7 Toc

The 2011 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual is published by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, N.C. State University, Raleigh, N.C. These recommendations apply only to North Carolina. They may not be appropriate for conditions in other states and may not comply with laws and regulations outside North Carolina. These recommendations are current as of November 2010. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension agent. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this document does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. BOOKMARKS To jump to a location in this chaper without scrolling through the pages, use the Adobe Acrobat Bookmarks feature. To use Bookmarks, click on the Bookmarks icon on the left side of the page, then click on a table of contents entry.
VII INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL OF FRUITS

Apple Spray Program .............................................................................................................. 284 Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Apple Disease Control ............................. 285 Relative Effectiveness of Various Insecticides for Apple Insect and Mite Control ................. 286 Blueberry Spray Program ........................................................................................................ 288 Caneberry Spray Program ....................................................................................................... 292 Winegrape Spray Program ...................................................................................................... 295 Muscadine Grape Spray Program .......................................................................................... 304 Muscadine Spray Program for Disease Control.................................................................... 304 Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Muscadine Grape Disease Control .......... 304 Muscadine Spray Program for Insect Control ....................................................................... 305 Peach and Nectarine Spray Guide .......................................................................................... 308 Relative Effectiveness of Various Insecticides for Peach Insects ......................................... 310 Relative Effectiveness of Chemicals for Disease Control on Peaches and Nectarines ...................................................................................................................... 311 Nematode Control on Peaches .................................................................................................. 311 Pecan Spray Program .............................................................................................................. 312 Strawberry Disease Control .................................................................................................... 314 Summary of Fungicide Use in Strawberries for Botrytis and Anthracnose Control in the Spring ............................................................................................................. 315 Relative Effectiveness of Various Chemicals for Strawberry Disease Control ...................... 316 Strawberry Insect Control ....................................................................................................... 317
APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM

J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Research and Extension, and T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Research and Extension See Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast (AG-572) for more detailed information on apple disease and insect control. For a copy, contact Jim Walgenbach, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759; jim_walgenbach@ncsu.edu. TABLE 7-1. APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM
Number and Time of Application GREEN-TIP SPRAY When buds show 0.25-in. new growth Amount of Fungicide and Insecticide Per Acre FUNGICIDE: Apply dodine (Syllit) 65WP 2 to 3 lb OR cyprodinil (Vangard) WG 5 oz OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 oz OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 oz OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 14.4 to 18.4 oz OR [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament)] 50 WG 4 to 5 oz OR fenarimol (various brands) 1E 12 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb1 or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP 5 to 10 oz + captan 50W 3 lb1 or mancozeb 75DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR triflumizole (Procure) 50 WS 8 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb1 or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR tebuconazole (Tebuzol) 45 DF 4 to 8 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb OR mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb OR mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR difenconazole (Inspire Super MP) 4 fl oz + cyprodinil (Vangard WG) 4 oz. INSECTICIDE: Apply 3 gal oil per 100 gal water. For improved control of San Jose scale, add 1 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4EC) OR 4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP). This is an important spray for mite eggs and San Jose scale. HALF-INCH GREEN SPRAY One week after GREEN-TIP SPRAY TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY One week after HALF-INCH GREEN SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Use same as GREEN-TIP SPRAY. INSECTICIDE: If an insecticide was not applied at green tip, use one of the products listed above; otherwise no insecticide is needed. FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicides as recommended for GREEN-TIP SPRAY, except cyprodinil (Vangard), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), and trifloxystrobin (Flint). Add a sterol-inhibiting fungicide OR sulfur 4 to 12 lb for mildew control and mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or 4 F 2.6 qt for rust control when using dodine on susceptible varieties. INSECTICIDE: For rosy apple aphid, apply 5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG). For rosy apple aphid and plant bugs, apply 4.4 oz thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP), or 16 oz fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC). PINK SPRAY When blossom buds are pink, stems extended BLOOM SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicides as TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY. INSECTICIDE: If an insecticide effective against rosy apple aphid and/or tarnished plant bug was not applied at TIGHT CLUSTER, apply one of the above materials.
FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicide as TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY. FOR FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL: Use streptomycin WP at 60 to Omit fungicide if PETAL-FALL SPRAY will be applied 100 parts per million in sprays at 3- to 5-day intervals from the start to the end of bloom. within 7 days of preceding spray INSECTICIDE: DO NOT USE an insecticide at BLOOM SPRAY. PETAL-FALL SPRAY When most petals have fallen FUNGICIDE: captan 50 W 6 to 8 lb OR captan 50 W 3 lb + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 W) 3 lb OR fenarimol (various brands) 1 E 12 oz or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP 5 to 10 oz or triflumizole (Procure) 50 S 8 oz or fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 W) 0.75 lb + captan 50 W 3 lb OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 oz OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 oz OR [pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine)] 14.4 to 18.4 oz OR [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament)] 50 WG 4 to 5 oz. If captan is used alone, include mancozeb 75 DF 2.4 lb OR 4F 2.6 qt OR metram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb for rust control if needed. Include a sterol inhibiting fungicide OR sulfur WP 4 to 12 lb if needed for mildew control with captan. INSECTICIDE: For plum curculio and Oriental fruit moth, apply 5 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt 35WD), or 3 lb phosmet (Imidan 70 WP), or 5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG), or 6 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4 F), or 4.5 oz thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP), or 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50 WDG). For preventive control of Euorpean red mite and leafminer, use 10 oz abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) PLUS 0.25% horticultural spray oil (not a superior-type oil). If rosy apple aphid control is needed, apply 4 oz imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). FIRST COVER SPRAY 8 to 10 days after PETAL-FALL SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: For codling moth, apply 3 oz chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG), or 5 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25 WDG), 16 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F), or 20 oz novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC), or 2 lb azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50 WP), or 3 lb phosmet (Imidan 70 WP). If preventative control of European red mite is desired but was not applied at petal fall, apply 4 oz clofentozine (Apollo SC), or 4 oz hexythiazox (Savey 50 DF), or 3 oz etoxazole (Zeal 72 WD). FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: Same as FIRST COVER SPRAY for control of codling moth. FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: For tufted apple bud moth, apply 12 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F), 3 oz rynaxypyr (Altacor 35 WDG), or 5 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25 WDG). On plantings susceptible to dogwood borer, apply 1 lb chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC) to trunk at base of tree using a handgun application. FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness tables and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness tables and AG-572 for appropriate insecticides and miticides for summer insect control. For second generation codling moth sprays (mid to late July), do not use the same insecticide used for first generation control (first and second cover sprays).
SECOND COVER SPRAY 10 to 14 days after FIRST COVER SPRAY THIRD COVER SPRAY 10 to 14 days after SECOND COVER SPRAY
SUMMER COVER SPRAYS 10- to 14-day intervals or as pest density and weather conditions dictate
1
Do not follow oil with captan for 14 days.
Further Information Biology and Control of White Apple Leafhopper. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. A-3. (www.ncsu.edu/apple/contents.html) Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast, N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, AG-572. For copies contact Jim Walgenbach, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759. Producing Tree Fruit for Home Use. N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, AG-28; http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/ag28.html. Fire Blight of Apple and Pear. Plant Pathology Information Note 167 (http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/oldnotes/fd3.htm). A Growers Guide to Apple Insects and Diseases in the Southeast. (http://www.ncsu.edu/apple/contents.html). Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
284
Chapter VIIInsect and Disease Control of Fruits
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR APPLE DISEASE CONTROL

