Smart grid in US Legislative push due to: 1.

Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007: Provides $100 M in every fiscal for developing smart grid technologies. 2. American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009: Set aside $11 B for creating a smart grid. 3. DOE grants: $500K 20M: For deploying smart grid technologies $100K - $5M: For deploying grid monitoring technologies EI&SA of 2007 wide ranging law that actively promotes more efficient use of energy, for example mandates car makers to significantly improve fuel efficiency by 2020, incandescent light bulbs will be phased out between 2012 & 2014, research & development of renewable energy sources etc. AR&RA of 2009 the purpose of the act was to help American economy emerge from the recession triggered by subprime mortgage collapse by increased governmental spending in various areas. $11 B was allocated for creation of a smart grid. Other grants for the energy sector included $8.5 B of subsidies for renewable energy projects and $2 B for R&D in advanced battery systems. Source: http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/top-10-states-leading-us-smart-griddeployment/9399 About 5% Americans had access to some form of smart grid technology, number expected to go up 10 times over the next ten years. California ($303 M): Development of metering infrastructure well in place. Utilities are at a stage where they can initiate pilot projects for dynamic billing, demand response and integration of electric vehicles. Metering target: 21M (timeline unknown) Texas ($285 M) Metering target: 7M (timeline unknown) Both states reported problems in pilot projects consumer complaints that smart meters dont measure electricity usage correctly and inflate utility bills. North Carolina ($403 M): Biggest beneficiary of federal grants. States major utilities have deployments planned or in progress. Florida ($467 M): Driven by desire to improve efficiency. No specific legal/federal mandate. Colorado ($24 M): Aggressively promoting smart grid deployment.

 Location of Xcel Energys SmartGridCity, the most ambitious project in the nation. As per available figures (2009): DOE has used $3.4 B under American Reinvestment and Recovery Act to fund smart grid projects. Private sector will be investing $4.7 B as well. Focus of the American program: Improved efficiency by using smart meters. (US has a leapfrogged other nations in this area) Better integration of and more energy from clean energy sources Benefits: Lower cost of energy usage. Reduced dependence on crude oil most oil comes from the Middle East which is a volatile region. Environmentally sustainable energy. Creation of jobs and stimulus to US economy. Smart Grid in Europe Source: http://venturebeat.com/2010/12/08/smartgrid-europe-renewables/ European focus Integrating renewable energy sources with the existing infrastructure. Why? EUs aim to cut down greenhouse gas emissions by 20% (compared to 1990 levels), increase renewable energy production by 20% and reduce overall energy usage by 20% by 2020. European nations are significantly ramping up their renewable energy capacity. Germany can generate 25GW from solar & another 25GW from wind. Denmark has occasional negative electricity prices since the power generated from wind exceeds the supply. 6 European nations in the top 10 wind power producing nations (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, UK, Denmark), totaling more than 65GW of capacity. Renewable power generation in Europe is moving towards a more decentralized approach thus needing a new approach to integration. European push for electric vehicles thus placing new stress on the system as all EVs will probably charge at the same time (night). Implementation example: Telegestore project, Italy source: http://www.puc.state.pa.us/electric/NARUC/ENELs%20Metering%20System%20&%20Telegest ore%20Project.ppt Earliest and one of the largest implementations of smart grid, though this one was aligned more on improving metering efficiency. Rough timelines: Oct 1999: Kick off Aug 2000: Laboratory prototype

Feb 2001: Field test Jun 2001: Production start Jan 2002: Mass installation 2006: Complete Almost 30 M smart meters installed with about 28 M being remotely managed by 2006. Features: Remote reading. Multi tariff structure. Monitoring of supply quality. Fraud/theft detection and prevention. Observed benefits: Customers: Savings, transparent billing, ability to adjust usage according to tariff. Generators: Reduction in peak demand, more CO2 efficiency, improved efficiency due to reduced losses. ENEL (distributor): Higher customer satisfaction, lower operating costs. Investment 2.1 B Smart grid in Denmark: Source: http://analysis.smartgridupdate.com/industry-insight/denmark-worlds-smart-gridblueprint Has abundant wind energy but intermittent nature of wind energy is a problem. Neighboring nations like Germany have identical wind profile so coordinating peaks/troughs with them is not easy. Limited roll out of smart meters since energy usage pattern for a lot of consumers is fixed. Smart meters given out to people like electric vehicle owners, businesses with significant energy consumption etc. Danish grid is connected to Norway, Sweden & Germany to allow for export & import of power. Danish government has a declared intention of moving off fossil fuels by 2050. Smart grid projects in Denmark 1. Cell project: Divide the grid into a number of virtual autonomous cells for flexible monitoring and control. Every cell will act as a mini-grid. Initiated by Energinet Dk, a major energy supplier in Denmark. 2. Edison project: Usage of EV batteries as storage devices to offset the intermittent nature of wind energy. DONG Energy is working with IBM & Siemens to develop the required infrastructure. 3. Unlimited range EV: Establish a chain of battery switching & servicing centers, EV owners can simply drive up to a center when their charge is running low and swap their depleted batteries with fresh ones. Smart Grid in the Indian context No significant implementation exists as yet. Bureau of Energy Efficiency & IBM partnering to kick off first smart grid project. Project will analyze Indias readiness and develop a framework for implementing smart grid projects

(source: http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4216126/India-launches-first-smartgrid-project). T&D losses at 32%. (Source: http://www.powermin.nic.in) Theft and billing fraud is a very common problem, smart grid infrastructure can help to identify, isolate and minimize such activity. (Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4802248.stm) Ministry of Power launched Power Grid Forum, a consortium with the aim of accelerating the development of smart grid technologies in India + deploy smart grid technologies in the power sector. (http://173.201.177.176/isgf/fullIndex.htm) Recently commissioned a renewable energy based mini smart grid project in Gurgaon, Haryana.