United States History I ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Final Exam Terms and Names Chapter 12 1.

Lake Erie was taken over by the British at the beginning of the War of 1812. A battle was fought there, which was won by the Americans. It was one of the biggest naval battles of this war. 2. The Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key, based off of his poem that he wrote while being held prisoner during the Battle of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. 3. The Constitution was written very loosely and could be interpreted in a number of ways, which led to great debates amongst Federalists and anti-Federalists. 4. The Hartford Convention was a meeting called by New England to determine what to do about the war seeing as it had been adversely effecting them. 5. The White House, along with the rest of the capital, was burnt to the ground after the British victory at Bladensburg. 6. The North American Review was the first account of history that was being written by Americans and not Europeans. Painters also began painting American landscapes. 7. The American Plan was an economic plan for the country that consisted of a banking system, a protective tariff, and a strong transportation system. 8. The Era of Good Feelings came about when James Monroe was elected president, when the Federalist Party disappeared. It was called this because there was only one political party and a huge upsweep of nationalism. 9. Federalists began depleting in numbers after the War of 1812. 10. The Erie Canal was dug up by New York in 1825. 11. 36'30 was the slave line; all new states above the line would be free states, and all those below it would be slave states. 12. McCulloch v. Maryland, also known as the Elastic Cause Case, spoke about how the Constitution was written in more general terms than read strictly. It was a nationalist win. 13. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, also known as the College Charter Case, stated that charters were considered contracts, and states could not encroach on contracts. 14. Oregon was the subject of the Treaty of 1818, where it was decided that it would be jointly occupied for the time being between American and England. 15. The Monroe Doctrine, written in 1823, asserted from America non-European occupation and non-intervention. Chapter 13 1. Conventions were a political first, allowing people to choose their candidates as opposed to the Big Whigs in their parties. 2. The Anti-Masonic Party was a new, third party that was made up of various people who did not like Masons or Jackson. 3. The Corrupt Bargain was a term used for the election of 1824 because it seemed naturally very sneaky in the way the candidates related to one another. 4. Secretary of State was what Henry Clay was named by President Adams upon his election, which gave rise to the name The Corrupt Bargain. 5. The Spoils System rewarded political party workers with jobs in the government. 6. The Tariff of Abominations is what tariffs were called in the mid 1800s because New England liked them, but Western and Southerners hated them. 7. Nullification was a right given to states against a tariff, which led to much controversy. It means that a state could null, or make void, the tariff if it chose to do so. 8. The Bank of the United States made two different kinds of money; hard money, which was preferred by the rich, and soft money which was preferred by the poor. Andrew Jackson also didnt trust it, and denied its re-charter bill. 9. Masons were members of a secret society that were vastly disliked; to a point where there was a party solely against them. 10. Evangelicals attempted to convert Indians and make them parts of regular society by converting them to white religions.

11. Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles were known as the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. 12. The Trail of Tears was the path the Cherokees had to take from Georgia to Oklahoma. 4,000 of them died. 13. Mexico owned Texas and forced the people who settled there that they had to become Mexican citizens, though the Texans eventually rebelled. 14. Whigs were members of a new party that disliked Jackson and liked the American System. 15. Log Cabin and Hard Cider were the symbols used by Van Buren to get elected in 1840, showing that he was from humble beginnings. Chapter 14 1. Ireland had millions of immigrants coming into America in the 1800s due to famine back in their home country. The people always received the worst paying and lowest jobs on the scale. 2. The Ancient Order of Hibernians was an Irish Catholic fraternal organization that protected Catholic Churches and supported Irish immigrants. 3. Forty-Eighters was the name given to German immigrants who came to America in 1848 to escape famine and war back in Germany. 4. Know-Nothings was a nickname for members of the nativist Order of the Star Spangled Banner, because they were part of a secret organization and always claimed they knew nothing. 5. The Industrial Revolution was a period of time where machines and machine made products began replacing hand-made things. 6. The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney and separated the seed from the fiber of cotton, making cotton production 50 percent more efficient, and allowed the south to expand its cotton work and the north to expand its factories. 7. Limited Liability stated that, if a company was to close, an investor could only lose what he or she put into the company, and not everything they owned. It caused a huge increase in investing. 8. The Telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse, and allowed near-instant communication. 9. Molly Maguires were members of a secret Irish-American organization that was immensely disliked and often accused of heinous crimes. 