T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Research and Extension ( = ineffective; ++++++ = very effective or very safe on fruit finish) TABLE 7-2. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR APPLE DISEASE CONTROL
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 0 0 Relative Control Rating Brooks Spot +++ ++++ Black Rot/ White Rot +++ ++++ Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck +++ ++++ Powdery Mildew Safety Rating Golden Delicious ++++++ ++++++ Red Delicious ++++++ ++++++
Fungicide and Rate of Usage Per Acre captan (Captan 50W) 6 lb captan (Captan 50W) 8 lb captan (Captan 50W) 4 lb + ziram (Ziram 76W) 4 lb + thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 oz cyprodinil (Vangard 75 W) 5 oz difenconazole (Inspire Super MP) 4 fl oz + cyprodinil (Vangard WG) 4 oz dodine (Syllit 65 W) 2 lb fenarimol (various brands) 12 oz + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 to 6.4 oz 1 lime-sulfur 2% mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt metiram (Polyram 80 W) 6 lb myclobutanil (various brands) 5 to 10 oz 1 + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF or 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 14.4 to 18.4 oz pyrimethanil (Scala) 7 to 10 fl oz sulfur (wettable) 4 to 12 lb tebuconazole (Tebuzol 45 DF) 4 to 8 oz + captan (Captan 50W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament 50 WG) 4 to 5 oz thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 to 12 oz 1 thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 to 12 oz 1 + captan (Captan 50 W) 6 lb or captan (Captan 50 W) 8 lb trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 to 3 oz 1
Scab ++++ +++++
Rusts + +
Bitter Rot +++ ++++
14 72
++++ +++++
++++ +
+++++
+++++
++++
+++++
++ +
++++ ++++++
+++++ ++++++
72 7
++++++ ++++++
+++++
+ ?
+++
+++
+++ ++
+++++ +
++++++ +++
++++++ ++++
30 77 77 14
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
+++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++
++ +++ +++ ++
++ + + ++
+ ++ ++ +
+ +++ +++ ++
+++++ +++++ +++++ ++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
77 77 30 0 Do not apply after petal fall Do not apply after petal fall
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
+++++ +++++ ++++ + +++++ +++++
+++ +++ +++++ ? +++ +++
+ + ++++ + +
++ ++ +++ + +
+++ +++ +++++ ++ ++ ++
++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ + +
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++ ++++ +++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++ +++++ ++++++
14 77 77 0 72 0
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++ +
+++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++ + +
++ +++ +++ +++++
++ + + ++++
+ ++ ++ ++++
+ +++ +++ +++++ +
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ +++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++
75 77 77 75 0
+++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ 3
+++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
++ +++ +++ +++? ++++
+++++ +++++ +++++ ? ++++
+ ++ ++ ?
+ +++ +++ +++ +++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
0 0 14
++++3 +++++3 ++++++
++ ++ ++++
++++ +++++ +++++
++++ +++++ ++++
+++ ++++ ++++
++++ +++++ +++++
++ ++ ++++
+++++ ++++++ ++++++
+++++ +++++ ++++++
285
TABLE 7-2. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR APPLE DISEASE CONTROL
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest Relative Control Rating Brooks Spot Black Rot/ White Rot Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Powdery Mildew Safety Rating Golden Delicious Red Delicious
Fungicide and Rate of Usage Per Acre triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) 4 to 8 oz1 + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb ziram (Ziram 76 W)5 8 lb
1
Scab
Rusts
Bitter Rot
14 77 77 14
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++
+++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++
+++ +++ +++ ++++
++ + + +++
+ ++ ++ ++++
+ +++ +++ +++++
+++++ +++++ +++++ +
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++
Use higher rate when the likelihood of disease is high. 2 Equivalent rates of Captan 4L are 3 qt and 4 qt/acre for 6 and 8 lb rates of Captan 50W. 3 Thiophanate methyl is not recommended for scab control in North Carolina because of scab resistance. 4 Triadimefon registered only for cedar apple rust control. 5 Combine Ziram with Topsin-M 70 W at 8 to 12 oz/acre to improve white rot, black rot, sooty blotch, and flyspeck control.
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE CONTROL
J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Research and Extension ( = nontoxic; +++++ = highly toxic to insects or very safe on fruit finish) TABLE 7-3A. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE CONTROL
Insects and Mites (Table continues on next page) Green Apple/ Spirea Aphids Tufted Apple Bud Moth White Apple Leafhopper Twospotted Spider Mite Rosy Apple Aphid Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 21 7 21 0 7 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14 14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35 Redbanded Leafroller
Insecticide, Brand Name, and Amount per Acre abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) 2.5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG) 5.0 oz azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50W) 2 lb B. thuringiensis (various brands) 1 lb bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) 1 lb carbaryl (Sevin XLR) 4 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W) 3 lb 1 clofentezine (Apollo SC) 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50WDG) 3 oz codling moth virus (CYD-X) 3 g diazinon (Diazinon 50WP) 4 lb esfenvalerate (Asana XL) 8 oz etoxazole (Zeal) 72 WDG) 3 oz fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) 16 oz fenpyroximate (Portal 0.4EC) 2 pt gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5EC) 3 oz hexakis (Vendex 50W) 4 lb hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) 4 oz 1 imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F) 4 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt 30WDG) 5 oz lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior 1CS) 3 oz methozyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F)16 oz per acre novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC) 20 oz oil, superior-type 3 gal/100 gal oxamyl (Vydate 2L) 2 qt permethrin (Ambush 2E) 8 oz phosmet (Imidan 70W) 3 lb pyridaben (Nexter 75 WP) 4.4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) 5 oz chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) 3 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25WDG) 5 oz spirotetramat (Movento 2CS) 7.5 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4F) 4 oz thiomethoxam (Actara 25 WP) 4.5 oz
++ +++ ++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++
+++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++ ++++
+++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++ +++
+++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ + ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++
+++++ ++++ + ++++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++++
++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ + +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++ +++++
++++ +++ + +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ + ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +
++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ + +++++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ ++ +
++ +++++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++++ +++++ +++ +
++++ +++++ + ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +
286
Oriental Fruit Moth
European Red Mite
San Jose Scale
Coddling Moth
TABLE 7-3B. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE CONTROL
Insects and Mites
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer
Tarnished Plant Bug
Woolly Apple Aphid
Japanese Beetle
Predators
Fruit Finish Ratings
Plum Curculio
Apple Maggot
Insecticide, Brand Name, and Amount per per Acre abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) 10 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG) 5 oz azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50W) 2 lb B. thuringiensis (various brands) 1 lb carbaryl (Sevin XLR) 4 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W) 4 lb 1 clofentezine (Apollo SC) 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50WDG) 3 oz codling moth virus (CYD-X) 3 oz diazinon (Diazinon 50WP) 4 lb esfenvalerate (Asana XL) 8 oz etoxazole (Zeal 72 WDG) 3 oz fenpropathin (Danitol 2.4 EC) 16 oz fenpyroximate (Portal 0.4 EC) 2 pt gamma-cyhalothrin(Proaxis 0.5EC) 3 oz hexakis (Vendex 50W) 4 lb hexythiazox (Savey 50WP) 4 oz 1 imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F) 4 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30WDG) 5 oz lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior 1CS) 3 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F) 16 oz novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC) 20 oz oil, superior-type 3 gal/100 gal water oxamyl (Vydate 2E) 2 qt permethrin (Ambush 2E) 8 oz phosmet (Imidan 70W) 3 lb pyridaben (Nexter 75 WP) 4.4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) 5 oz rynaxypyr (Altacor 35WDG) 3 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25WDG) 5 oz spirotetramat (Movento 2CS) 7.5 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4F) 4 oz thiomethoxam (Actara 25 WP) 4.5 oz
1
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest >100 7 21 0 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14 14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35
Stethorus punctum Amblyselus Golden fallacis Delicious Lady Beetle +++ +++++ ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ ++ ++++ +++++ + +++ ++ +++++ + ++++ + +++ +++ + ++++ ++++ + +++ ++ +++++ + + ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ + + +++++ + +++ ++ +++++ + + + + ++ + ++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++
Red Delicious +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++
+++++ ++++ ++ +++ + ++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++ +++ ++++
+++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
+++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ + +++ +++ +++++ + ++ +++++ ++
+++ +++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ + +++ ++++ + ++++ +++++
+++++ ++++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++
++ + +++ ++ ++ + ++ + +++++ ++ ++
Use prebloom only.
287
H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension and Research; and W. O. CLINE, Plant Pathology Extension
NOTES: The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduced the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same MOA. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Precautions and Remarks. Insecticides should only be applied if the pest of concern is present in economically damaging levels. If insect injury does not result in greater loss than the cost of treatment, treatment is not justified. Therefore, a degree of insect presence should be tolerated and insecticides should not be applied on a scheduled basis as may be appropriate for fungicides. Many pesticides have brand name and generic formulations. Where this is the case, information is either provided for the most common formulation; if there is no clear consensus on the most common formulation, many formulations are indicated.
BLUEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM
TABLE 7-4. BLUEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 2 to 3 gal Re-entry Interval (hours) 4 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 0
When to Spray DORMANT
Pest Scales
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA Oil superior-type, MOA Unknown
Precautions and Remarks Treat for scale prebloom only. To obtain satisfactory scale control, use 200 to 400 gal water per acre with at least 200 lb of pressure. Some oils are OMRI listed; check labels.
PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS 1. Green-tip on vegetative and flower buds
Twig blight Mummy berry
fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WP OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR propiconazole (Orbit, Tilt)
2 oz 18.5 oz 6 fl oz
12 12 12
30 0 30
Thrips
Thrips present in densities greater than 2/flower in open blooms may justify treatment. A minimum of 10 flower clusters per acre should be observed and either placed in a closed plastic bag at room temperature or shaken onto a white sheet of paper. spinosad MOA 5 (Entrust) spinetoram MOA 5 (Delegate) 1.25 to 2 oz 4 3 Entrust is OMRI listed
3 to 6 oz
3 No pesticide (insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide) should be applied while bees are foraging, and pesticide applications should be kept to a minimum during bloom. If pesticide applications are necessary during bloom, they should be made in the evening when bees are not foraging and to allow for the longest amount of dry time possible. See Table 5-1A. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Honey Bees for more information on specific active ingredients effects on bees. If mummy berry disease pressure is high this year or in previous years, apply fungicides every 7 to 10 days from budbreak through bloom. Foliar sprays using 25 to 50 gal per acre are most effective.
2. 7 to 10 days later BLOOM SPRAYS 3. 10% to 20% bloom
Mummy berry Twig blight Mummy berry
Same as Spray No. 1 Same as Spray No. 1 Same as Spray No. 1
Flower blight
fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch) 62.5 WG OR captan (Captan) 50 WP OR captan (Captec) 4L OR captan + fenhexamid (CaptEvate) 68 WG
1.5 lb 11 to 14 oz 4 lb 2 qt
12 12 72 72
0 0 0 0
Anticipate flower blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea when excessive rain occurs during bloom, or following a freeze event that injures blossoms. Elevate, CaptEvate and Switch may not be applied by air. Do not use CaptEvate for more than two consecutive sprays.
3.5 to 4.7 lb
48
288

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 2 oz 18.5 oz 6 fl oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 12 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 30 0 30
When to Spray BLOOM SPRAYS (continued) 4. Full bloom
Pest Mummy berry
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WP OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR propioconazole (Orbit, Tilt)
Precautions and Remarks Indar should not be used alone at full bloom or between bloom and harvest. Tank mix with Captan, Captec, or Ziram.
Fruit rots
captan (Captan) 50 WP OR captan (Captec) 4 L OR ziram (Ziram) 76 DF OR azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 E OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) 20 EG OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch) 62.5 WG OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W
4 lb 2 qt 3 lb 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 14 oz 11 to 14 oz 18.5 oz
72 72 48 4 12 12 12
0 0 approx. 30 0 0 0 0 Ziram cannot be applied later than 3 weeks after full bloom. Do not make more than two sequential applications of any combination of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine) before alternation with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (Captan, Ziram, Switch). Do not make more than four applications per season. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Elevate, CaptEvate and Switch may not be applied by air. Do not use CaptEvate for more than two consecutive sprays.
Flower blight
fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG OR captan + fenhexamid (CaptEvate) 68 WG Same as Spray No. 4 Same as Pre-Bloom application bifenthrin MOA 3 (Brigade) WSB malathion, MOA 1B (malathion) 57 fenpropathrin MOA 3 (Danitol) 2.4 EC zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin MOA 3 (Hero) kaolin clay MOA unknown (Surround) WP
1.5 lb
12
3.5 to 4.7 lb
48
PETAL FALL SPRAYS 5. Immediately after bloom
Fruit rots Thrips Plum curculio
5.3 to 16 oz 2.8 to 3.2 pt 10.67 to 16 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz 25 to 50 lb
12 12 24 12 4
1 1 3 1 0 Surround acts like a barrier and masks fruit from pest recognition. Because of this barrier, fruit should be washed after harvest, and Surround may be most appropriate for processing fruit.
Fruitworm adults can be monitored with pheromone traps, and fruit should be observed for egg laying or evidence of tunneling. TreatCranberry ments for fruitworms are most effective when timed to egg hatch, as larvae feed inside fruit. fruitworm Cherry fruitworm malathion, MOA 1B (malathion) 57 1.6 pt 12 1 fenpropathrin MOA 3 (Danitol) 2.4 EC carbaryl MOA 1A (Sevin) XLR (many other formulations) indoxacarb MOA 22 (Avuant) acetamiprid MOA 4A (Assail) 30 SG spinetoram MOA 5 (Delegate) WG esfenvalerate, MOA 3A (Asana XL) 0.66 EC indoxacarb (Avaunt) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 2F novaluron (Rimon) 0.83 EC 10.67 to 16 fl oz 24 3
1.5 to 2 qt 3.5 to 6.0 oz 4.5 to 5.3 oz 3 to 5 oz 4.8 to 9.6 oz 3.5 to 6 oz 10 to 16 fl oz 20 to 30 fl oz
12 12 12 4 12 12 4 12
7 7 1 3 14 7 7 8 Rimon is not labeled for cherry fruitworm.
289

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 16 fl oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 7
When to Spray PETAL FALL SPRAYS 5. Immediately after bloom (continued)
Pest
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA
Precautions and Remarks Knack is an insect growth regulator and application must be timed carefully to egg hatch.
pyriproxyfen Cranberry (Knack) fruitworm Cherry fruitworm (continued) tebufenozide MOA 18 (Confirm) 2F Fruit rots Leaf spots FUNGICIDE: Same as Spray No. 4 fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WP OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) 20 EG OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR propiconazole (Orbit, Tilt)
16 fl oz
14 Indar should not be used alone at full bloom or alone between bloom and harvest. Tank mix with Captan, Captec, or Ziram. Indar is usually limited to five applications per acre per year. Do not make more than two sequential applications with any combination of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine) before alternation with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (Captan, Ziram, Switch). Do not make more than four applications of strobilurin fungicides per season.
6. 10 to 14 days later
2 oz 14 oz 18.5 oz 6 fl oz
12 12 12 12
30 0 0 30
Same as No. 5 Plum curculio Cherry fruitworm Cranberry fruitworm Blueberry 7. After adults have maggot been observed for 2 consecutive weeks and every 7 to 10 days during egglaying period
Adults usually appear last week of May, but do not begin to lay eggs until 7 to 10 days later. Adults can be monitored with yellow sticky traps baited with ammonia food lures (ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, or ammonium bicarbonate). malathion, MOA 1B (Malathion) 57 EC (Malathion) ULV spinosad, MOA 5 (GF-120) (Entrust) 1.6 pt 10 fl oz 10 to 20 fl oz 1.25 to 2 fl oz 12 12 4 1 1 0 GF-120 and Entrust are OMRI listed. Cover sprays of Entrust are not as persistent as other materials. GF-120 is a bait spray and kills flies after they feed. Use concentrated sprays under dry conditions; more dilute sprays may be effective under humid conditions.
spinetoram MOA 5 (Delegate) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan) esfenvalerate, MOA 3A (Asana XL) fenpropathrin MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (many formulations) 1.6 F zeta cypermethrin MOA 3 (Mustang Max) zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin MOA 3 (Hero) AFTER HARVEST SPRAY 8. Immediately after harvest Blueberry bud mite
3 to 6 oz 1.33 lb 9.6 fl oz 10.33 to 16 fl oz 2.5 to 5.3 oz 3 to 4 fl oz 4 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz
4 24 12 24 12 12 12 12
3 3 14 3 1 3 1 1
Only treat for blueberry bud mite if damage was a problem in the previous year. Many varieties are resistant to blueberry bud mite and do not typically require treatment. Blueberry bud mite can be managed culturally by post harvest hedging, which removes infested tissue. endosulfan, MOA 2A (Thiodan, Phaser) 3 EC 2 qt 6 NA Do not apply endosulfan after buds are well formed. To obtain satisfactory bud mite control, use 200 to 400 gal water per acre with at least 200 lb of pressure. Endosulfan use will be terminated in blueberries within the next 5 years. Reentry and preharvest intervals may change before then. Read and follow all labels closely. Some oils are OMRI listed. Oil superior-type (many formulations) 2 gal 4 0
Leaf Spots
FUNGICIDE: Same as Spray No. 6
290

