2001-11-19 Project Title Date Submitted Source(s)

IEEE C802.16.2a-01/13 IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group <http://ieee802.org/16> Propagation in the frequency range 2-11 GHz 2001-11-15 G. Jack Garrison Harris Corporation #409-1230 Quayside Drive New Westminster B.C. Canada V3M 6H1 Voice: +1 604 524 6980 Fax: +1 604 524 6980 mailto:gjg@telus.net

Re: Abstract

Analysis of propagation and fading mechanisms in systems operating in the frequency range 211 GHz. This paper provides an analysis of the important propagation and fading mechanisms for systems operating in 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz bands. It identifies the dominant fading mechanism in each type of system and provides examples of link budget calculations. To assist in the decision process for TG2 system parameters used in coexistence analysis and to provide source material for TG3 system designeres.
This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.16. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEEs name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEEs sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.16. The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802.16 Patent Policy and Procedures (Version 1.0) <http://ieee802.org/16/ipr/patents/policy.html>, including the statement IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, if there is technical justification in the opinion of the standardsdeveloping committee and provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder that it will license applicants under reasonable terms and conditions for the purpose of implementing the standard. Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair <mailto:r.b.marks@ieee.org > as early as possible, in written or electronic form, of any patents (granted or under application) that may cover technology that is under consideration by or has been approved by IEEE 802.16. The Chair will disclose this notification via the IEEE 802.16 web site <http://ieee802.org/16/ipr/patents/notices>.

Purpose Notice

Release

Patent Policy and Procedures

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Propagation in the frequency range 2-11 GHz.

Some Notes on Sub-11 GHz Transmission Link Considerations

Objectives Identify Constraints on Channel Models to Ensure that TG3 Link Availability Objectives are Achieved (99.9/99.99 %) Establish Link Margin Limits so that Coexistence C/I Objectives can be Defined

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Rician Fading (Tutorial Review)

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Example 1 Reflections from a Spherical Earth Analytical Method Geometry and Antenna Patterns Terrain Type and Reflection Coefficient Terrain Roughness to Compute Specular and Diffuse Reflections

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Primary Signal P

Specular Reflection S

Glistening Surface

Diffuse Reflections D

Rice K =

( P + S)2

D( j )
j =1

j max

(power ratio)

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Example 2 Shooting Through the Urban Canopy TG3 Method Measurement Data Empirical Equation

K = Fs Fh Fb K0d u
where
Fs = seasonal factor, 1 in summer and 2.5 in winter

b g, receive antenna height factor, h in meters F = b/ 17g , antenna beamwidth factor, b in degrees b
Fh = hrx / 3
b .46 rx -0.62

d = distance in km = 0.5 K0 = 10 dB, 1 km intercept u = zero - mean lognormal variate, 8 dB standard deviation over the cell area
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Diffuse Reflections D Attenuated Primary Signal P'

Attenuated Specular Reflection S'

Rice K =

( P' + S ' )2

D( j )
j =1

jmax

(power ratio)

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Signal Suppression vs K R = Signal Suppression Ratio (voltage) IF R = 0.1, this is a 20 dB fade K = Rice Value (power)

pr (R) = 2(K+1)Rexp(R2(K+1) + K) I0(2(R2K(K+1).5)

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K (dB)

0 18 19.1 19.6 20.2 20.9 21.7 22.7 23.9 25.7 28.6 29.1 29.6 30.2 30.9 31.7 32.6 34 35.7 38.8 39.2 39.6 40 40.9 41.4 42.5 43.7 45.2 48 52 56.5

3 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.2 20.1 21.4 23.1 26.1 26.6 27 27.6 28.3 29.1 30 31.4 33.2 36.2 36.5 37.1 37.7 38.4 39.2 40 41.4 43.1 46 49.1 56.5

5 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.6 15.2 15.9 16.8 18 19.7 22.6 23 23.5 24.1 24.7 25.5 26.5 27.7 29.5 32.9 33 33.4 34 34.7 35.4 36.5 37.7 39.6 42.5 45.2 52

8 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.9 10.4 11.1 12.1 14 14.3 14.6 15 15.5 16.1 16.8 17.7 19.1 21.7 22.2 22.6 23.1 23.7 24.4 25.4 26.6 28.3 31.2 34.2 41.4