10. Labor Unions were legalized in 1842, but in their early stages, didnt do much. They were meant to have specialized workers getting jobs in the fields they were trained for. 11. The Mechanical Reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormick, and allowed a grow-to-sell-and-make-money attitude in the country to develop. 12. The National Road, also known as the Cumberland Road, went from Maryland to Illinois and was the main eastwest thoroughfare in the 1800s. 13. The Steamboat, invented by Robert Fulton, revolutionized transportation by making river travel faster and by making rivers two way streets. 14. The Erie Canal was built using only New York state money, and connected Western rivers to the Atlantic Ocean. Shipping costs dropped, trade moved from the Mississippi, and Western cities boomed. 15. Clipper Ships were long, sleek and fast ships built by Americans to ship things overseas. Chapter 15 1. Deism sprang out of the enlightenment and encouraged a thought of beliefs based on logic and fact as opposed to faith. 2. The Second Great Awakening was a 19th Century Catholic movement that encouraged the thought that every person could be saved through revivals. It spawned the temperance movement, the abolitionist movement, and prison reform. 3. Methodists and Baptists were the big winners in this movement; the emotional nature of the Awakening brought people to their religions. 4. Mormons began in the 1800s; the religion was founded by Joseph Smith, and was looked down upon due to its use of polygamy, training of a militia, and their voting as a block. 5. The Seneca Falls Convention was a Womens Rights Convention that demanded female suffrage, and said that all men and women were created equal. 6. New Harmony was a perfect society experiment in Indiana that attracted intellectuals but failed due to infighting and confusion.

7. Brook Farm was a perfect society experiment in Massachusetts that attracted Transcendentalists, and went well for five years until a large building burned down and the whole society was lost to debt. 8. Monticello was Thomas Jeffersons home and his best architectural work. 9. The Knickerbocker Group was a group of writers that encouraged the idea that Americans were Americans and that they needed their own sense of art. The group included Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. 10. Transcendentalism was a New England intellectual movement that said that knowledge transcends the senses; it began changing the ways that people thought. 11. Civil Disobedience was the idea of peacefully not following laws that seemed to be unjust; it was introduced by Henry David Thoreau. 12. Leaves of Grass was written by Walt Whitman, and encouraged people to live their lives to the fullest. 13. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and explored the ideas of original sin. 14. Moby Dick was written by Herman Melville, and explored the age-old concept of good versus evil. 15. Little Women was written by Louisa May Alcott, who grew up in a Transcendentalist Massachusetts. Chapter 16 1. The Cotton Kingdom was a title to represent the large economic dominance of cotton in the 1800s; it benefitted the North and the South. 2. Lords of the Loom were people who took in any sort of ill-taught worker to work to make cotton due to its economic triumphs. 3. Sir Walter Scott was the author of Ivanhoe who encouraged chivalry in the South. In the Southern-elite mind, Southern society was rekindling medieval society with military-trained, bright, and dashing young Southern gentlemen and the gentile Southern belles. 4. Free Blacks were African Americans who were not slaves, and were released either through emancipation, their owners, or purchasing their freedom. 5. American Slavery As It Is was an anti-slavery pamphlet written by Theodore Dwight Weld. 6. The Black Belt is a name used to describe areas in the South that had a wealth of plantation activity. 7. The American Colonization Society began with the idea that they would move blacks back to Africa. It failed, however, because there was not enough money, and most blacks considered themselves African Americans, not Africans. 8. Lane Rebels were anti-slavery advocates who fought slavery with words and were inspired by Harriett Beecher Stowes father. 9. The Liberator was a radical abolitionist newspaper that was published by William Lloyd Garrison. 10. The American Anti-Slavery Society was a radical society to help further the cause; it was started by Wendell Phillips. 11. Gag Resolution is a rule that forbids the discussion or raising of a particular topic; in this case, the South towards anti-slavery. 12. Free-Soilers were people who did not wish to outlaw slavery; merely limit its spread. 13. Oligarchy is a system in which an area is ruled by only a few elite people or families. 14. Medievalism is the system of practices that the South attempted to follow with chivalry and things of the like in their society. 15. Bankruptcy is a state of legality where one cannot repay the debts one owes to his or her creditors. Chapter 17 1. Canada debated over the border between itself and Maine, and would eventually declare war. 2. Maines border was a highly disputed topic, as the land was desired by both the British and the Americans. 3. Britain debated over the border between Canada and Maine because they wanted the land. They also wanted to make allies with the Texans to weaken power in the Americas. 4. Conscience Whigs were a section of Whigs who were notable because of their moral oppositions to slavery. 5. A Joint Resolution is a legislative measure that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate. It is similar to a bill, however, a joint resolution can declare war. 6. 54'40 was the Oregon border. 7. The Oregon Trail was a path out west taken by many Americans who were struck with Oregon Fever. It caused the Americans and British to be forced to decide who owned Oregon.

