UNIT 1

HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK Q1 What is meant by the automated workplace?

A situation whereby much of the worker's physical and mental drudgery eliminated and allowed the worker to change from a machine operator to a machine supervisor.

Automation increase productivity also decrease number of workers

Automation enhance quality and work performance Automation increase number of highly skilled workers. The increase use of automated machinery and central systems place demand for technical skilled workers.

Automation improve efficiency and increase production. The introduction of computers also affected the organization of work in the information sector of production economy. The information flow in offices been linked and must be stored. `integrated information processing systems limited many clerical tasks.

Office automation had great effects on management worker relationships in a number of ways ,that is middle level and operation level employees. Higher management can have reports, on costs and inventories within short time on the computer screen at their desk.

Automation give manager the means to monitor the efficiency of their subordinates

Q2 How was work organized in preindustrial times.

Organization of work in preindustrial times begun before the evolution of homo-sapious. Division of labour may have been starting of human to conquir the nature. Division of labour in early stages, population was sparse and isolated in small groups. They were hunters and food gatherer; division of labour according to age, sex and class. Division of labour arose from different in age and sex.

Oldest people performed more sedentary tasks Very youngest members of the family employed were taught simple food gathering.

Women supposed to nurse cildren and participate in simple hunting

Men were required to work hard

Communnial organization Communial activity, cooperation among the members of group. A leader was needed to organize and direct the group kin relationships formed high degree of organization in hunting i) Pottery People n some location were able to make pottery products for exchange skilled workmanship, and specialization. The gathering of clay and firing materias have been work of men women have fashioned and decorated the pots. ii) Textile Sexual division of labour observed spinning process, with the man operating he spirdle and the woman holding the distaff. iii) Agriculture

Agriculture dictated a division of work along sexual lines the field of work done by women and hunting done by men, in some agricultural tasks clearing land done by men. iv) Metalhurgy Some persons devoted their full time to mining, smelting and forging, geography dictated miners and metal workers earliest miners and metalworkers could not be part-time agriculturist but had to specialize

UNIT 2 OPERATIONS RESEARCH

Q1 What are the essential characteristics of operations research? There are three essential characteristics of operations research which are: i) ii) iii) System orientation Use of inter disciplinary teams Application of scientific method to the conditions under which the research is conducted. The systems approach to problems recognizes that the behaviour of any part of a system has some effect on the behaviour of the system as a whole. Even if the individual components are performing well however, the system as a whole is not necessarily performing equally well. Thus operations research attempts to evaluate the effect of changes in any part of a system on the performance of the system as a whole and to search for causes of a problem that arises in one part of a system in other parts or in the interrelationships between parts. Example in industry a production problem may be approached by a change in marketing policy. 2. The interdisciplinary team Scientific and technological disciplines have prolife able rapidly in the year 100. The proliferation, resulting from enormous increase in scientific knowledge. This classification system is helpful in solving many problems by identifying the proper discipline to appeal to for a solution. Difficulties arise when more complex problems, such as those arising in large organized systems, are encountered. Since methods differ among disciplines, the use of interdisciplinary teams make available a much large arsenal of research techniques and tools then would otherwise be available.

1. System orientation

Hence operations research may be characterized by rather unusual combinations of disciplines on research teams and by the use of varied procedures. 3. Methodology Experiments on system and sub-systems conducted in their natural environment (Operational experiments) are possible as a result of experimental methods developed. However, it is seldom possible to experiment on large organized system instead of that use of model would be the option.

Q2 What is the connection between computers and operations research? Computers have had a dramatic impact on the management of industrial production systems and the fields of operations

research and industrial engineering. The speed and data handling capabilities of computers allow engineers and scientists to build larger more realistic models of organized systems and to get meaningful solutions to those models through the use of simulation technologies. Simulation consists of calculating the performance of a system by evaluating a model of it for randomly selected value of variables contained within it. Most simulation in operation research is concerned with stochastic variables that is variables whose values change randomly within some probability distribution over time. A simulation in which decision making is performed by one or more real decision maker is called operational gaming, used in the study of interactions of decision makers as in competitive situations. Experimental optimization is a means of experimenting on a system so as to find the best solution to a problem within it.

UNIT 3 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT Q3 What are some of the new software tools for decision making?

Some of the new software tools for decision making include: i) ii) Spreadsheet programs for analysing complex problems with trials that have different set of data Database management programs that permit the orderly maintenance and manipulation of vast amounts of information Graphics programs that quickly professional like looking display data and easily prepare

iii) iv)

Business programs (software) like these are easy to use, powerful to handle sophisticated practical business problems and widely available and more cost effective. The availability of these programs on personal computers aided industrial engineers and operations researchers in their works i.e. construction, finding solution and testing of models, and also help in communicating the results of analysis to management.