10 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.5 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 11 11.5 12.2 13.6 13.8 14 14.3 14.7 15 15.6 16.2 17.3 19.2 21.4 27.3

12 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.7 6.8 7 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.3 9 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 10 10.3 10.8 11.6 12.5 14.7

15 3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.2 6.6 7 7.8

18 2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.8

20 % Outage 1.6 1 1.6 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.7 0.7 1.7 0.6 1.8 0.5 1.8 0.4 1.9 0.3 2 0.2 2.1 0.1 2.2 0.09 2.2 0.08 2.2 0.07 2.3 0.06 2.3 0.05 2.4 0.04 2.4 0.03 2.5 0.02 2.6 0.01 2.7 0.009 2.7 0.008 2.7 0.007 2.8 0.006 2.8 0.005 2.8 0.004 2.9 0.003 3 0.002 3.1 0.001 3.3 0.0005 3.6 0.0001

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Conclusions TG3 systems cannot operate at a Rice K=0 dB and still achieve acceptable availability objectives. NLOS TG3 systems face a number of attenuation and fading mechanisms that are interrelated and require careful examination referenced to desired availability objectives. To maintain Rice K at acceptable values, TG3 criteria for link distance, excess link loss, antenna beam width, minimum antenna elevation and urban canopy type needs to be reviewed. A Rice K=0 dB is not equivalent to Rayleigh.

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Atmospheric Multipath

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Consideration Rationale Not Currently Included in TG3 Channel Models Fade Unavailability Not Insignificant for Long Paths Needs to be Included in Link Budgets

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Fading Mechanism A Result of Multiple Refractive Paths in the Atmosphere Most Severe if the Atmosphere is not "Well Mixed" (Summer) Impacted by Terrain Type Excludes Ground Reflections Rayleigh Fade Distribution Empirical Outage Equations (decades of measurements)

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Fade Model Modified Two - Ray Model Two Components: Flat Fade Component Dispersive Frequency Selective Component Various Estimation Models - KQ Factor - KQ plus Terrain S - ITU Rec. P-530 - Vigants Barnett

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Vigants Barnett Method Computes the Probability of a Rayleigh Fade pr(Ray) Outage = pr(Ray) times Rayleigh Fade Prob to Margin FM Includes Terrain Factor C where C equals: C=0.25 - good propagation conditions (mountains/dry climates) C=1 C=4 - average propagation conditions (avr. terrain/climate) - difficult propagation conditions (over water/gulf coast)

Alternative Definition for C: C = Cf(S/15.2) where Cf = 0.25, 1, 4 and S = terrain roughness in m

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Unavailability Equation

P = 6 .0 10 7 C f d 3 10 F M / 10 w here f = frequency in G H z d = path length in km F M = effectiv e fade m argin in dB

Valid for FM> 15 dB The effective fade margin is composed of the flat fade margin and the dispersive fade margin. Flat fade margin = thermal plus interference.
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Dispersive fade margin = selective fade depth causing an outage. This is a measured equipment parameter for the average outage level of a selective frequency notch moved across the channel passband.

Flat Fade Example

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Conclusions Atmospheric Multipath is not Negligible on Long Paths.

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The impact on availability is directly related to the fade margin available to withstand a Rayleigh fade. Even for paths of 10 km or less, atmospheric multipath is finite and will reduce the margin available for other excess loss, interference or fade mechanisms.

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TG3 Link Budget Examples (16-QAM)

PARAMETER

NAME

V-POL

HPOL

UNITS

Locati on
Frequency Path Length

New York

f0 r0

3.5 7

GHz km

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CCIR .01% Rain Rate Rice Factor TX Pwr/Cxr (clear sky) Power Control TX Transmission Line Loss TX Branching Network Loss TX Antenna Gain EIRP (clear sky) EIRP (rain) FSL to Distance R0 Excess Loss to edge of coverage Rmax Atmospheric Absorption Foliage Loss Structure Loss Rx Antenna Gain RX RF Losses RX Signal Level (clear sky) RX Noise Level C/N (clear sky) Required C/(N+I) for BER=E-6 C/I ( HPA Intermod -clear sky) C/I (adj-channel) C/I (co-channel) C/I Total C/(N+I) (clear sky) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (clear sky) C/I ( HPA Intermod -rain) C/I(adj-channel) plus Rain XPD C/I(co-channel plus Rain XPD) C/I Total C/(N+I) (rain) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (rain) Annual Availability (clear sky)-2 Way Annual Availability (rain) Annual Availability (Rice)-2 Way Total Annual Availability Outage rr01ccir Kr 42 20