8. Manifest Destiny is the idea that America was meant to stretch from one ocean to the other. 9. The Liberty Party was a minor political party in 1840 that condemned slavery and advocated the fact that the Constitution was an anti-slavery document. 10. 49 was the agreed place to split the border of Oregon. 11. California was owned by the Mexicans but wanted by the Americans. They offered money for it, but the Mexicans rejected, which led into war. 12. The Nueces River was where Mexico debated that the Texan-Mexican border was, as opposed to the Rio Grande River. 13. Spot Resolutions were presented by Abraham Lincoln and asked Polk for the exact spot of American bloodshed. They were turned down. 14. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, and caused America to receive the Mexican Cession. It forced Mexico to sell its land. 15. The Wilmot Proviso suggested that lands acquired under the Mexican Cession be excluded from slavery. Chapter 18 1. Fire-Eaters were Southerners who were against compromise and concession. 2. Popular Sovereignty was set up in the lands obtained by the Mexican Cession. This gave a possibility of slavery, depending on what the voters wanted. 3. The Mason-Dixon Line was said to have split up during the Missouri Compromise the North and the South. 4. The Underground Railroad was a secret route from station to station that secretly led slaves to freedom up North. 5. Higher Law, known as Gods Law, is what William Seward claimed that Americans had to follow above the Constitution. 6. The Fugitive Slave Law stated that slaves were not given due process, that those who caught them would be paid, and that officials had to capture fugitive slaves despite their personal views. It was not well enforced. 7. The Free Soil Party was a new party that emerged that was largely against slavery. 8. The Compromise of 1850 made way for the Fugitive Slave Law, California to be admitted as a state, and other things. Southerners did not want to compromise, and Northerners got the better of the Compromise. 9. Whigs were split up by the issue of slavery, and could not agree. This eventually led to their downfall. 10. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty said that neither America nor Britain would take over activities in Central America without word from the other. 11. The Ostend Manifesto said that the US would offer 120 million dollars for Cuba, and if Spain rejected, America would then use force. However, it was backed away from due to outrage by Free-Soilers. 12. The Gadsden Purchase bought the southern area of present Arizona and New Mexico. It was considered expensive at the time compared to other purchases. 13. The Missouri Compromise was repealed in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 14. The Democratic Party was split down the middle on the issue of slavery, and went up against the Whigs. They nominated Lewis Cass. 15. The Republican Party was born around this time, and stole the Free-Soiler position of anti-slavery expansion. Chapter 19 1. Uncle Tom's Cabin, written by Harriett Beecher Stowe, was about the morals of slavery and how it abused people and hurt families. 2. The Impending Crisis of the South, written by Hinton Helper, argued the economics of slavery, saying that it hurt non-slave holding whites in the South. 3. Beecher's Bibles were rifles carried by settlers who were heading towards Kansas, named after Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. 4. Bleeding Kansas was the title given to the mass amounts of violence over slavery that occurred in Kansas in the 1800s, including John Browns raid. 5. The Lecompton Constitution was written up for Kansas to obtain statehood; it could be passed with or without slavery, but led to slavery either way. 6. Apportionment refers to the distribution of shares in proper, measured allotments. 7. Dred Scott v. Sanford stated that slaves were not citizens and could not sue, and that no legislature could outlaw slavery.