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 2.8 to 3.2 pt 4.8 to 9.6 oz 3 to 4 fl oz 3 to 4 oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 12 12 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 1 14 3 3 Allow 7 days between imidacloprid treatments. Allow 7 days between Actara treatments. Maximum 12 oz per acre per season. Allow 7 days between Assail treatments.
When to Spray 9. Two weeks after harvest
Pest Leafhoppers
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA malathion, MOA 1B 57 EC esfenvalerate, MOA 3A (Asana XL) 0.66 EC imidacloprid, MOA 4A (many formulations) 1.6 F thiamethoxam, MOA 4A (Actara) acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail)
Precautions and Remarks
2.5 to 5.3 oz
12
Japanese beetles
Japanese beetles feeding seldom requires treatment in North Carolina blueberries, and some pesticides applied for leafhoppers also control Japanese beetles. imidacloprid, MOA 4A (many formulations) 1.6F esfenvalerate, MOA 3A (Asana XL) 0.66 EC phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan) 3 to 4 fl oz 4.8 to 9.6 oz 1.33 lb 12 12 24 3 14 3
Leaf spots 10. Four weeks after harvest Blueberry bud mite Leaf spots Red humped and yellow necked caterpillars
FUNGICIDE: Same as Spray No. 6 INSECTICIDE: Same as Spray No. 8 FUNGICIDE: Same as Spray No. 6 Only treat for blueberry bud mite if damage was problem in the previous year. May be omitted if leaf spot incidence is low.
Several species of caterpillars can feed on blueberries from late summer to early fall. These caterpillars can potentially defoliate bushes, but are often not widespread throughout the planting. Spot treatments may often be sufficient. Bacillus thuringiensis sub. kurstaki (Bt) (Deliver) (many formulations 0.25 to 1.5 lb See label 4 0 Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed. 4 14 Only treat for leafhoppers if if history of stunt on farm. May be omitted if leaf spot incidence is low.
tebufenozide MOA 18 (Confirm) 2F 11. Six weeks after harvest Leafhoppers Leaf spots 12. Three months after harvest 13. Special Spray Leafhoppers Fire ants INSECTICIDE: Same as Spray No. 9 FUNGICIDE: Same as Spray No. 6 INSECTICIDE: Same as Spray No. 9 INSECTICIDE: Diazinon, MOA 1B 50W
16 fl oz
1 lb/100 gal
2 tbsp
Apply 1 gal per mound as a drench treatment when mounds are active. Multiple mound drenches may be required to achieve adequate control.
Diazinon, MOA 1B AG500 pyriproxyfen, MOA 7C (Esteem Ant Bait) s-methoprene, MOA 7A (Extinguish Ant Bait) spinosad, MOA 5 (Entrust) Further Information Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium, www.smallfruits.org. Michigan Blueberry Facts. http://www.blueberries.msu.edu/ Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
1 pt/100 gal 1.5 to 2 lb 1 to 1.5 lb broadcast 3 to 5 tbsp/ mound
2 tbsp Scatter baits around mounds or broadcast.
0.05 oz
Entrust is labeled for mound drench treatment. Entrust is OMRI listed
291
T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Extension, and H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension

NOTES: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions for best results. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduced the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same MOA for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Comments and Precautions.
CANEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM
TABLE 7-5. CANEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM

When to Spray LATE WINTER OR EARLY SPRING when new growth is less than 0.5 in. long Pest Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA Rate of Formulation Per Acre 6 to 12 gal 5 to 6 lb Comments and Precautions This is an important spray for anthracnose control. Make sure canes are thoroughly covered. Many other copper-based fungicides are available. Read product label for rates. Removing infested canes is an important cultural control. In blocks with a history of raspberry crown borer, apply an insecticide at delayed dormant to green tip to provide a barrier for larvae boring into canes as they emerge from overwintering hibnacula. Use sufficient spray volume to assure good coverage. Follow label instructions for water volume and application methods for Brigade WSB. Spring RCB treatments should be applied before the first week of April. Fall treatments for RCB can be applied in late October to early November.
Anthracnose, Spur blight, FUNGICIDE: Cane blight liquid lime-sulfur OR Bordeaux (Cuprofix Disperss) Raspberry crown borer INSECTICIDE: bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) MOA 3A malathion, MOA 1B (Malathion 57EC)
16 oz 3 pt
JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN
FUNGICIDE: Anthracnose, Cane blight, Cane canker, Leaf boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine) 38 WDG spots, Spur blight OR captan (Captan 50W) (Captan 80WDG) (Captec 4L) OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Qullt Xcel) Strawberry clipper (weevil) INSECTICIDE: bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade 10WSB) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin 80WSP) malathion, MOA 1B (Malathion 57EC) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol) 2.4 EC bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade 10WDB) malathion, MOA 1B (Malathion 57EC) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol) 2.4 EC pyrethrins MOA 3 (Pyganic 1.4EC) (Pyganic 5EC) spinetoram, MOA 5 (Delegate) spinosad, MOA 5 (Entrust) (SpinTor 2SC) acetamiprid MOA 4A (Assail 30SG) zeta cypermethrin MOA 3 (Mustang Max)
18.5 to 23 oz
4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt 14 oz
Do not apply more than 20 lb of Captan 50W or 12.5 lb Captan 80WDG per acre per season. Captan 50W is a 24C registration.
Do not make more than four applications collectively of the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Qullt Xcel, Cabrio, Heritage, and Pristine) per season. Strobilurin fungicides will also control rusts and powdery mildew.
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
14 to 21 fl oz Bifenthrin in a long-residual insecticide. To protect pollinators, do not apply within 5 days of bloom. Do not apply malathion within 3 days of first bloom.
8 to 16 oz 1.25 to 2.5 lb 1.5 to 3 pt 10 2/3 to 16 fl oz 8 to 16 oz 3 pt 10 2/3 to 16 fl oz 16 to 64 fl oz 4.5 to 18 fl oz 3 to 6 oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 4 fl oz 4.5 to 5.3 oz 4.0 fl oz
Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season.
Gall midge, Leafrollers, Tarnished plant bug
Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season. Pyganic is OMRI listed.
Flower thrips
Spinosad is of little risk to pollinators after drying. Entrust is OMRI listed.
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When to Spray BLOOM AND PETAL FALL SPRAY Pest Double blossom Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA azoxystrobin (Abound 2SC) (Heritage 50W OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38WDG) OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole ( Qullt Xcel) OR Bordeaux (Cuprofix Disperss) captan (Captan 50W) (Captan 80 WDG) (Captec 4L) OR fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG OR ipridione (several brands) 50 WG 4F OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG) OR captan + fenhexamide (CaptEvate) 68WDG captan (Captan 50W) (Captan 80 WDG) (Captec 4L) OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG) OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38WDG) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Qullt Xcel) Same as JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN. esfenvalerate (Asana XL) zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) MOA 3 fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol) 2.4 EC Rednecked cane borer bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) malathion, MOA 1B 57 EC Rate of Formulation Per Acre 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz Comments and Precautions Sprays during bloom are most important for control of double blossom. Begin sprays when first infected blossoms open and continue every 10 to 14 days through bloom. Rotate stobulrin fungicides with Switch to avoid resistance. It is important to protect primocanes as long as infected flowers continue to open. Pristine will also control botrytis. Crop injury may occur with Bordeaux mixture under slow drying conditions or in hot weather. Some injury often accompanies the use of copper fungicides; if injury is excessive, discontinue use.
18.5 to 23 oz
11 to 14 oz
14 to 21 fl oz 2.5 lb 4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt 1.5 lb Apply at early bloom and repeat at full bloom. Rotate iprodione, Switch, and Elevate or CaptEvate to reduce the likelihood of resistance.
Botrytis fruit rot
1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt
11 to 14 oz 3.5 lb CaptEvate is registered on raspberries only. The strobilurin fungicides will also control rusts and powdery mildew.
Cane canker, Cane blight, Spur blight
4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt 14 oz
18.5 to 23 oz
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
14 to 21 fl oz 3 to 6 oz 9.6 fl oz Avoid applications when bees are foraging. Apply during evenings or early morning. Can be applied up to 1 day before harvest. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb AI per acre per season. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season. Scout canes during winter pruning. If 10% or greater of the primocanes per row, or more of the primocanes than will be removed through pruning have rednecked cane borer galls, control is justified. Treat after first bloom or when adults are observed amd may be continued until adults are no longer present. Do not apply pesticides when bees are foraging. Apply at first flower. bloom. Do not apply pesticides when bees are foraging. See fungicide options in JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN. Additional sprays may be needed to protect primocanes if infected flowers continue to open. See BLOOM AND PETAL FALL SPRAY for fungicide options.
Flower thrips Plant bugs, Stink bugs
4 fl oz
10 2/3 to 16 fl oz
Strawberry clipper (weevil) POST-BLOOM SPRAYSevery 14 days after petal fall until harvest Anthracnose, Leaf spots, Rusts, Powdery mildew Double blossom
See Just Before Blooms Open
Strawberry clipper, Blackberry psyllid, Japanese beetles, Stink bugs
INSECTICIDE: See JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN
293

When to Spray POST-BLOOM SPRAYSevery 14 days after petal fall until harvest (continued) Pest Plant bugs, stink bugs Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA See BLOOM AND PETAL FALL Rate of Formulation Per Acre Comments and Precautions Repeated use of pyrethriod insecticides may flare spider mite populations. Can be applied up to 1 day before harvest. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb AI per acre per season. Mites bifenazate, MOA Unknown (Acramite 50WS) 1 lb There is no research-based treatment threshold for spider mites in caneberries, but treatment is recommended when a random sample of leaflets from the planting has an average of 10 motile mites. Leaflets should be examined with a minimum 10x hand lens to determine mite counts. Savey is primarily active against eggs and immatures. Apply when mite populations are low. Summer oils are effective in moderating low mite populations pre-harvest. Use on a trial basis only until certain oil will not result in fruit finish problems. DO NOT use oils within 14 days of using any sulfur-containing material. DO NOT apply oils when temperatures will exceed 90F or dip below 50F. Organic JMS Stylet Oil is OMRI listed. Include captan in this spray if ripe rot is a problem. Pristine will also control ripe rot. Captan and CaptEvate have a 3-day PHI.
hexythiazox, MOA 10A (Savey 50DG) horticultural oils, MOA Unknown (Saf-T-Side) (JMS Stylet Oil) (Organic JMS Stylet Oil)
6 oz
1 to 2% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume
HARVEST
Botrytis fruit rot
boscalid + paraclostrobin (Pristine 38 WDG) OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG) OR fenhexamid (Elevate 50 WDG) OR iprodione (several brands) WG 4F OR captan + fenhexamide (CaptEvate) 68WDG INSECTICIDE: carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin) 50 WP (Sevin) 4 XLR OR malathion, MOA 1B 25 WP zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) MOA 3 fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol) 2.4 EC FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan) 50W (Captan) 80 WDG INSECTICIDE: Same as Harvest bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) horticultural oils MOA Unknown (Saf T Side) (JMS Stylet Oil) (Organic JMS Stylet Oil)
18.5 to 23 oz 11 to 14 oz
1.5 lb
1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt 3.5 lb CaptEvate is registered on raspberries only. GJB feed on overripe fruit. Regular picking can minimize populations. Do not use Japanese beetle pheromone traps.
Japanese beetles and green June beetles
2 lb 2 qt
2 lb 4 fl oz 10 2/3 to 16 fl oz Can be applied up to 1 day before harvest. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb AI per acre per season. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season.
JUST AFTER HARVEST AND 14 DAYS LATER
Leaf spots
4 lb 2.5 lb
Japanese beetle
LATE OCTOBER or EARLY NOVEMBER DORMANT
Raspberry crown borer
16 oz
RCB treatments are most effective when applied in late fall or early spring. Do not treat more than once per year for RCB. Follow label instructions. Scale insects may be present on caneberries but are typically kept below economically damaging levels by parasitoids and predators. Pruning to maintain an open canopy minimizes scale populations. Examine plants after harvest and during pruning for scale, and if present in high numbers or resulting in sooty mold growth, consider a dormant season oil treatment. During winter pruning, examine canes for raspberry cane borer injury. Prune canes girdled by raspberry cane borer 2 to 3 cm below the lower girdle. If evidence of boring is present below this cut, successive cuts should be made until no further injury is observed. Destroy or remove cuttings to prevent reinfestaion.
Scale
1 to 2% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume
Raspberry cane borer
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When to Spray SPECIAL RUST SPRAYS Pest Cane and leaf rust, Orange rust Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38 WG) OR myclobutanil (several brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold EC) Rate of Formulation Per Acre 18.5 to 23 oz Comments and Precautions Begin applications in the spring just before orange rust pustules are formed on the lower leaf of brambles (use wild blackberries as indicators). Continue at 10- to 14-day intervals until the mean temperature remains above 77oF. Infections can also occur in the late summer and fall. Where orange rust has been a problem, alternate Rally and Cabrio or Pristine or azoxystrobin at 14-day intervals. For late leaf rust, begin when symptoms first appear, and continue on a 14-day interval. Apply 0.25 pt per 1,000 linear ft of row in a 3-ft wide band in the spring and fall after harvest. Ridomil Gold is registered for raspberries only. 45-day phi. Begin when growth is 1 to 3 in. long and continue at 45- to 60-day intervals through the growing season. Registered for blackberries and raspberries. Maximum of four applications per year. 60-day phi. Several phosphorus acid products are registered for control of Phytophthora root rot, including Prophyt and Agri-Fos. See label for recommendations. Preplant interval should be 4 to 8 weeks, or longer if dissipation is slow. Preplant interval is a minimum of 4 weeks.
1.25 to 2.5 oz 14 oz
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
SPECIAL TREATMENTS FOR PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT
Phytophthora root rot
fosetyl Al (Aliette WSP)
5 lb
phosphite fungicides
PREPLANT TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODES
Nematodes
1,3 dichloropropene (Telone II)
27 to 35 gal
metam sodium (Vapam, Sectagon II, Busan 1020)
75 gal
T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Research and Extension; H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension and Research
NOTES: Insect management differs from disease management in that insects (with a few exception in wine grapes, which are noted) should only be treated when damaging populations are present. Where treatment thresholds are known, these are provided. For many insect pests of wine grapes in the southeast, thresholds do not exists. Consult cooperative extension personnel for management recommendations if insects for which there are no thresholds are present. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduced the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same MOA for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Comments and Precautions. Some insecticide active ingredients are available in several formulations and under several trade names. For simplicity, the most common trade names and associated rates are listed. This is not intended to encourage the use of these products over generic versions.
WINEGRAPE SPRAY PROGRAM
TABLE 7-6. WINEGRAPE SPRAY PROGRAM