IEEE C802.16.2a-01/13
mm/hr dB

ptx pcr

gbase

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -120.18 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -58.73 -101.52 42.79 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 42.79 18.00 24.79 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.99 42.79 18.00 24.79 99.99979 99.99999 100.00000 99.99978 0.01893

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -120.18 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -58.73 -101.52 42.79 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 42.79 18.00 24.79 100.00 100.00 96.99 42.79 18.00 24.79 99.99979 99.99999 100.00000 99.99978 0.01893

dBm dB dB dB dBi dBm dbm dB dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB % % % % hrs

aabsorb

gsub

n0 cnrcsv/h cnir_E6 hpaim ciadjcs cicocs citotalcsv/ h cnircsv/h cnthreshv/h margincsv/h hpaim ciadjr cicor citotalv/h cnirrv/h cnthreshrv/h marginrainv/h availcsv_a_ availrv/h_a avail_rice

F1. 3.5 GHz link budget without impairments

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Assumed LOS to 1.0 km for Link Budgets Figure 5. Propagation Path Loss Exponent Variation through the Urban Canopy; Height of Receiving antenna is 11 Meters (CRC Measurement Data - Sydor)

PARAMETER

NAME

V-POL

HPOL

UNITS

Locati on
Frequency Path Length

New York

f0 rmax

3.5 6.4

GHz km

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Free Space Path Distance Excess Path Loss Coefficient CCIR .01% Rain Rate Rice Factor TX Pwr/Cxr (clear sky) Power Control TX Transmission Line Loss TX Branching Network Loss TX Antenna Gain EIRP (clear sky) EIRP (rain) FSL to Distance R0 Excess Loss to edge of coverage Rmax Atmospheric Absorption Foliage Loss Structure Loss Rx Antenna Gain RX RF Losses RX Signal Level (clear sky) RX Noise Level C/N (clear sky) Required C/(N+I) for BER=E-6 C/I ( HPA Intermod -clear sky) C/I (adj-channel) C/I (co-channel) C/I Total C/(N+I) (clear sky) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (clear sky) C/I ( HPA Intermod -rain) C/I(adj-channel) plus Rain XPD C/I(co-channel plus Rain XPD) C/I Total C/(N+I) (rain) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (rain) Annual Availability (clear sky)-2 Way Annual Availability (rain) Annual Availability (Rice)-2 Way Total Annual Availability Outage r0 obsprop rr01ccir Kr 1 4.32 42 20

IEEE C802.16.2a-01/13
km mm/hr dB

ptx pcr

gbase

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 -34.83 -0.04 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -76.65 -101.52 24.87 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 24.87 18.00 6.87 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.99 24.87 18.00 6.87 99.99024 99.99999 100.00000 99.99023 0.85593

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 -34.83 -0.04 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -76.65 -101.52 24.87 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 24.87 18.00 6.87 100.00 100.00 96.99 24.87 18.00 6.87 99.99024 99.99999 100.00000 99.99023 0.85593

dBm dB dB dB dBi dBm dbm dB dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB % % % % hrs

aabsorb

gsub

n0 cnrcsv/h cnir_E6 hpaim ciadjcs cicocs citotalcsv/ h cnircsv/h cnthreshv/h margincsv/h hpaim ciadjr cicor citotalv/h cnirrv/h cnthreshrv/h marginrainv/h availcsv_a_ availrv/h_a avail_rice