8. The Panic of 1857 was an economic downfall caused by the Gold Rush in California, over-production of grain, and over speculation in land or railroads. 9. Lincoln-Douglas Debates were seven debates spread across Illinois for the senator-ship. Stephen Douglass ended up winning. 10. The Constitutional Union Party was formed by the Know-Nothings, and nominated John Bell, using the Constitution as their platform. 11. South Carolina pledged to secede if Lincoln won the Presidency. They followed through with this the December after the election. 12. The Confederate States of America were formed by the Deep South and seceded from America and elected Jefferson Davis as their leader. 13. The Crittenden Compromise proposed to extend the old Missouri Compromise line of 3630; north of the line would be free, south of it would be slave. It was bashed down by Lincoln. 14. The Election of 1860 split up the nation between the candidates, and resulting in Abraham Lincoln winning the presidency. 15. An Affidavit is a formal oath sworn upon as fact on paper. Chapter 20 1. The Border States were Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland. They were called so because they were slave states, but had not seceded. 2. A Blockadeof Southern ports was ordered by Lincoln to last the next 5 years. It stopped all trade going in and out of the Confederacy. 3. Trent was a ship that took in a pair of Confederate soldiers and almost led to war with Britain. 4. Alabama was a Southern ship that was manned by the British and came in and took more than 60 vessels. It also tested the diplomacy of the era. 5. Laird Rams were ships designed to crash into and destroy the flimsy, Northern wood ships. 6. A Draft was consigned in the North and South to get soldiers to fight. 7. Bounty Jumpers were men who enlisted in the armies during the Civil War to collect bounties then left. The legality of this is debated. 8. Nursing became professional during the Civil War because of the Red Cross, Dorthea Dix, Clara Barton and Sally Tompkins. 9. The National Banking System established a standardized money system, regulated the quantity of money in the economy, and foreshadowed the modern Federal Reserve System. 10. Shoddy Millionaires was a derogatory term for northerners who profited from the Civil War. 11. Writ of Habeas Corpus means that a person has a right to appear before a judge or magistrate and hear the charges against him. 12. The United States Sanitary Commission was created to organize women who wanted to help with the war effort. 13. The Balance of Power was the balance in pros and cons in different aspects of the war that the North and South both had. However, it was the Souths shortcomings that cost it the war. 14. A Squadron is a group of ships. 15. Martial Law was declared in Maryland; it is the rule by military. Chapter 21 1. The First Battle of Bull Run lengthened the expectancy of the war from ninety days. It showed the planning and preparation each side was putting into the war; and the South won. 2. The Peninsula Campaign consisted of the North moving up the and around the Yorktown Peninsula; it was meant to capture Richmond, and give the North that one big victory it needed. 3. The Battle of Antietam gave the North a much needed victory; it allowed Lincoln to set out the Emancipation Proclamation, and likely prevented many European nations from getting involved. 4. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free many slaves. It did, however, give the North a strong moral stance on the issue of slavery. 5. Unconditional Surrender was what U. S. Grant achieved in the west. It allowed him to become the general of Northern forces. 6. Vicksburg was where Grant won and captured Jackson; it pointed toward a Northern win and eliminated all chance of foreign intervention.

7. Gettysburg is known as the biggest battle of the war. It lasted three days; the South won the first three, but the North won the third and the whole thing overall. It began the downfall of the South. 8. Fort Pillow is one of the saddest events of the war; it ended with the massacre of almost 300 African American soldiers on the Northern side. 9. Copperheads were Lincolns most vicious opponents who struck at his heels. 10. The Man Without a Country was a fictitious story about Clement L. Valandigham, who was one of Lincolns biggest opponents who was known for moving around. 11. Atlanta was the end point of Shermans March to the Sea. It was burnt to the ground. 12. The Union Party was created by Lincoln to join Republicans with War Democrats. It helped him to win his reelection. 13. Ford's Theater was where President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. 14. Appomattox Court House was where General Lee surrendered to General Grant in April of 1865. 15. The Lost Cause was an effort of the South to go back to the chivalrous society it once had. Chapter 22 1. Freedmen were free blacks who were confused with their newfound freedom. 2. The Freedmen's Bureau was an early form of welfare. It was to provide food, clothing, health care, and education. 3. Baptist communities became a large pillar of black connection when the war was over; religion tied them together. 4. The Ten Percent Plan was Lincolns plan for reconstruction; it stated that a southern state would be readmitted to the U.S. after 10% of the voters took an oath of loyalty and respect emancipation. 5. Black Codes were rules the South passed to continue to tie blacks to their old white owners. 6. The Fourteenth Amendment gave citizenship to freedmen and denied Confederate officers places in government. 7. Moderates agreed that the enfranchisement of blacks was necessary, even by force; however, they wanted a faster Reconstruction. 8. Radicals wanted a slow Reconstruction to build the South back up economically and socially. 9. The Union League was a web of clubs that connected blacks via churches, militia, and other black political needs. 10. Ex Parte Milligan stated that military courts could not try civilians when civil courts were present. 11. Scalawags were white Southerners who were sympathetic to the Northern cause. 12. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came down to the South to either make money, or honestly help the South. 13. The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed black suffrage, also known as the right to vote. 14. The Thirteenth Amendment fully eliminated slavery for good. 15. Alaska was purchased from Russia by William Seward; it was called his folly because it seemed to be just an icebox, however, gold and oil were found, and he was redeemed.