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA DORMANT Anthracnose, Black rot, Phomopsis Cuprofix Ultra Disperss OR liquid lime sulfur Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 4 lb 10 gal Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 48 48 0 0 Needed only where anthracnose is a problem. A dormant application of lime sulfur may help reduce the overwintering inoculum of fungi that cause black rot and phomopsis.
BUD SWELL Grape flea beetle
Apply only if damaging numbers of adult beetles are present. If 4% or more of buds have been damaged by grape flea beetles, treatment is justified. Grape flea beetle adults emerge in early spring and feed on newly swollen buds and lay eggs. Larvae and adults from subsequent generations feed on leaves, but foliar feeding typically does not results in economically significant damage or justify treatment. carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) cyfluthrin MOA 3 (Baythriod 2 EC) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70WP) 1 to 2 qt 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 8 fl oz 2 lb 12 12 24 14 7 3 21 14
295

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA Climbing cutworms Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours)
Scout for cutworm if damaged buds are observed. Look for cutworms at night. Cutworm treatment may be justified if greater than 4% of the buds examined are damaged and the variety does not have fruitful secondary buds. Spray in the evening if possible as cutworms are active at night. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), MOA 11 carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) methoxyfenozide, MOA 18 (Intrepid 2F) spinetoram MOA 5 (Delegate 25 WG) spinosad, MOA 5 (SpinTor 2SC) (Entrust 80WP) flubendiamide, MOA 28 (Belt SC) rynaxypyr, MOA 28 (Altacor) rates vary 1 to 2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 12 to 16 fl oz 3 to 5 oz 4 12 24 4 4 4 8 fl oz 2.5 oz 3 to 4 fl oz 3 to 4.5 fl oz 12 4 7 14 Scout for mealybugs and European red mite under bark during dormant season. Use a minimum 10x handlens to observe European red mite (ERM). If mealybugs or ERM were of economic concern during the previous season and present during dormant scouting, a dormant oil treatment may be justified during bud swell. DO NOT apply oil treatments in combination with sulfur or within 30 days of sulfur application. DO NOT apply oils when temperature will exceed 90F or dip below freezing. Organic JMS Stylet Oil is OMRI listed. 0 7 21 30 7 7 Entrust is OMRI listed. Some Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
Mealybugs, European red mite, and scale insects
horticultural oils (Omni Supreme Spray Oil) (JMS Stylet Oil) (Organic JMS Stylet Oil)
0.5 to 1% by volume 1 to 2% by volume 1 to 2% by volume
AT OR JUST BEFORE BUDBURST Leafhopper/sharpshooters (Pierces Disease suppression)
Consider a soil application of a neonicotiniod (4A) insecticide for leafhoppers if plants symptomatic for Pierces Disease have been observed in the vineyard or in nearby vineyards. clothianaidin, MOA 4A (Clutch) dinotefuran, MOA 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Admire Pro) 6 oz 5 to 6 oz 7 to 14 fl oz 12 12 12 30 28 30
Mealybugs
Only consider a systemic soil applied insecticide (i .e., Venom, Admire Pro, or Clutch) for mealybugs if these insects have been a problem in the previous year or if dormant sampling suggests that high populations are present. Only apply foliar treatments if mealybug presence is confirmed in the planting. clothianaidin, MOA 4A (Clutch) cyfluthrin (MOA 3) (Baythriod 2EC) dinotefuran, MOA 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Admire Pro) (Provado Solupak) horticultural oils (see Bud swell) buprofezin MOA 16 (Applaud 70DF) acetamiprid MOA 4A (Assail 30SG) 9 to 12 oz 2.5 oz 12 12 24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt see label 3 fl oz 4 to 5 oz 4 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 30 7 A powdery mildew fungicide is generally not needed in the first spray (1-in. shoot growth) unless the disease has been a problem in previous years. Include a fungicide for powdery mildew control in subsequent sprays (sulfur or a sterol inhibiting fungicide (SI) fungicide: myclobutanil, fenarimol, tebuconazole, triflumizole, tetraconazole). To avoid resistance of the powdery mildew fungus to sterol inhibiting SI fungicides, limit use to 3 applications per season, use the maximum labeled rate, and combine with sulfur. Avoid sulfur on sulfur sensitive varieties. Some sulfur injury may occur on sulfur-tolerant varieties if the temperature exceeds 850 F. The activity of sulfur is reduced at temperatures less than 65o F. 6 oz 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 5 to 6 oz (soil) 1 to 3 oz (foliar) 7 to 14 fl oz 0.8 to 0.1 oz 12 12 12 30 3 28 1
12 30 0
NEW SHOOTS (7- to 10day interval beginning at 1-inch shoot growth until Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew
mancozeb 75 DF, or 4F + sulfur (various brands) or fenarimol (various brands) 1E or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME)
296

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA PREBLOOM Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew mancozeb 75 DF or 4F PLUS sulfur (various brands) or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) OR Ridomil MZ or Gavel 75 DF PLUS mancozeb 75 DF 4F PLUS sulfur (various brands) or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) OR flupicolide (Presido) or famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos) or mandipropamid (Revus) PLUS mancozeb 75 DF 4F PLUS sulfur (various brands) or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC) OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG) OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG) OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W) OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) OR azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Quadris Top) Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt see label 3 fl oz 4 to 5 oz Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 24 This is one of the most important sprays for powdery mildew, phomopsis, downy mildew, and black rot control. Where black rot is a problem, combine mancozeb with a sterol inhibiting fungicide. Sulfur is weak on black rot. Myclobutanil and tebuconazole are more active on black rot than triflumizole or myclobutanil. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides.
4 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 2.5 lb 24 Ridomil MZ contains mefenoxam + mancozeb, and Gavel 75 DF contains zoxamide + mancozeb.
1 to 2 lb 0.8 to 1.6 qt see label 3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 24
8 oz 8 fl oz Do not add a crop oil to Revus if the Revus application is within 2 weeks of a sulfur or captan application.
3 lb 2.4 qt see label 3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 11 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 4 oz 1.5 to 2 oz 8 to 10.5 oz 4 12 12 See label Resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides (Abound, Flint, Sovran, or Pristine) and the Qol component of Adament is widespread in North Carolina. Do not rely on them for downy mildew control. Resistance of the powdery mildew fungus to Qol fungcides has also been reported from some states. To help avoid resistance, tank mix Qol fungicides with sulfur (but not on sulfur-sensitive varieties). Do not apply Pristine to Concord, Worden, Fredonia, or related grape varieties due to possible injury. Do not apply Flint or Adament to Concord grapes.
3 to 7.2 oz
12
10 to 14 oz
12
Do not make more than 6 total applications of Adament per season. Do not make more than two sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, Adament or Quadris Top before rotating to a non-QoI fungicide.
297