Q4 Summarize two examples models and applications

of

operations

research

Many operations problems of organized systems have common structures. The most common types of structure have been identified as prototype problems. Some of real problems consist of combinations of smaller problems, some or all of which fall into different prototypes. Resource allocation problem Allocation of resource among competing alternative in order to minimize total costs or maximize total return, the problems of distribution of resource can be solved by applying linear Linear Programming Linear programming (LP) refer to a family of mathematical optimization techniques that solves resources, allocation problems found in industrial production on system. Linear programming methods are algebraic techniques based on series of equations or inequalities that limit a problem and are used to optimize a mathematical expression i.e. objective function. The objective function and the constrains placed upon the problem must be deterministic and able to be expressed in linear form.

UNIT 4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Q What is the role of government in fostering research development? The Government is the single sponsors of research and development. Government in countries support private industry research provide 50% of the costs of the works the providing the balance. public industrial other developed projects, usually private company

In developed countries e.g. USA, Western Europe countries, research contracts placed by government departments originate in the decision of a scientifically or technically oriented executive of the department that certain work should be done. This lead to the preparation of a specification of the work, which is then offered to industry to private research institutes and universities for competitive bidding. The government set a system of monitoring work and keeping in touch with the performance and capabilities of the companies willing to undertake it.

Q2 Why must modern managers give serious though to research and development Modern managers give serious though development for the following reasons: to research and

- Research and development is the beginning of most systems of industrial production. - The innovation that result in new products and new process usually have their roots in research and followed a path from laboratory idea, through pilot or prototype production and manufacturing start-up to full-scale production and marketing production. - The foundation of an innovation is an invention. Therefore application of an innovation led to significant market need. - Inventions come from research therefore modern managers takes seriously the issues of research and development lead to new products or improve the product as well as finding new markets.

UNIT 5 LOGISTICS Q1 Briefly summarize five areas of business knowledge of logistics play an important rate. where

Logistics implies that a number of separate activities are coordinated in business the organized movement of materials and sometimes people; five areas of business where knowledge of logistics play an important rate include: Customer service Customer service involves an array of activities to keep existing customer satisfied. Example computer software manufacturer use term user friendly. The firm wants to develop a reputation as being easy to do business with the firm continue to monitoring the level of customer services and their competitors offer. Demand forecasting Involve early information about what customers are actually ordering the activity is carried in conjunction with the firms marketing staff and is used to obtain a better idea of the logistic needs of the next planning period. These needs of the next planning period, include delivery to customers and receipt of new raw materials and because logistics staff involved with order processing, have early information about what customers are actually ordering. Documentation flow The paper work that accompanies the flow of physical product is considered to be the documentation flow. A bill of lading is the contract between the shipper and carrier. A packing list documentation links the shipment to payment for the product a form of control necessary to ensure that goods are not shipped without regard to their being paid for.

Interplant movement During the production process a firm moves products between its various plants e.g. flow parts into 200 factories that assemble components in a large automobile manufacturer. Flows must be controlled and altered to meet changing demands. The just in time (JIT) inventory replacement system used so as to ensure accurate resupply deliveries done in time. Inventories Stocks of goods or materials located at prints where there is a change in a rate and unit movement. Inventory must be rotated or turned with new units replacing old ones (FIFO) first in first out system applied. Storage and selling arranged so that the oldest item moves out first. Rotation is essential important food industry where many items are perishable.

Q2 How should one coordinate and manage logistics in a modern business

The individual elements of a firms logistics system must be tied together. The firm management may have separate logistics department that is equal in status with other major departments e.g. finance, production, marketing etc. In modern business, logistics activities are linked by communications. Some chain stores have scanners at checkout counters where customers buy goods. These scanners are linked directly to the chain office so that it has instantaneous information as to what is being sold. In doing so they can restock the store immediate. Control systems held to link the elements of logistics systems. Therefore logistics systems needs a control system that tracks the goods as they move from place to place to ensure that some do not disappear. The system is designed so that when goods do leave the system, they must be exchanged for proper documentation or payment. Computers also help link a firms logistics activities.

1.

Choose a local manufacturing organization of your choice.

a) How does globalization affect the operations of the organization you have chosen? b) What observable impact do current employees have on the operations of the company c) In what ways has new technology affected the operations of the company over the past decade?

Local manufacturing organization of my choice is Tanzania China Friendship Textile Company. Is a textile producer originally founded as friendship textile mills ltd. The company was established as a parastatal (Public company) but following economic reforms in Tanzania it is owned privately with Chinese investors who are holding most of shares. Globalization the process by which regional economies, societies and culture have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation and trade. The term refer to the integration of national economics into the international economy through trade; foreign direct investment capital flows, the spread of technology and military presence. Impact of globalization on the operation of organization that is Tanzania China Friendship Textile Company
i) ii) iii) iv)

Most of workers lose their jobs, (especially unskilled) Introduction of new technologies increase production as well as profit for organization Demand for high skilled worker professionals well trained to operate new machinery Competition market with imported textile product increased

Observable impact do current employees have on the operations of the company. Introduction of new machineries demand highly

skilled and professional so as to operate smoothly the new machineries. Consequently elimination of unskilled jobs.