum Lundell (1871: 31), but differs by having cell walls ornamented with dispersed granules, paired only along the margins. The populations analyzed during the present study are in agreement with the description and illustrations presented by Prescott et al. (1981) and by Croasdale & Flint (1988). Cosmarium portianum (Figs 15, 16) Cells 1.31.4 times longer than wide, 6578 m long, 4558 m wide, isthmus 715 m wide, outline ovate, median constriction deep, median girdle band elongated, open; semicell ovate; lateral margins parallel to each other, apical margins retuse; cell wall hyaline to brownish, decorated with solid warts arranged in vertical series, sometimes irregularly distributed; chloroplasts axial, 2; pyrenoids not observed. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (1, 2, 9, 19, 18, 19, 28, 29, 31, 32, 39, 40); Litoral Norte EPA stations (43, 44, 48, 51, 52, 53) (Tab. 1).
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Distribution:World-wide (Prescott et al. 1981). Comments:Cosmarium portianum is easily identified by having an oval-shaped semicell, an open and elongated isthmus and warts arranged in longitudinal series. Morphologically, this taxon is similar to C. insigne Turner (1893: 58), differing by having smaller cells, straighter apices, and absence of punctuations between the warts.

FIGURES 1319. 13, 14. Cosmarium. ordinatum. 14. Detail the beads that decorate the cell wall. 15, 16. C. portianum. 16. Detail ornamentation of the cell wall. 17. Cosmarium pseudophaseolus 18, 19. C. pseudopyramidatum var. corniolicum. 19. Detail ornamentation of the cell wall. Figures 13, 14, 17 (Bars = 10 m); 15, 16, 18, 19 (Bars = 20 m).

Cosmarium pseudophaseolus (Fig. 17) Cells ca. 1.1 times longer than wide, 2330 m long, 2127 m wide, isthmus 67 m wide, outline subquadrangular, median constriction deep, median girdle band open in form of a V; semicell transversally ovate, apices narrowed, basal margins rounded, lateral margins strongly concave, apical margin rounded, retuse in middle; cell wall hyaline, thin and uniformly punctate; chloroplastid parietal, filling all of the cell volume. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (5, 24, 25, 33, 35); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (2, 23, 31); Litoral Norte EPA stations (56, 57, 59, 63) (Tab. 1).

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Distribution:Oceania (Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Morphologically, C. pseudophaseolus is similar to C. apertum Turner (1893: 54), differing by being narrowly elliptical in apical view and having relatively smaller cells. It is also similar to C. phaseolus Brbisson ex Ralfs (1848: 106), differing by having a widely elliptical semicell, median girdle band linear, and cell walls with thick punctuations, in agreement with the description and illustrations presented by Compre (1977). Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. carniolicum (Figs 18, 19) Cells 1.51.6 times longer than wide, 5765 m long, 3642 m wide, isthmus 1216 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, tight, semicell triangular-rounded, basal angles sub-quadrangular, lateral margins a little concave, converging towards the apex, apical margin retuse to slightly rounded; cell wall hyaline, densely punctate; chloroplastid 1, axial; pyrenoid not observed. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (15, 16, 34, 37), Litoral Norte EPA stations (53, 60, 61) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, Europe (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:The specimens representing C. pseudopyramidatum var. carniolicum differed from those of the typical variety of the species by having concave lateral margins, apical and basal angles rounded, semicells ovate with their sides parallel in apical view, in agreement with Krieger & Gerloff (1965). Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. excavatum (Figs 20, 21)
Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum f. excavata Nordestdt (1873: 13).

Cells 1.51.6 times longer than wide, 60.064.5(109.0) m long, 37.542.0(56.0) m wide, isthmus 1416 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, tight, semicell pyramidal-truncate, basal angles obliquely rounded, lateral margins widely concave, convergent towards the apex, apical margin slightly rounded; cell wall hyaline, thickly punctate; chloroplastid axial. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (4, 15, 16, 24, 34, 36, 38); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (9, 19, 29, 40); Litoral Norte EPA stations (41, 44, 50, 63) (Tab. 1). Distribution:Europe, Oceania (Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. excavatum differs from the typical variety of the species by having pyramidal-truncated-rounded semicells, with a slight concavity in the median region of each semicell. The material identified here agrees with the description and illustrations presented by Krieger & Gerloff (1965), Croasdale & Flint (1988), except among specimens from the Rio Capivara EPA (HUEFS 125603), which have larger cells (109 m long, 56 m wide). Cosmarium sphyridium (Figs 22, 23) Cells ca. 1.2 times wider than long, 12.014.5 m long, 1417 m wide, isthmus 5.58.5 m wide, outline transversally elliptical, median constriction short, median girdle band closed, dilated at the extremities; semicell transversally semi-elliptical, lateral margins concave, slightly crenate, apical margins retuse, slightly undulating; cell wall hyaline, decorated with small warts near the lateral margins, distributed randomly; isthmus region smooth; chloroplastids axial; pyrenoids not observed. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (21, 22, 28, 39) (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America (West & West 1895). Comments:The material identified as C. sphyridium agreed with the specimens described by Bourrelly & Cout (1991) from Africa, although the cell measurements reported by these authors were smaller (12 m long, 10 m wide) than those of the specimens studied here. In the original description of this species, West & West (1895) provided cell measurements identical to the material collected from Bahia. There were, however, slight size differences in the median facial prominences of the semicells, as the illustrations by those authors showed larger structures than seen in the specimens from Bahia.
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FIGURES 2026. 20, 21. Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum excavatum. 21. Detail decoration of the cell wall. 22. 23. C. sphyridium. 24. C. succisum. 25, 26. C. subhammeri. 26. Detail the two higher grades, sub apical. Figures 2024 (Bars = 10 m); 25, 26 (Bars = 20 m).