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA PREBLOOM Flea beetle See Bud Swell recommendations Only treat if grape berry moth adults are captured in pheromone traps. Isomate GBM-Plus 400 dispensers Pheromone mating disruption of grape berry moth has been successful in the southeast, but has not been tested in NC. Pheromone impregnated dispensers are placed in the vineyard and prevent male moths from finding female moths and successful mating from occurring. 4 4 4 to 8 fl oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 5 to 6 oz 2 lb 12 14 7 0.5 to 1 lb 1.5 to 3 pt 3 to 5 oz 2 to 4.5 oz 10.6 fl oz 4 4 24 7 14 21 7 14 14 30 7 Minimum application of Intrepid for airblast sprayers is 40 gal per acre. Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours)
Grape berry moth
methoxyfenozide, MOA 18 (Intrepid 2F) spinosad, MOA 5 (SpinTor 2SC) (Entrust) Indoxacarb (MOA 22) (Avaunt 30DG) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70WP) methomyl, MOA 1A (Lannate SP) (Lannate LV) spinetoram, MOA 5 (Delegate) rynaxypyr, MOA 28 (Altacor) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) PREBLOOM Leafhoppers/ Sharpshooters (Pierces Disease suppression) Initiation of foliar treatments should be based on trap captures.
12 to 16 fl oz
If foliar and soil applications of group 4A pesticides are part of a management plan for Pierces disease (i.e., Admire Pro applied via drip and Venom foliar), at least one application of a different MOA insecticide should occur as a rotation between these treatments. Synthetic pyrethriod insecticides (Group 3) and organophosphates (Groups 1A and 1B) are broad spectrum insecticides and have the potential to flare spider mite populations. Observe spider mites before and after treatments to determine if these populations increase. acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail WSP) dinotefuran, MOA 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Provado) (Admire Pro) 2.5 oz 1 to 3 oz 12 12 12 7 to 14 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 0 30 7 1 Venom may be applied to the soil at this time, however, only one soil application can be made per year; see label for details. Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedressing shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation or a drench in sufficient water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label.
clothianidin, MOA 4A (Clutch) cyfluthrin (MOA 3) (Baythriod 2EC) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin 80S) malathion, MOA 1B (Malathion 57EC) (Malathion 5) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70WP) Grape phylloxera (foliar)
1 to 2 oz 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 5.33 to 10.66 fl oz 1.25 to 2.5 lb 12 24 12 12 3 pt 3 pt 2 lb 14 14 3 21 7 3
Grape phylloxera has root feeding and foliar feeding forms. Rootstocks used in grape propagation are resistant to root feeding forms and do not require treatment. Foliar phylloxera may be problematic in European-American hybrid varieties (i.e., Vidal, Seyval, etc.) and cause distinctive, wart-like galls on leaves. The mobile crawler stage of phylloxera are susceptible to insecticide treatment, but closed galls are not. Scouting for galls and crawlers should begin once leaves are expanded. If infested leaves are found in susceptible varieties, insecticide treatments should be timed to crawler emergence. imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Provado) (Admire Pro) 7 to 14 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 12 0 30 Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedressing shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation or a drench in sufficient water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label.
acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail WSP) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC)
2.5 oz 5.33 to 10.66 fl oz
12 24
7 21
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When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA Grape phylloxera (foliar) (continued) Kaolin clay (Surround WP Crop Protectant) Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 25 lb Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 4 Surround is a barrier that reduces insect feeding. Harvest parameters may be altered and maturity may be delayed, especially in white wine varieties. Closely monitor harvest parameters to determine optimal time to harvest. Changes in harvest parameters can affect final taste. Wine grapes sprayed up to veraison will have minimal adherence to berries. Applications after veraison will adhere more on grape berries. Surround is OMRI listed. BLOOM Botrytis iprodione (various brands) 75 WG or 4F OR cyprodinil (Vangard 75 WG) OR fenhexamid (Elevate 50 WDG) OR pyrimethanil (Scala SC) OR boscalid (Endura 30W) See prebloom recommendations 48 1 to 1.33 lb 1 to 2 pt 10 oz 1 lb 18 fl oz 8 oz 12 12 24 12 Endura will also control powdery mildew. A bloom spray should be made if the time interval between the last prebloom spray and the postbloom spray is more than 10 days. A spray for botrytis during bloom may be beneficial in wet seasons and in vineyards with a botrytis problem. Elevate, Endura, iprodione, and Vangard should be rotated through the season to avoid resistance development. See product labels for complete information on resistance management and use restrictions.
Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew Thrips
Thrips treatment may be justified if populations exceed an average of 10 thrips per cluster. To sample for thrips, beat blossom clusters over a white surface and count the number of thrips dislodged onto the surface. Count immediately after beating the blossom cluster. Sample at least 10 blossom clusters from different locations in the vineyard. During periods of heavy thrips pressure, a second application may be needed, but make it only if thrips numbers remain high. Wait at least 5 days before making a second application. spinetoram, MOA 5, (Delegate) spinosad, MOA 5 (SpinTor 2 SC) (Entrust 80WP) dinotefuran, MOA 4A (Venom) azadirachtin, MOA Unknown (Aza-Direct) pyrethrins, MOA 3 (Pyganic 1.4 EC) (Pyganic 5 EC) 3 to 5 oz 4 4 4 to 8 fl oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz 12 1 7 7 Entrust is OMRI listed.
Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e., Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Aza-direct is OMRI listed. Data on thrips control is limited. Pyganic 1.4 EC and Pyganic 5 EC are OMRI listed. Data on thrips control are limited. Pyganic should be buffered to a pH between 5.5 and 7.
1 to 2 pt
4 12
0 0
16 to 64 fl oz 4.5 to 18 fl oz
POSTBLOOM (immediately after bloom) Grape berry moth, grape flea beetle, and leafhoppers/sharpshooters (Pierces Disease suppression) POSTBLOOM (immediately after bloom) European red mite, twospotted spider mite
See Prebloom recommendatations.
Sample for mites weekly using a minimum 10x hand lens. If greater than 50% of leaves observed have spider mites and no predatory mites are present, treatment is justified. Fast moving predatory mites can be distinguished from slower moving spider mites through direct observation. Rotate acaricides between MOAs to minimize selection for resistance. abamectin, MOA 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC) (many other formulations) bifenazate, MOA Unknown (Acramite 50 WS) etoxazole, MOA 10B (Zeal) dicofol, MOA Unknown (Difocol 4EC) (Kelthane 50WSP) fenpyroximate, MOA 21A (FujiMite 5EC) fenbutatin-oxide, MOA 12B (Vendex 50WP) pyridiben, MOA 21 (Nexter 75WPSB) (Pyramite 60 WP) spirodiclofen, MOA 23 (Envidor 2SC) horticultural oils, MOA Unknown many materials, including (Saf T Side) (Glacial Spray Fluid) 16 fl oz
1 lb 3 oz
12 12 12
14 28 7
The reentry interval is 5 days for cane turning, tying, and girdling of table grapes. Minimum of 50 gallons per acre spray volume. Zeal is a growth regulator and kills eggs and young mites. It is most effective if applied when mite populations are low. Use Kelthane at 1 lb/acre on small vines. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Do not apply more than 2 pints of FujiMite per acre per season. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. Do not make more than 2 applications of Vendex per season. The maximum amount of pyridiben allowed per acre per season is 26.4 oz. Do not make more than two applications of pyridiben per season.
2.5 pt 2.5 lb 2 pt 2.5 lb 12 48 12 5.2 oz 13.2 oz 18 fl oz 1 to 2% by volume 12 14 14 28 7
Some oils are OMRI listed; check label. DO NOT use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan or any product containing sulfur. DO NOT use with carbaryl or dimethoate. DO NOT use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
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When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA Grape phylloxera (leaf form) POSTBLOOM (10 to 14 days after the Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Bitter rot, Ripe rot See Prebloom recommendations. mancozeb 75 DF or 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC) 24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt 66 Very important spray for black rot, phomopsis, and powdery mildew control. See comments under PREBLOOM spray regarding resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides. Do not make more than 6 applications per season of Pristine or Adament or 4 applications of QoI fungicides (Flint, Sovran, Quadris Top and Abound). Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, or Adament. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides. Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours)
4 to 5 oz
4 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 12 14
Do not make more than 2 applications of Quintec in sequence or 3 applications per season to avoid resistance. Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando. Very important spray for black rot, phomopsis, and powdery mildew control. See comments under PREBLOOM spray regarding resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides. Do not make more than 6 applications per season of Pristine or Adament or 4 applications of QoI fungicides (Flint, Sovran, Quadris Top and Abound). Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, or Adament. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides.
OR Ridomil MZ or Gavel 75 DF PLUS mancozeb 75 DF 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC)
2.5 lb
24
66
1 to 2 lb 0.8 to 1.6 qt
4 to 5 oz
4 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 12 14 Do not make more than 2 applications of Quintec in sequence or 3 applications per season to avoid resistance. Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando.
OR flupicolide (Presido) or famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos) or mandipropamid (Revus) PLUS mancozeb 75 DF 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC)
3 to 4 fl oz
24
66
8 oz 8 fl oz Do not add a crop oil to Revus if the Revus application is within 2 weeks of a sulfur or captan application.
3 lb 2.4 qt
4 to 5 oz
4 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 12 14 Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications of Revus Top before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
OR mandipropamid + difenoconazole (Revus Top) PLUS mancozeb 75 DF 4F
24 7 oz
66
7 oz
300

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA POSTBLOOM (10 to 14 days after the Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Bitter rot, Ripe rot (continued) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC) OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG) OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG) OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W) OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) OR azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Quadris Top) 1st COVER SPRAY (7 to 10 days after Postbloom Spray) Grape berry moth, leafhoppers/sharpshooters (Pierces Disease suppression) See Prebloom recommendations Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 11 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 4.8 oz 2 oz Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 4 12 12 14 14 14
8 to 10.5 oz
See label
14 Do not make more than 6 total applications of Adament per season. Use the high rate on varieties susceptible to powdery mildew or in blocks where powdery mildew has been a problem.
3 to 7.2 oz 10 to 14 oz
12 12
14 14
If foliar and soil applications of group 4A pesticides are part of a management plan for Pierces Disease (ie. Admire Pro applied via drip and Venom foliar), at least one application of a different MOA insecticide should occur as a rotation between these treatments. Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. See labels for preharvest intervals. 1.1 oz 12 7 Apply when adults are present in damaging numbers. See labels for preharvest intervals. DO NOT use Japanese beetle traps. Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long-acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e., Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Aza-Direct is OMRI listed. Data on Japanese beetle control is limited. Synthetic organophosphates (Groups 1A and 1B) are broad spectrum insecticides and have the potential to flare spider mite populations. Observe spider mites before and after treatments to determine if these populations increase. Do not apply Danitol within 21 days of harvest.
Japanese beetle, June beetles
acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail WSP)
azadirectin, MOA Unknown (Aza-Direct) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus)
1 to 2 pt oz 2 qt
4 12
0 7
fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, MOA 1B (7EC) (5) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70W) kaolin clay (Surround WP)
10.6 to 21.3 fl oz 4 lb 2.7 pt 1.33 to 2.125 lb 25 to 50 lb
24 12
21 3
14
14
Rates are based on 200 gal per acre spray volume. Surround may delay fruit maturity, and therefore, anticipated harvest date. Fruit harvest characters should be carefully monitored if Surround is used to ensure timely harvest. Surround is OMRI listed.
1st COVER SPRAY (10 to 14 days after Postbloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Bitter rot, Ripe rot
captan 50 W or 4L or 80 WDG + myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45 WDG or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC OR mancozeb 75 DF or 4F + myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45 WDG or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME) or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC
2 to 4 lb 1 to 2 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 4 to 5 oz 4 oz 3 to 4 fl oz 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz
48 to 96
See comments under POSTBLOOM spray. Do not use more that 24 lb of captan 50 W or 12 qt of captan 4F or 15 lb of captan 80 WDG per acre per season. The REI for Captan varies; follow label directions. 14 14 14
12
14
Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando.
24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt
66 Mancozeb has a 66-day preharvest interval.
4 to 5 oz 4 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 12 14 Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando.
301

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA 1st COVER SPRAY (10 to 14 days after Postbloom Spray) Downy mildew Prophyt OR Phostrol OR Agri-Fos Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 2.4 pt 2.5 to 5 pt 1.5 to 2.5 qt Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 4 4 4 0 0 0 These phosphorus acid-based products are excellent eradicants and have pre- and post-symptom activity, providing approximately 7 days protectant activity. They all have a 0-day PHI. Do not exceed a 0.6% spray solution concentration of Prophyt. Use lower rate of Agri-Fos in 100 gal water per acre early in season, and higher rates in 150 to 200 gal of water per acre in late season and when the canopy is thick. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. See label for correct rates. CLOSING Botrytis Same as Bloom Spray At closing, add Elevate, Endura, Rovral, or Vangard to the appropriate cover spray for botrytis control. See Bloom Spray for information on resistance management when using Elevate, Endura, Rovral, and Vangard.
Japanese beetle, June beetle Grape berry moth, Leafhopper/sharpshooter (Pierces Disease suppression)
Same as 1st Cover Same as Prebloom Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long-acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e. Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. See labels for preharvest intervals. 48 to 96 2 to 4 lb 2 to 4 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 2.4 pt 2.5 to 5 pt 1.5 to 2.5 qt 4 4 4 0 0 0 Do not exceed a 0.6% spray solution concentration of Prophyt. Use lower rate of Agri-Fos in 100 gal water per acre early in season, and higher rates in 150 to 200 gal of water per acre in late season and when the canopy is thick. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. See label for correct rates. 0 If additional sprays are needed for powdery mildew control, use sulfur. On sulfur-intolerant varieties and when temperatures exceed 85o F, use an SI fungicide (Rally, Elite, Procure, or Rubigan) in rotation with quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) to keep resistance from developing. These phosphorus acid-based fungicides (phosphite fungicides) are excellent eradicants and have pre- and post-symptom activity, providing approximately 7 days protectant activity. All have a 0-day PHI. Other phosphite fungicides may be available.
2nd & SUBSEQUENT COVER SPRAYS (10- to 14-day intervals until the Preharvest Spray) Ripe rot, Bitter rot, Macrophoma rot Downy mildew
captan 50 W or 4 L or 80 WGD Prophyt OR Phostrol OR Agri-Fos
Phylloxera, Japanese and June beetles 2nd & SUBSEQUENT COVER SPRAYS (10- to 14-day intervals until the Preharvest Spray) Grape berry moth, Leafhopper/ sharpshooter (Pierces Disease suppression) Mites VERAISON Botrytis
Same as 1st COVER. Same as Prebloom
Check labels for preharvest intervals. Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. If Venom was applied as a soil treatment during prebloom, a second soil application is not permitted, but a foliar spray of Venom is permitted at this time. See label for further restrictions.
Same as Postbloom Same as Bloom Spray OR cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch 62.5 WDG) 11-14 oz Switch may reduce the severity of sour rot.
11 to 14 oz
302