F2. 4-9' Availability/Distance with Diffraction Loss PARAMETER

NAME

V-POL

HPOL

UNITS

Locati on
Frequency Path Length Free Space Path Distance

New York

f0 rmax r0

3.5 6.8 1

GHz km km

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Excess Path Loss Coefficient CCIR .01% Rain Rate Rice Factor TX Pwr/Cxr (clear sky) Power Control TX Transmission Line Loss TX Branching Network Loss TX Antenna Gain EIRP (clear sky) EIRP (rain) FSL to Distance R0 Excess Loss to edge of coverage Rmax Atmospheric Absorption Foliage Loss Structure Loss Rx Antenna Gain RX RF Losses RX Signal Level (clear sky) RX Noise Level C/N (clear sky) Required C/(N+I) for BER=E-6 C/I ( HPA Intermod -clear sky) C/I (adj-channel) C/I (co-channel) C/I Total C/(N+I) (clear sky) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (clear sky) C/I ( HPA Intermod -rain) C/I(adj-channel) plus Rain XPD C/I(co-channel plus Rain XPD) C/I Total C/(N+I) (rain) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (rain) Annual Availability (clear sky)-2 Way Annual Availability (rain) Annual Availability (Rice)-2 Way Total Annual Availability Outage obsprop rr01ccir Kr 4.44 42 15

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mm/hr dB

ptx pcr

gbase

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 -36.96 -0.05 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -78.79 -101.52 22.73 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 22.73 18.00 4.73 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.99 22.73 18.00 4.73 99.98084 99.99999 99.92000 99.90083 8.68728

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 -36.96 -0.05 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -78.79 -101.52 22.73 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 22.73 18.00 4.73 100.00 100.00 96.99 22.73 18.00 4.73 99.98084 99.99999 99.92000 99.90083 8.68728

dBm dB dB dB dBi dBm dbm dB dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB % % % % hrs

aabsorb

gsub

n0 cnrcsv/h cnir_E6 hpaim ciadjcs cicocs citotalcsv/ h cnircsv/h cnthreshv/h margincsv/h hpaim ciadjr cicor citotalv/h cnirrv/h cnthreshrv/h marginrainv/h availcsv_a_ availrv/h_a avail_rice

F3. Example Link Budget for 3-9's Availability/Distance PARAMETER

NAME

V-POL

HPOL

UNITS

Locati on
Frequency Path Length Free Space Path Distance Excess Path Loss Coefficient

New York

f0 rmax r0 obsprop

3.5 1 1 2.7

GHz km km

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CCIR .01% Rain Rate Rice Factor TX Pwr/Cxr (clear sky) Power Control TX Transmission Line Loss TX Branching Network Loss TX Antenna Gain EIRP (clear sky) EIRP (rain) FSL to Distance R0 Excess Loss to edge of coverage Rmax Atmospheric Absorption Foliage Loss Structure Loss Rx Antenna Gain RX RF Losses RX Signal Level (clear sky) RX Noise Level C/N (clear sky) Required C/(N+I) for BER=E-6 C/I ( HPA Intermod -clear sky) C/I (adj-channel) C/I (co-channel) C/I Total C/(N+I) (clear sky) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (clear sky) C/I ( HPA Intermod -rain) C/I(adj-channel) plus Rain XPD C/I(co-channel plus Rain XPD) C/I Total C/(N+I) (rain) Allowed C/N at Threshold Fade Margin (rain) Annual Availability (clear sky)-2 Way Annual Availability (rain) Annual Availability (Rice)-2 Way Total Annual Availability Outage rr01ccir Kr 42 0

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mm/hr dB

ptx pcr

gbase

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -41.79 -101.52 59.73 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 59.73 18.00 41.73 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.99 59.73 18.00 41.73 100.00000 99.99999 99.99000 99.98999 0.87688

35.00 0.00 0.00 -3.00 14.50 46.50 46.50 -103.28 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 18.00 -3.00 -41.79 -101.52 59.73 18.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.23 59.73 18.00 41.73 100.00 100.00 96.99 59.73 18.00 41.73 100.00000 99.99999 99.99000 99.98999 0.87688

dBm dB dB dB dBi dBm dbm dB dB dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB % % % % hrs

aabsorb

gsub

n0 cnrcsv/h cnir_E6 hpaim ciadjcs cicocs citotalcsv/ h cnircsv/h cnthreshv/h margincsv/h hpaim ciadjr cicor citotalv/h cnirrv/h cnthreshrv/h marginrainv/h availcsv_a_ availrv/h_a avail_rice

F4. What can we do if K= 0 dB for 4-9's Availability. Try 0.1 km!

