WorldHistoryII Class3 1/18/2011 Renaissance I Origins a. Crusades II Characters of R. a. The Book J. Gutenburg III Italian Renaissance a.

. Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494 b. Michelangelo 1475-1564 c. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 IV Northern Ren. a. Erasmus 1466-1536 b. Shakespeare 1564-1616 c. Thomas More 1478-1535 V Poltics a. Medici b. Popes New class Reformation and war I. Context a. Problems with the roman catholic church Indulgences, b. Habsburg, Holy Roman Empire c. Luthers struggle from theology to politics Protestants a. Martin Luther 1483-1546 Lives in Wittenburg, concerned with illiteracy among the clergy, lack of individual conscience in spirituality, legitimacy of the pope and the sacraments, questions the need for priests as an intermediary between supplicant and Christ, reacts with anger when an indulgence salesman came to Wittenburg, PRINTING PRESS has a huge role to play in his success - Called to Worms to renounce his heresy by the church, he goes with an escort from the saxon elector, he is forced to recant or be excomd, he refuses and is excommd - He then translates Erasmuss New Testament into German, breaking the papal Latin hold on scripture, it also opens up the bible to everyones interpretation - The peasants are also listening and logically begin to question their oaths to their lord if the theology behind religious feudalism and begin revolting, which Martin Luther does not encourage or support. He sees his argument as largely religious, not social.

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Unlike the catholic church which sees itself as universal, many states begin adopting Lutheranism and its like as a national religion. b. John Calvin 1509-1564 - Begins with the same beliefs as Martin, but unlike Luther who sees himself as a reformer first of the church, Calvin completely rejects the legitimacy of the Catholic Church - Begins the Calvinists, which would be the Puritans in America - Saw people as having little to no control over their own salvation, it all being in the hands of god, beginning the doctrine of PREDESTINATION - So rather than using this as an excuse to become syrabites, the people instead choose to make themselves appear as one of Gods Chosen c. Henry VIII 1509-1547 - Henry marries Catherine of Aragorn in a dynastically hopeful marriage, but after ten years they fail to produce an heir (seen as the womans fault) - In order to break his marriage to remarry he must get an ANNULMENT from the papacy, which they refuse - In response he ejects the Catholic Church from England and establishes himself as the head of the church in England and the Archbishop of Canterbury as its leader - Though thoroughly politically motivated there were Reformers and Protestant sympathizers in England - At this point and throughout much of its history the Church of England is theologically very close to the Catholic Church - He is unable to produce heirs with any of his six wives

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Counter Reformation The Catholic Churchs responses to Protestantism, mainly by reaffirming their doctrine, and establishment of religious orders. a. St. Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556 1. The Jesuits The Society of Jesus, hugely influential order made of the best and the brightest the church has to offer (known as the Popes men) trained to combat any argument that the Protestants make against them. One of their main focus is education, hence so many Jesuit schools in the world around. 2. St. Francis Xavier 1506 -1552 focused on carrying the Catholic faith around the world. 3. St. Vincent de Paul 1581-1660 War A. Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 Protestant Union vs Catholic League Immense amount of destruction, the deadliest war in Europe until the World Wars, HRE lost of its populace 1. Phases: First, Catholic Victory 2. Second, Gustavus Adolphus (Kingdom of Sweden) 3. Third, Cardinal Richelieu, 1585-1642 (Architect of French Foreign Policy) 4. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 (seen as the establishment of Freedom of Religion) (also leads to the near total dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire) English Civil War Cavaliers (Conservatives, often Catholics, Nobles and upper classes commonly) vs the Roundheads (Liberal, more plainly dressed, often Protestant and lower class) A. Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603 to James I, 1603-1625 (Spanish Armada)

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B. Charles I, 1625-1649 Last Catholic Ruler of England, executed (being moving towards a constitutional monarchy) C. The Puritans and Cromwell. D. Glorious Revolution, 1688 Exploration I. Nation Building A. France, England B. Portugal, Spain Spain union of Castille and Aragon, early excellence in ship and gun technology, Reconquista Beginnings A. Henry the Navigator B. Africa C. Diaz

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Ottoman Empire I. II. Origins Turks that appear in Anatolia about the time of the Mongol Conquests a. Osman I Expansion a. Salim I 1512-1520 b. Suleyman the Magnificent 1520-1566 Fall of Constantinople 1453 a. Memed the Conquerer

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European discovery of the New World 1 Exploration A other possible and imagined firsts 2 Columbus A others 3 Conquest A Coretz and the Aztec capital Tenochiltaln, leader montezuma B Pizaaro and the Incas 4 Legacy A Columbuan Exchange Petosi Africaans