When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA PREHARVEST (10 to 14 days before harvest) Ripe rot, Bitter rot, Macrophoma rot, Botrytis captan 50 W or 4 F or 80 WGD + iprodione (various brands) 50 WP or 4 F or cyprodinil (Vangard 75 WG) or fenhexamide (Elevate 50 WDG) or pyrimethanil (Scala SC) or boscalid (Endura 30W) or cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch 62.5 WDG) OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC) OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG) OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG) OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W) Prophyt OR Phostrol OR Agri-Fos Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 4 lb 1 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 7 1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt 10 oz 1 lb 18 fl oz 8 oz 11 to 14 oz Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) 48 to 96 0 The REI for captan varies with trade name.
12
7 0 7 14 7
15.4 fl oz 4.8 oz 3 oz 18.5 to 23 oz 2.4 pt 2.5 to 5 pt 1.5 to 2.5 qt
4 12 12 5 to 12 4 4 4
14 14 14 14 0 0 0 Phosphite fungicides are not very good protectants but they are good eradicants and have pre- and post-symptom activity. All have a 0-day PHI. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. Do not exceed a 0.6% spray solution concentration of Prophyt. Use higher rate of Agri-Fos in 150 to 200 gal of water per acre late in the season when the canopy is thick. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. Check label for correct rates.
PREHARVEST (10 to 14 days before harvest) Downy mildew
Drosophila flies
diazinon (various 50WP) OR malathion (25 WP) (8 EC) OR pyrethrins MOA 3 (Pyganic 5.0 EC)
6 oz
Check labels for preharvest intervals
4 lb 2.7 pt 4.5 to 10 fl oz Efficacy data for Pyganic against Drosophila are limited. Pyganic should be buffered to a pH between 5.5 and 7. Pyganic is OMRI listed. . Check to make sure wasps are not nesting in vines. Spot treat or manually remove nests if present. Widespread insecticide treatment for wasps or bees is not recommended, because treatments with short PHI will not provide control, and only foraging worker wasps or bees will be killed, leaving the rest of the nest for reinfestation. Damaged fruit should be removed to reduce attraction for other bees and wasps. 3 to 4 fl oz MALB can be a contaminant pest at harvest. Sample at least 10 clusters per acre within a few days of harvest, place in a plastic bag for approximately 30 minutes, and count beetles. Treatment thresholds vary by variety. Data on control with Provado are limited. See label Premature defoliation may predispose vines to winter injury. Use shorter spray intervals when conditions are favorable for disease development. Copper may cause injury under cool, slow-drying conditions. Use mancozeb on copper sensitive varieties for downy mildew control. Use JMS Stylet Oil for powdery mildew control on sulfur sensitive varieties. Do not use captan, sulfur, or copper within 2 weeks of a JMS Stylet Oil application. Prophyt or Phostrol can also be used for downy mildew control.
HARVEST Yellowjackets and bees
HARVEST (continued) imidaclorpid, MOA 4A Multicolored Asian lady beetle (Provado)
POSTHARVEST (14- to 21day intervals from harvest until first killing frost) Downy mildew
copper compounds (various formulations) OR mancozeb 75 DF, 80 W or 4F
See label
24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt
Powdery mildew
sulfur (various formulations) OR JMS Stylet Oil
See label 1.5 to 2% (See label)
See label 4
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When to Spray and Disease/ Pesticide, Formulation, and Pest MOA Borer control: Grape root borer Soil mounding, cultural control Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre NA Preharvest Reentry Interval (REI) Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks (hours) Use clean cultivation, mound soil (July 1 to Aug. 1) or at first moth emergence when using pheromone traps) or using tightly-sealed plastic mulch 3 ft from the base of vines. This practice will inhibit adult emergence from the soil when well timed. Mounded soil needs to be removed by Sept. 1. 24 35 Apply 2 quarts of mixture to soil at base of each vine. Make a single application 35 days before harvest. Spray should not contact fruit or foliage. Application can be made with flood nozzles and low pressure (40 to 60 psi). The preharvest interval for Lorsban is 35 days. For further information, see www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide/Guides/2010/BunchGrapeSprayGuide2_19_10.pdf
chloropyrifos (Lorsban 4E)
4.5 pt
MUSCADINE GRAPE SPRAY PROGRAM

W. O. CLINE, Plant Pathology Extension, and H. J. Burrack, Entomology Extension For effective disease control, commercial growers should apply fungicides every 2 weeks from mid May through mid July. Fungicides are generally not necessary in home plantings. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduce the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same MOA for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Precautions and Remarks. Insect management differs from disease management because some insect injury can be tolerated before economic damage occurs. Apply insecticides only if potentially damaging populations are present. Sampling techniques and tools are described when available. Many insecticide active ingredients come in several formulations, or generic versions of the same formulation exist; information for the most common brand name is provided. This does not imply an endorsement of any particular brand name product, unless noted. Always read and follow the label on any pesticide. TABLE 7-7A. MUSCADINE SPRAY PROGRAM FOR DISEASE CONTROL
Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest (Preharvest Interval (PHI) Precautions and Remarks 14 Do not make more than two sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M).
When to Spray When shoots are 6 to 10 in.
Pest Black rot, Bitter rot, Angular leaf spot, Powdery mildew
Pesticide and Formulation azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 SC OR myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) 40 W OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WSB OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 50 WG wettable sulfur (Microthiol, other brands) 80 to 92% S azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 SC OR myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) 40 W OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WSB OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 50 WG azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 SC OR captan 50 WP (Captec) 4L OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 W OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 50 WG Same as sprays for BLOOM
Amount of Formulation Per Acre 11 to 15.4 fl oz 3 to 5 oz 8 to 10.5 oz 1 to 1.5 lb 2 oz 2 to 5 lb
Powdery mildew only
Must be applied every 7 to 10 days. Dilute sulfur in 100 gal of water per acre. Sulfur corrodes sprayers and trellis wires. Do not make more than two sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M).
Bloom
Black rot, Bitter rot, Angular leaf spot, Powdery mildew
11 to 15.4 fl oz 3 to 5 oz 8 to 10.5 oz 1 to 1.5 lb 2 oz 11 to 15.4 fl oz
14
Fruit rots, Sooty blotch
14
Fry is susceptible to sooty blotch. Do not make more than two sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M).
2 to 4 lb 2 qt 8 to 10.5 oz 2 oz
3 (re-entry) 3 (re-entry) 14 14
Every 2 weeks until harvest
Tank mix Topsin M or Nova, Rally with Captan or Captec, OR alternate Topsin M or Nova, Rally with Abound, Flint, or Pristine.
304
TABLE 7-7B. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR MUSCADINE GRAPE DISEASE CONTROL
( = ineffective or injurious; +++++ = very effective or very safe) Fungicide azoxystrobin (Abound) captan (Captan, Captec) myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) 40 W pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) sulfur (various) thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) trifloxystrobin (Flint) Angular Leafspot ++++ +++ ++ ++++ +++ +++ Bitter Rot +++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ Powdery Mildew +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ Ripe Rot ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ Macrophoma Rot ++++ +++ + ++++ + ++++ Black Rot ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ Plant Safety +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++++
TABLE 7-7C. MUSCADINE INSECT MANAGEMENT*

Amount of Formulation Per Acre Restricted Entry Interval Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks
Pest APHIDS
Pesticide and Formulation
Aphids are not common pests in North Carolina muscadines and are typically only problematic in spring. Treatment is only justified when sooty mold is present or new growth is deformed. acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail 30 SG) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4) EC 2.5 oz 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 12 hours 24 hr 21 Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Aphid populations in late summer do not typically justify treatment.
CLIMBING CUTWORMS
Scout for cutworm if damaged buds are observed. Look for cutworms at night. Cutworm treatment may be justified if greater than 4% of the buds examined are damaged and the variety does not have fruitful secondary buds. Spray in the evening if possible as cutworms are active at night. Only treat if cutworms are present. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), MOA 11 (many formulations) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) MOA1A rates vary 4 hours 0 Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
1 to 2 qt 1 qt
12 hours 24 hours
7 35 Apply as a spray drench ground application in a minimum of 25 gpa. Do not use in conjunction with a soil surface application for grape root borer control. Do not make more than on application of chlorpyrifos per season. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Minimum application volume of 50 gpa. Do not apply more than 4 fl oz every 5 days or 12 fl oz per crop season. Minimum application for airblast sprayers of 40 gpa. Use between 100-200 gallons per acre total spray volume.
fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) flubendiamide, MOA 28 (Belt SC) methoxyfenozide, MOA 18 (Intrepid 2F) rynaxypyr, MOA 28 (Altacor) spinosad, MOA 5 (SpinTor 2SC) (Entrust 80WP) spinetoram, MOA 5 (Delegate) GRAPE BERRY MOTH
10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 12 to 16 fl oz 3 to 4.5 fl oz 8 fl oz 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz
24 hours 12 hours 4 hours 4 hours 4 hours
21 7 30 14 7
Entrust is OMRI listed. 4 hours 7 days Do not exceed 5 applications of Delegate per year or 19.5 oz per acre per crop year.
Grape berry moth is present in NC, but distribution in recent years is patchy. If grape berry moth presence is suspected, monitor flowers and fruit for injury and consider monitoring moth presence with pheromone baited traps. bifenthrin, MOA 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, MOA 3 + 4A (Brigadier) indoxacarb MOA 22 (Avaunt) methoxyfenozide, MOA 18 (Intrepid 2F) spinosad , MOA 5 (SpinTor 2SC) (Entrust 80 WP) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70 WP) methomyl, MOA 1A (Lannate SP) 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 12 hours 12 hours 30 30
5 to 6 oz 12 to 16 fl oz
12 hours 4 hours 4 hours
7 30 7 Use higher rates when infestation is heavy or large larvae are present. Entrust is OMRI listed. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year.
4 to 8 fl oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 1.33 to 2.125 lb 0.5 to 1 lb 14 days 7 days 14 1, fresh market 14, wine
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Amount of Formulation Per Acre 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 16 fl oz 3 to 4.5 fl oz Restricted Entry Interval 24 hours 12 hours 4 hours Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks 21 21 14 Use between 100-200 gallons per acre total spray volume. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
Pest GRAPE BERRY MOTH (continued)
Pesticide and Formulation fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) pyriproxyfen MOA 7C (Esteem 0.83EC) rynaxypyr, MOA 28 (Altacor)
GRAPE FLEA BEETLE
Grape flea beetle larvae feed on developing buds during bud swell. If greater than 4% of buds observed are damaged by grape flea beetles, treatment may be justified. Apply only if damaging numbers of adult beetles are present. bifenthrin + imidacloprid, MOA 3 + 4A (Brigadier) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70 WP) 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 12 hours 30
2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 1.33 to 2.125 lb
12 hours 24 hours 14 days
7 21 14 Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year.
LEAFHOPPERS, SHARPSHOOTERS
Leafhoppers are important vectors of Pierces Disease in Vinifera grapes, but Pierces Disease is not a common problem of muscadine grapes. Var. Carlos has been observed with Pierces Disease symptoms, but the disease does not appear to persist in plants over-winter. Therefore, leafhoppers should not be preventatively treated in muscadines. Large leafhopper populations may result in leaf stippling and yellowing, and populations of this size may result in economic damage and justify treatment. abamectin MOA 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC, many formulations) acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail 30 SG) bifenthrin, MOA 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, MOA 3 + 4A (Brigadier) dinotefuran, MOA 4A (Venom) clothianidin MOA 4A (Clutch 50 WDG) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Provado 1.6 F) (Admire Pro) 8 to 16 fl oz 12 hours 28
2.5 oz 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz
12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 30 30
1 to 3 oz 6 oz 5.3 to 10.6 fl oz
12 hours 12 hours 24 hours 12 hours
28 30 21
Venom may be applied as a foliar spray at 1 to 3 oz or to the soil at 5 to 6 oz. See label for details. Clutch is applied to the soil either via drip or trickle irrigation. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedress shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation, or a hill drench in sufficent water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label. Malathion may cause injury to berries if applied after bloom. Rates are based on 200 gpa spray volumes. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year.
3 to 4 fl oz 7 to 14 oz
0 30
malathion, MOA 1B (57 EC or Malathion 5) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70 W) thiamethoxam MOA 4A (Actara) JAPANESE BEETLE, JUNE BEETLE acetamiprid, MOA 4A (Assail 30 SG) bifenthrin, MOA 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, MOA 3 + 4A (Brigadier) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) indoxacarb MOA 22 (Avaunt) malathion, MOA 1B (57 EC or Malathion 5) phosmet, MOA 1B (Imidan 70 W)
3 pt 1.33 to 2.125 lb 1.5 to 3.4 oz 2.5 oz 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz
12 hours 14 days 12 hours
3 14 5
Southeastern data for Assail on Japanese beetles are limited. 12 hours 12 hours 30 30
2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 5 to 6 oz 3 pt 1.5 to 3.4 oz
12 hours 24 hours 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours
7 21 7 3 5 Malathion may cause injury to berries if applied after bloom. Rates are based on 200 gpa spray volumes. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
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Amount of Formulation Per Acre Restricted Entry Interval Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks
Pest SPIDER MITES
Pesticide and Formulation
Sample for mites using a minimum 10x hand lens. There is no clearly defined threshold for mites in muscadine grapes. Treatment for Vinifera grapes is recommended when greater than 50% of leaves are infested. Fast moving predatory mites can be distinguished from slower moving spider mites through direct observation. Some insecticides, such as carbaryl, can flare mite populations, and care should be used with these materials when mites are present. Rotate acaricides between MOAs to minimize selection for resistance. abamectin, MOA 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC) (many other formulations) bifenazate, MOA Unknown (Acramite 50 WS) etoxazole, MOA 10B (Zeal) difocol (Kelthane 50 WSP) (Difocol 4EC) 16 fl oz 12 hours 28
1 lb 3 oz 2.5 lb
14 28 7
The reentry interval is 5 days for can turning, tying, and girdling. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. Zeal is a growth regulator and kills eggs and young mites. It is most effective if applied when mite populations are low. Treat for mites only when they are present. Rotate acaricides to minimize selection for resistance. Use Kelthane at 1 lb per acre on small vines. Do not apply more than 2 pints of FujiMite per acre per season. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. Do not make more than 2 applications of Vendex per season. The maximum amount of pyridiben allowed per acre per season is 26.4 oz. Do not make more than two applications of pyridiben per season. Stink bug feeding may result in malformed fruit or early fruit drop. Few materials are labeled for stink bugs in grapes. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
SPIDER MITES (continued)
fenpyroximate, MOA 21A (FujiMite 5EC) fenbutatin-oxide, MOA 12B (Vendex 50WP) pyridiben MOA 21 (Nextor 75 WSB)
2 pt 2.5 lb 4.4 to 5.2 oz
28 28 7
STINK BUGS
fenpropathrin MOA 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC)
10.66 to 21.33 fl oz
24 hours
21
GRAPE ROOT BORER
Cultivation or soil mounding
Use clean cultivation, mound soil (July 1 or at first moth emergence when using pheromone traps) or using tightly-sealed plastic mulch 3 ft from the base of vines. This practice will inhibit adult emergence from the soil when well timed. Mounded soil needs to be removed by Sept 1. 4.5 pt per 100 gal 24 hours 35 Apply 2 quarts of mixture to soil at the base of each vine. Make a single application 35 days before harvest. Spray should not contact fruit or foliage. Application can be made with flood nozzles and low pressure (40 to 60 psi).
chlorpyrifos, MOA 1A (Lorsban Advanced)
RED IMPORTED FIRE Bait treatments, including Esteem and Extinguish, can effectively manage fire ants, but they are not typically fast acting. They act by sterilizing the queen, but ANT must be applied when ants are actively foraging. Test for foraging by placing food (potato chips, hot dogs, etc.) near the nest. Check for ant activity after 30 minutes. Bait treatments may take several weeks for full effectiveness. If necessary, mound drenches may be applied after bait treatments have been used to temporary reduce activity. pyriproxyfen MOA 7C (Esteem Ant Bait) methoprene MOA 7A (Extinguish Professional Fire Ant Bait) 1.5 to 2 lb 1 to 1.5 lb 12 hours 4 hours 1 0 Do not exceed 0.22 lb of active ingredient per season.
* With the exception of Grape Root Borer, apply pesticides for insect control only if potentially damaging populations are present. Further Information Muscadine Grape Diseases and Their Control, Plant Pathology Information Note 145, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/ pp/notes/Fruit/fdin012/fdin012.htm Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium, www.smallfruits.org Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
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D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension, and J. WALGENBACH, Entomology Extension Although many pesticides are registered for disease and insect control on peaches, the following spray program lists the ones that have performed well under North Carolina conditions. The rates of pesticides recommended should give control when pest pressure is moderate to severe, assuming they are applied correctly. Where the rate is given as a range, the lower rate can be used when pest pressure is low; the higher rate should be used when the pest pressure is great. Thus, the following spray program is intended to be only a guide since pest and orchard conditions can vary from orchard to orchard and year to year. The rates given are based on the use of 200 gallons of water per acre as a dilute spray. However, 75 to 125 gallons of water per acre with the per acre rate of material used will provide optimal spray coverage for pest/disease control in most orchards. If concentrated sprays are used (less than 100 gallons of water per acre), use the amount of pesticide listed per acre.
Note: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions for best results.
PEACH AND NECTARINE SPRAY GUIDE
TABLE 7-8. PEACH AND NECTARINE SPRAY GUIDE