Availability 3-9's

Distance 7 km

Rice K 6 dB

TX Pwr +50 dBm (100 watts)

33

Fade Margin 19 dB

Controlling Impairment Rician Fading

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4-9's 4-9's

7 km 22 km

9 dB 20 dB

+50 dBm (100 watts) +44 dBm (25 watts)

19 dB 24 dB

Rician Fading Atmospheric Multipath

Conclusions Significant Constraints on the Values for Rice K Beating it to Death with Power is not a Valid Mitigation Technique Long Paths are Controlled by Atmospheric Multipath. Diffraction Loss and any Significant Rician Fading cannot be Tolerated

Cell Area Space/Time Availability

TG3 Objectives: 90% of Cell Area to Exceed 99.9% Availability
F0 = 3.5 GHz
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Rmax = 7 km Availability = 99.9 % Rice K: - Erceg Equation for log-normal distribution of K - Mean = 0 dB - Sigma = 8 dB ---------------------------------------Simulation Methodology: - Set up cell in 10 annular rings, each corresponding to 10% of area - Compute allowed value of Ka vs distance r (link budget for 99.9%) - Compute expected value of Ke at a random distance within each annular ring (30,000 random deviates based on Erceg) - Compare Ke with Ka and compute probability that 99.9% objective will not be met

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Red: Median Value of Expected K vs Distance (Erceg) Light Blue: Required Value of K vs Distance (from link budgets) Dark Blue: Variation of Expected K vs Distance (Erceg -log normal, Sigma =8 dB) Green: Variation of Expected K within a 10% annular area ring
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% Cell Area

Distance r - km

Allowed Rice K -dB to Availability Limit

Median Rice K to Distance r

Excess K Relative to Median

Prob that K is Less than Allowed Within Annular Ring -% 8-9 14-15.5 21-22.5 27-28 31-32.5 31.5-32 35-37 43-46 50-52 60-62

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

2.2 3.1 3.8 4.4 5 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.6 7

3 6 7 9 9 9 11 12 14 16

11 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 8

8 4 3 1 0 0 -2 -3 -5 -8

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Conclusions TG3 Space/Time Availability Objectives are not Achievable in the Presence of any Significant Rician Fading TG2a Systems Model Should Assume a Link Design that Allows for Only Diffraction Loss and a Very Modest Amount of Foliage Penetration. This is the only Systems Model that will Allow for Inter-System C/I

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Minimal Frequency Re-Use Plan Cannot Repeat Frequency Assignments Within a Cell due to Limits of Antenna F/B Ratio (25 dB). This Would Not Support 64-QAM Transmission. Care Required in Assignment of Adjacent Sector Assignments due to XPD Reduction if Shooting Through Trees Likely Require 4 Frequencies/2-Polarizations for FDD

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V-POL

A'

B'

C'

D'

H-POL

40

1 1

1 1

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Subscriber Path Length and Vertical Elevation Angle Distributions

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Randomly Uniform vs Distance Area Proportional Rayleigh Rooftops Compiled US Statistics (38 GHz)

-Major Impact on Coexistence Due to Vertical Antenna Pattern Discrimination - Need to Select a Distribution for Simulation Studies

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Distribution of Elevation Angles for FS Subscribers in the 37.5-40 GHz Band

1 Probability Density 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Elevation Angle (deg)

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Percentage of Links

70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% < 0.05 < 0.1 < 0.25 < 0.5 < 0.75 < 1.0

Link Length (km)

FIGURE 5 38 GHz link length distribution statistics in the United States for subscriber-based HDFS networks

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100 90 80 Percentage of Links 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Cum ulative distribution Distribution of 38-GHz HDFS

<10

10 - 25

25 - 45

>45

Elevation Angle (deg)

FIGURE 6 38 GHz HDFS elevation angle distribution in the United States

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FIGURE 2 4 Deployment pattern in an urban area in the Unted States of America

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12 T 12 T 12 T 12 TH A 12 TH A 12 TH A H AVE H AV E H AV E V V VE E E

0.35 Miles

0.7

Rose 9/1015-02

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IEEE C802.16.2a-01/13

1HZ
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FIGURE 4 Hub deployment in urban area, United States

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IEEE C802.16.2a-01/13

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