Cell Structure & Function

3 basic structures: cell membrane, nucleus, & cytoplasm. Organelles perform specialized functions to maintain the cells life.

CELL MEMBRANE

Structure: lipid bilayer (fluid mosaic model) Other biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates

CELL MEMBRANE

Function: Separates cell from surroundings Regulates entry/exit of substances Protects & supports the cell

CELL WALL
Structure (in plants): Middle lamella
Pectin: gluey substance

Primary CW
Cellulose: elastic, fibrous material

Secondary CW
Cellulose + lignin: more rigid Found in plants w/ woody stems

CELL WALL
Structure (contd): Plants: cellulose (and lignin) Fungi: chitin Prokaryotes: CH2Os & polypeptides

Function: Protects & supports the cell

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes karyon=kernel/nucleus + pro=before karyon=kernel/nucleus + eu=true Prokaryotes
Bacteria & relatives

Eukaryotes
Includes both uni- and multicellular organisms Importance of compartmentalization
Provides local environments for metabolic functions Incompatible processes can go on simultaneously

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Structure Nuclear envelope
S: doublemembrane, w/ pores F: forms boundary of nucleus

Nucleolus
S: small, dense region; made of RNA+proteins F: where ribosome synthesis begins

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Structure Chromosomes
DNA + histones In prokaryotes:
Less complex In nucleoid

In humans:
46 chromosomes in somatic cells 23 in gametes

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Structure Chromosomes
DNA + histones In prokaryotes:
Less complex In nucleoid

In humans:
46 chromosomes in somatic cells 23 in gametes

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Function Contains DNA: info & control center Protein synthesis One of the main functions of cells Ex.
myosin & actin hemoglobin

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Function Contains DNA: info & control center Protein synthesis One of the main functions of cells Ex.
myosin & actin hemoglobin

NUCLEUS (pl. nuclei)

Function Contains DNA: info & control center Protein synthesis One of the main functions of cells Ex.
myosin & actin hemoglobin

CYTOPLASM

Structure Area between nucleus & cell membrane Function Contains organelles

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

Organelle (little organ) Performs a specialized function in a cell

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Protein Factories: Ribosomes Manufacturers & Shippers: Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus Cleanup Crews: Lysosomes Storage Tanks: Vacuoles Power Stations: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Framework: Cytoskeleton

RIBOSOMES: Protein Factories

Structure RNA + protein Free/bound Function Site of protein synthesis # of ribosomes protein synthesis example of structure function

Smallest of organelles: <25 nm in diameter

RIBOSOMES: Protein Factories

Structure RNA + protein Free/bound Function Site of protein synthesis # of ribosomes protein synthesis example of structure function

Also in prokaryotes

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM & GOLGI APPARATUS: Manufacturers & Shippers

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Endoplasmic: w/in the cytoplasm Reticulum: from Latin word meaning network Structure Extensive internal membrane Function Assembly of components of CM Storage of enzymes & chemicals (smooth ER) Protein modification (rough ER)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER) Structure W/ smooth walls Function Stores special enzymes & chemicals (ex. for lipid synthesis, CH2O metabolism, detoxification of drugs/poisons)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Structure Rough appearance (due to ribosomes) Function Protein synthesis/modification

GOLGI APPARATUS

Camillo Golgi
Italian scientist who discovered the organelle

Also called Golgi bodies

GOLGI APPARATUS

Structure Flattened stack of membranes Function Protein/molecule modification, collection, packaging, distribution

LYSOSOMES: Clean-up Crews

Structure Small, membranebound structure Formed from Golgi apparatus Function Contains enzymes for phagocytosis & autophagy

LYSOSOMES: Clean-up Crews

Function
Contains enzymes for phagocytosis & autophagy

endocytosis: endo=inside + kytos=vessel/cell phagocytosis: phagein=to eat + kytos=vessel/cell autophagy: autos=self + phagein=to eat

LYSOSOMES: Clean-up Crews

Tay-Sachs disease

VACUOLES: Storage Tanks

Structure Membrane-enclosed sac Function Store materials: water, salts, proteins, CH2Os

VACUOLES: Storage Tanks

FOOD VACUOLES Formed by endocytosis WATER VACUOLES (in plants) Large, central vacuole w/ liquid

VACUOLES: Storage Tanks

FOOD VACUOLES Formed by endocytosis WATER VACUOLES (in plants) Large, central vacuole w/ liquid

MITOCHONDRIA & CHLOROPLASTS: Power Stations

MITOCHONDRIA & CHLOROPLASTS

Recall from 11 themes that unify biology: Organisms are open systems that interact continuously w/ their environments. Function Convert E into forms that the cell can use for work

MITOCHONDRIA (sing. MITOCHONDRION)

Structure Outer membrane: surrounds organelle Inner membrane: w/ many folds (SA) Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including plants & algae In general: # of mit ~ cells metabolic activity

MITOCHONDRIA (sing. MITOCHONDRION)

Function Site of cellular respiration - Generates ATP by extracting E from sugars, fats, & other fuels, w/ the help of O2

CHLOROPLASTS
Plastid: plant organelles that store food/pigments Ex. amyloplast, chromoplast, chloroplast

CHLOROPLASTS
Structure W/ 2 envelope-like membranes 3rd membrane arranged into flattened sacs - Where E from sunlight chemical E Do photosynthetic prokaryotes have chloroplasts?

CHLOROPLASTS
Function: Site of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll
Chl a violet & red regions Chl b blue & red regions

CYTOSKELETON: Framework
Structure Microtubules
Hollow tubes made of proteins Cilia (sing. cilium): for cell movement, movement of substances along cell surface Flagella (sing. flagellum): for cell movement 9+2 configuration: 9 prs around 1 pr of microtubules

Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers

CYTOSKELETON: Framework
Structure Microtubules
Hollow tubes made of proteins Cilia (sing. cilium): for cell movement, movement of substances along cell surface Flagella (sing. flagellum): for cell movement 9+2 configuration: 9 prs around 1 pr of microtubules

Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers

CYTOSKELETON: Framework
Function
Supports cell structure Drives cell movement