Formulation When to Spray DORMANT Before buds swell in late winter Pest Leaf curl Pesticide FUNGICIDE: chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik) 6 F OR ziram (Ziram) 76 DF Per 100 Gal Per Acre 4 pt 5 lb Remarks Other chemicals registered for leaf curl include copper-containing compounds (consult labels). Copper provides adequate leaf-curl control when at least 4 lb/A is applied before bud-swell. To control white peach scale, two dormant oil sprays 2 weeks apart are necessary. Oil will NOT control leaf curl. Addition of an insecticide with oil will improve control of scales. Where white peach scale is a problem, two applications of oil at 14 to 21-day intervals may improve control. Insecticides should be added with the second application.
Scale insect, mite
INSECTICIDE: oil, superior-type + buprofezin (Centaur) 70WDG OR chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E OR pyriproxyfen (Esteem) 35WP OR spirometetramat (Movento) 2F
2 gal
4 gal 25 oz 2 pt 4 to 5 oz 6 oz 5 lb, 2.5 qt
BLOOM
Brown rot, blossom blight
FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L OR chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F OR thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M, T-Methyl) + captan (Captan, Captec) 50WP, 4L
3.125 pt 1.0 lb + 4 lb, 2 qt
OR
Fungicide sprays at full pink to early bloom and again at full bloom may reduce blossom blight, but another spray may be needed if bloom extends beyond 2 weeks. Demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides (Elite, Indar, Nova, Orbit, Quash) are effective against blossom blight but are prone to resistance problems if used regularly. Resistance to any one of the DMI fungicides results in cross-resistance to the others. It is recommended that DMI fungicides be saved for preharvest sprays and that they not be used in bloom and cover sprays. Do not use more than one application of thiophanate-methyl or if resistant strains are present. Vangard is another alternative to DMI fungicides during bloom.
cyprodinil (Vangard) 75 WG INSECTICIDE: None PETAL-FALL After petals are off but before fruit are showing Scab, brown rot FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L OR sulfur INSECTICIDE: beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) 1 EC OR endosulfan (Thionex) 50 WP OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30 WG OR methomyl (Lannate) 2.4 L OR permethrin (Permethrin, Pounce) 3.2 EC (Ambush) 25 WP OR phosmet (Imidan) 50 WP OR thiamethoxam (Actara) 25 WDG
5 oz
5 lb, 2.5 qt 9 lb actual sulfur 2.5 oz 4 lb 11.6 oz 5 oz 2 pt 8 fl oz 12 oz 3 lb 5 oz
Including a fungicide at petal fall may enhance scab control.
Plum curculio, catfacing insect, Oriental fruit moth
Do not make more than two applications of endosulfan before harvest.
Make no more than 4 applications of Avaunt per season.
Do not apply more than 11 oz of Actara per acre per season.
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Formulation When to Spray SHUCK SPLIT to SHUCK FALL After fruit are showing, but before 75% of the fruit have shucks off Pest Scab, brown rot Pesticide FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4 L OR chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F OR sulfur INSECTICIDE: Same as in PETAL-FALL FUNGICIDE: Same as SHUCK SPLIT Per 100 Gal Per Acre 5 lb., 2.5 qt Remarks Very critical period for start of scab control. Tankmix of thiophanate-methyl 0.75 lb a.i./acre (Topsin M, T-Methyl) with captan or sulfur first two sprays enhances scab control. Chlorothalonil cannot be used later than shuck split.
4 pt 9 lb actual sulfur
Plum curculio, catfacing insect COVER SPRAYS Begin 7 to 10 days after shuck fall, continue 10 to 14 days, stopping at least 2 weeks before harvest Scab, brown rot
When cool weather delays shuckoff, a second application of insecticide in 7 to 10 days may be necessary to control catfacing insects. First through third cover sprays are very important for scab control on peach. Chlorothalonil used at shuck split can give 3 weeks of scab control. NOTE: Chlorothalonil cannot be used after the shuck split spray.
Plum curculio, catfacing insect, Oriental fruit moth
INSECTICIDE: beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) 1 EC OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR fenpropathrin (Danitol) 2.4 EC OR indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30 WG OR methomyl (Lannate) 2.4 L OR permethrin (Permethrin, Pounce) 3.2 EC (Ambush) 2.0 EC OR phosmet (Imidan) 50 WP OR spinetoram (Delegate) 25WDG OR chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) 35WDG FUNGICIDE: azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 F OR fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP OR metconazole (Quash) 50 WDG OR propiconazole (Bumper, Orbit, PropiMax) 3.6 EC OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 WG OR tebuconazole (Elite, Orius, Tebuzol) 45 DF OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) 50 WG dichloran (Botran) 75 WP INSECTICIDE: carbaryl (Sevin) 80 WSP OR imidaclorprid (Provado) 1.6F
2.5 fl oz 11.6 fl oz 16 fl oz 6 fl oz 2 oz 8 fl oz 12 oz 3 pt 5 fl oz 3 oz
Spray trunks and larger limbs thoroughly during each cover spray to aid in control of peach tree borers. Do NOT apply esfenvalerate or permethrin within 2 weeks of harvest. Do NOT apply more than 42 2/3 fl oz Danitol per acre per season or within 3 days of harvest. Do NOT make more than four applications of Avaunt per season. Do NOT apply phosmet within 3 weeks of harvest.
Delegate and Altacor are primarily for oriental fruit moth control.
Brown rot PREHARVEST Begin 2 to 3 weeks before harvest; apply fungicides at 7- to 10-day intervals. In periods of high disease pressure, closer spray intervals may be necessary.
12 to 15 fl oz 2 oz pouch 3.5 to 4.0 oz 4 fl oz
NOTE: Check product label for any preharvest interval (PHI) or reentry (RE) times and other restrictions. azoxystrobinPHI = 0 day, RE = 4 hr fenbuconazolePHI = 0 day, RE = 12 hr metconazole PHI =14 days, REI = 12 hr propiconazolePHI = 0 day, RE = 24 hr pyraclostrobin + boscalidPHI= 0 day, RE= 12 hr tebuconazolePHI = 0 day, RE = 12 hr Preharvest use of Orbit is limited to 2 applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of these fungicides before alternating with a fungicide having a different mode of action.
10.5 to 14.5 oz 4 to 8 oz 4 to 6 oz 3 lb
Rhizopus rot June beetle, Japanese beetle
10-day preharvest interval. Do NOT apply Sevin less than 3 days before harvest.
1.25 lb
2.5 lb 6 oz Provado has a 0-day preharvest interval, but a 12 hr re-entry interval. Tree trunks and limbs should be sprayed to drip, after harvest or after August 1, whichever comes last. Best control results when applied the week of September 1. Some populations of peach tree borers are resistant to endosulfan.
BORER SPRAY
Peachtree borer
INSECTICIDE: chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4 EC OR endosulfan 3 EC OR endosulfan 50WP OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC
3 qt 2 to 3.33 qt 3 lb 5.8 oz
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Formulation When to Spray SPECIAL SPRAY Pest Spider mite Pesticide INSECTICIDE: formetanate (Carzol) 90 SP OR hexekis (Vendex) 50 WP OR Per 100 Gal 0.5 lb 0.75 lb Per Acre 1 lb 1.5 lb Remarks When undiagnosed, mites may cause severe injury. Examine outer leaves for mites and mottled appearance, especially during hot, dry periods. Stay abreast of label changes. Carzol also helps to control catfacing insects. Do not apply Carzol within 21 days of harvest. Do not make more than one application per year. Do not apply more than a total of 6 oz formulated product per acre per year. Do not apply by air. Apollo is primarily an ovicide, so apply to trees and ground cover in early spring before mites begin to hatch. Do not apply more than once per season. Do not apply within 3 days of harvest.
hexythiazox (Savey) 50 WP OR
3 to 6 oz
clofentezine (Apollo) SC OR
4 to 8 oz
0.5 to 1.0 lb
bifenazate (Acramite) 50 WP
0.5 lb
1 lb
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR PEACH INSECTS