Cosmarium succisum (Fig. 24) Cells almost as long as wide, 11.012.5 m long, 12.514.0 m wide, isthmus 3.55.0 m wide, outline quadrangular, median constriction deep, median girdle band closed; semicell trapeziform to rectangular, lateral margins slightly concave, convergent towards the apex, apical margins retuse to slightly concave, apical and basal angles rounded; cell wall hyaline to brownish, smooth; chloroplastid axial; pyrenoid 1. Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (21, 22, 28, 39), Litoral Norte EPA stations (44, 45, 48, 50, 52), (Tab. 1). Distribution:North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia (Prescott et al. 1981, Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Morphologically, C. succisum is similar to C. abbreviatum Raciborski (1885: 83), differing by having a proportionally wider median girdle band, and semicells with two central protuberances. The material studied here agrees with the description and illustrations presented by Prescott et al. (1981), except in terms of the opening of the median girdle band, described by those authors as being open in the shape of a V or U. Cosmarium subhammeri (Figs 25, 26) Cells ca. 1.21.3 times longer than wide, 2228 m long, 1922 m wide, isthmus 57 m wide, outline elliptical, median constriction deep, median girdle band linear, closed; semicell sub-semicircular, lateral margins concave, convergent towards the apex, apical margin retuse, apical angles rounded, basal angles subquadrangular; cell wall hyaline, punctate, 2 subapical granules; chloroplastid axial; pyrenoid 1, central.

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Selected material:BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Capivara EPA stations (6, 17, 36); Lagoas de Guarajuba EPA stations (3, 8, 22, 32); Litoral Norte EPA stations (41, 42, 44, 45, 50), (Tab. 1). Distribution:Europe (Guiry & Guiry 2011). Comments:Cosmarium subhammeri can be easily confused with C. trilobulatum var. bioculatum Krieger (1932: 189), differing from it by having a more pronounced apex. Compre (1977) described the semicells as trilobate, differing in this aspect from the populations analyzed in the present study.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior by the scholarship of the first author PhD; the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana and the Instituto de Botnica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de So Paulo for their logistic support; and the Programa de Ps-Graduao em Botnica da UEFS for its financial support of our collecting.

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Lagerheim, G. (1886) Bidrag till Amerikas Desmidi-Flora. fversigt af Annaler, Kongliga Svenska LandtbruksAcademiens Stockholm 42(7): 225255. Lundell, P.M. (1871) De Desmidiaceis, quae in Suecia inventae sunt, observationes criticae. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, ser. 3, 8(2): 1100, 8 pls. Ltkemller, J. (1900) Desmidiaceen aus der Umgebung des Millstattersees in Karnten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkniglichen zoologish-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 50: 6084. Nordestdt, O. (1873) Bidrag till Kannedomen om sydligere Norges Desmidieer. Acta Universitatis Lundensis 9: 151. Oliveira, I.B., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Moura, C.W.N. (2010) Contribuio ao conhecimento de Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) para a Bahia e o Brasil. Hoehnea 37: 571600. Prescott, G.W., Bicudo, C.E.M. & Vinyard, W.C. (1981) A synopsis of North American desmids. Part II. Desmidiaceae: Placodermae. Section 3. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London. 720 pp. Raciborski, M. (1885) De nonnullis Desmidiaceis novis vel minus cognitis, quae in Polonia inventae sunt. Pami tnik Wydzia Akademii Umiej tno ci w Krakowie 10: 57100, pls. 1014. Ralfs, J. (1848) The British Desmidieae. Reeve, London, 226 pp. Rich, F.M. (1935) Contributions to our knowledge of the fresh water algae of Africa, 1. Algae from a pan in Southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 23: 107160. Roy, J. & Bisset, J.P. (1894) On Scottish Desmidieae. Annals of Scottish Natural History 1894(9): 4046; (10): 100105; (11): 167178; (12): 241256. Schmidle, W. (1898) Die von Professor Dr. Volkens und Dr. Stuhlmann in Ost-Afrika gesammelten Desmidiaceen (Beitrage zur Flora von Afrika XVI). Englers botanische Jahrbuch 26: 159. Scott, A.M. & Grnblad, R. (1957) New and interesting Desmids from the southeastern United States. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, series B. II, 8: 162, pl. 137. Silva, S.R.V.F. & Cecy, I.I.T. (2004) Desmdias (Zygnemaphyceae) da rea de abrangncia da Usina Hidreltrica de Salto Caxias, Paran, Brasil, I. Gnero Cosmarium. Iheringia: Botanica 59(1): 1326. Turner, W.B. (1893). Algae aquae dulcis Indiae orientalis. The freshwater algae (principally Desmidieae) of East India. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar 25(3): 1187, 23 pls. West, W. (1892a). Algae of the English Lake District. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 8: 149165. West, W. (1892b). A contribution to the freshwater algae of West Ireland. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 29:103 216. West, W. & West, G.S. (1895). A contribution to our knowledge of the freshwater algae of Madagascar. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany II, 5: 4190. West, W. & West, G.S. (1896). On Some North American Desmidieae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany II, 5: 229274.

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