J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Extension ( = ineffective or does not apply; +++++ = very effective) TABLE 7-9. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR PEACH INSECTS
Insecticide Formulation and Rate per 100 Gal Water acetamiprid 30 SG7 oz buprofezin 70WSB17 oz beta-cyfluthrin1 oz carbaryl 80 SP1.25 lb chlorantraniliprole 35WDG2.5 oz chlorpyrifos 4.0 EC3 qt Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 7 14 7 3 10 Prebloom and postharvest only 30 14 3 14 0 14 14 4 7 14 14 7 14 Plum Curculio +++ ++++ + Oriental Fruit Moth ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ Peachtree Borer + + + ++ ++++ Catfacing Insects +++ ++++ + Scales (White Peach, San Jose) +++ ++++ + ++ +++ Beetles (June, Japanese) +++++ +++ ++++
Safety* Caution Caution Warning, restricted Caution Caution Danger, Restricted
endosulfan 50 WP1 lb esfenvalerate 0.66 EC5.8 oz genpropathin 2.4 EC16 oz gamma-cyhalothrin 0.5 EC3.8 oz imidacloprid (Provado) 1.6F3 oz indoxacarb 30 WG3 oz lambda-cyhalothrin 2.08CS1.9 oz methomyl 2.4 L1 pt oil superior2 gal permethrin 2.0 EC, 25 WP6 oz phosmet 50 WP1.5 lb Pyriproxyfen 35 WP5 oz spinetoram 25WDG2.5 oz thiamethoxam 25WDG2.5 oz
+++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++ + +++++
++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++
++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ + +++ +
+++ +++ +++++ +++++ + +++ +++++ +++ +++ + ++++
++ + +++ + +++++ + +++++ ++
+ ++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++ ++ +++ + ++
Danger, Poison Warning, Restricted Warning, Restricted Warning, Restricted Caution Caution Warning, Restricted Danger, Restricted Caution Warning, restricted Warning Caution Caution Caution
* Relative Toxicity (Safety): Danger = most toxic to man Caution = least toxic to man Restricted = restricted use compound; may be applied only by licensed pesticide operators
310
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHEMICALS FOR DISEASE CONTROL ON PEACHES AND NECTARINES

D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension ( = ineffective; +++++ = very effective; NA = not applicable) TABLE 7-10. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHEMICALS FOR DISEASE CONTROL ON PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Reentry Days Between Interval (REI)* Last Spray (hours) Leaf Curl and Harvest 0 0 NA at least 21 NA 10 15 0 0 NA 14 0 21 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 14 4 24 to 96 12** 12 to 24 12 12 96 12 12 12 12 24 12 24 12 12 24 12 24 12 24 to 96 48 ++++ + + ++++ +++ - - Blossom Blight +++ ++ +++ NA +++ + ++++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Rhizopus Rot NA NA NA +++ - - Bacterial Spot +++ ++ - +++ -
Fungicide/Bactericide and Rate Per Acre azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 F12 fl oz captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L5lb, 2.5 qt chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F4 pt copper (Kocide DF, 2000, 3000; Cuprofix ULTRA 40D) 4 to 8 lb *** cyprodinil (Vangard) 75 WG5 oz dichloran (Botran) 75 W3 lb dodine (Syllit) 3.4FL3 pt + captan (Captan) 50 WP4 lb fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP2 oz fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG1.5 lb iprodione (Rovral)1.5 lb, 1.5 pt**** metconazole (Quash) 50WDG myclobutanil (Nova) 40 WP4 oz oxytetracycline (FireLine, FlameOut, Mycoshield) 17 WP0.75 lb propiconazole (Bumper, Orbit, PropiMax) 3.6 EC4 fl oz pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 WG10.5 to 14.5 oz pyrimethanil (Scala SC) 60 SC1 pt sulfur9 lb actual sulfur tebuconazole (Elite, Orius, Tebuzol) 45 DF, WP4 oz tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) 50WG thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WP, 4.5FL1 lb, 1.5 pt + captan (Captan) 50 WP4 lb ziram (Ziram) 76 DF5 lb
Brown Rot +++ +++ NA NA NA + +++ ++++ +++ NA ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Peach Scab ++++ ++++ ++++ NA NA ++++ + NA +++ ++ +++ +++ +++++
* REI = reentry interval. Hours between last spray and reentry without using personal protective equipment. This time interval can vary depending on pproduct formulation, always consult label of product being used. ** Consult chlorothalonil label for REI precautions related to risk of eye injury. *** Rate of copper stated is for dormant spray. ****Rovral is not registered for use after bloom.
NEMATODE CONTROL ON PEACHES

D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension
PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION In light, sandy soil where root-knot and ring nematodes are present, preplant soil fumigation is imperative. If the nematode assay indicates the presence of root-knot or ring nematodes, it may be advantageous to fumigate the entire orchard site in October to mid-November before planting the trees in late winter to early spring. If the nematode assay does not indicate the presence of root-knot or ring nematodes, an 8- to 10-foot strip to be used for the tree row may be fumigated.
TABLE 7-11. PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION
Materials 1,3 dichloropropene (Telone II) OR metam-sodium (Vapam, Sectagon II, Busan 1020) tarped Rate/treated acre* 27 to 36 gal 75 to 100 gal
POSTPLANT TREATMENT (Bearing and Nonbearing Trees) NO MATERIALS REGISTERED for postplant use. Further Information Southeastern Peach Growers Handbook (http://www. ent.uga.edu/peachbk/toc.htm) 2010 Southeastern Peach, Nectarine and Plum Pest Management an Culture Guide. University of Georgia Bulletin 1171 (http://www. ent.uga.edu/peach/ PeachGuide.pdf) updated annually
* Rate will vary depending on soil type. Follow manufacturers directions for rate and application procedures.
311
PECAN SPRAY PROGRAM

G. G. KENNEDY, Entomology Extension; D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension
Pecan Weevil: This insect is a serious problem in most sections of the state. The damage may be observed in two ways: (1) shedding of the immature pecans because of the feeding punctures of the adult weevil; (2) mature pecans with a hole into the side. Adult weevils may be found by shaking or jarring the branches of the pecan trees to dislodge the weevil. A sheet placed on the ground under the tree is the best method of collecting weevils when they are dislodged. Various traps are also available. Pyramidal traps and folded strips of burlap tied around the trunk of the tree in mid-July and examined weekly for weevils have been most effective in North Carolina. A good rain following a dry spell in August or September usually results in the emergence of large numbers of weevils from the soil, so spray immediately after the rain. Asian Ambrosia Beetle: Look for adults/damage in March. Note: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions for best results.
TABLE 7-12. PECAN SPRAY PROGRAM
Amount of Formulation to Use Per 100 Gal of Water or Per Acre 12 fl oz/acre 8.0 fl oz/acre 2.5 - 3.5 oz/acre 4.0 8.0 fl oz/acre 1 Agpak/5 acres See label for details 4.0 8.0 fl oz/acre Do not apply more than 3.0 lb of Topsin M product / acre/season. Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest 45 28 25 For Quash, do not make more than 2 sequential applications and do not exceed a maximum of 4 applications per season. Use sufficient water per acre to achieve thorough coverage.
When to Spray FIRST PREPOLLINATION When buds are burst and first leaves are showing
Pest Scab
Pesticide azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 F OR fenbuconazole (Enable) 2F OR metconazole (Quash) 50WDG OR tebuconazole (Folicur) 3.6F OR fenbuconazole + triphenyltin hydroxide (Enable) 75WSP/ AgriTin Co-Pack) 80 WSP OR propiconazole (Orbit, Propimax) 3.6EC OR thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WP, 70WDG, 70WSB imidacloprid (Admire Pro) aldicarb (Temik 15 G)
Precautions and Remarks Do not apply fungicides after shuck split or as indicated for minimum days before harvest.
1 lb/acre
Aphids Aphid, mite, leaf phylloxera
7 to 14 fl oz 33 to 67 lb/acre
21
Apply between May 15 and July 15. Apply to soil, but see label for approved application procedures. CAUTION: Aldicarb (Temik) is extremely toxic and should be used only by trained operators who will observe all safety precautions listed on the label. Apply Temik as a 4- to 6-ft band along dripline. Immediately work into soil or shank 2 to 3 in. on 12in. center. With Temik do not make more than one application per year, nor allow livestock to graze or harvest hay from treated areas.
SECOND PREPOLLINATION Scab When leaves are 1/2 grown
Same fungicide as above
Same fungicide as above FIRST COVERWhen young Scab, nut + nuts first appear casebearer, leaf casebearer, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 50 W OR mite, stinkbug malathion 25 WP OR endosulfan (Thiodan, Phaser) 3 EC OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR tebufenozide (Confirm) 2 F OR methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 2 F SECOND COVER2 weeks after first cover Same fungicide as above. If powdery mildew is a problem, use sulfur WP.
1 to 2 lb 4 lb 1 qt 0 28
Make no more than five applications per season. Do not graze livestock in treated orchards.
Do not apply after shuck split and apply no more than twice a year. Do not graze livestock in treated orchards. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or feed crops to livestock.
2 to 5.8 oz 8 to 16 oz 4 to 8 oz
21 14 14
3 lb
312
TABLE 7-12. PECAN SPRAY PROGRAM

Amount of Formulation to Use Per 100 Gal of Water or Per Acre Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest
When to Spray
Pest
Pesticide Same fungicide as above
Precautions and Remarks
THIRD COVER2 to 3 weeks Scab after second cover FOURTH COVER2 to 3 weeks after third cover Scab, aphid, shuckworm, pecan weevil, stinkbug
Same fungicide as above + carbaryl (Sevin) 80 WP 4XLR OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 50 W OR phosmet (Imidan) 50 WP OR tebufenozide (Confirm) 2 F OR pyriproxyfen (Esteem) 35WP OR methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 2 F OR spinosad (SpinTor) 2 SC OR zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) Pyrellin EC OR insecticidal soap ( M-Pede)
3 lb 2 qt 2 to 5.8 oz 1 to 2 lb 1.5 lb 8 to 16 oz 4 to 5 oz 4 to 8 oz 1 to 2.5 oz 2.56 to 4 fl oz 1 to 2 pt 0.5 gal
0 0 21 28 14 14 21 14 14 21 0 0
Pecan weevil sprays should be made every 7 days from mid-August through mid-September. Watch for aphids where Sevin is used. Do not feed or graze livestock on treated orchard floors.
Make no more than five applications per season. Do not graze livestock in treated orchards.
Do not graze livestock in treated areas or feed crops to livestock.
Do not graze livestock in treated areas or feed crops to livestock. May be used alone or in combination. Acts as an exciter. Apply when insects first appear. Thorough coverage is needed. Use a dilution of 1 gal soap in 100 gal of water.
Aphid, mite
Mite
bifenazate (Acramite) 50WS bifenthrin (Brigade) WSB hexakis (Vendex) 50 WP
0.75 to 1.0 lb 8 to 32 oz 2 lb
14 21 14
Do not apply more than one spray per season. Also controls worms, caseborers, stink bugs, aphids, and phylloxern. Do not apply more than twice per season.
FIFTH COVER3 weeks after fourth cover SIXTH COVER3 weeks after fifth cover
Same as above Scab, aphid
Same fungicides and insecticides as above Same fungicides and insecticides as above Do not use fungicides after shuck split.
Further Information Insects and Related Pests of Pecan. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. P-1. Some Common Pecan Diseases and Their Control in North Carolina. Plant Pathology Information Note No. 139. Pecan Insects and Their Management in North Carolina. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. P-2. Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
313
STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL

F. J. LOUWS, Plant Pathology Extension
For more information and details, see the Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Management Guide, which is online at http://www.smallfruits.org/ SmallFruitsRegGuide/.
TABLE 7-13. STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL

Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest 0 0 0
Disease ANTHRACNOSE FRUIT ROT
Product azoxystrobin (Abound) Flowable 2.08F pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) 20% EG pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38% captan (Captan) various formulations fenhexamide + captan (CaptEvate) 60WDG
Rate* 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz/acre 12 to 14 oz/acre 18.3 to 23 oz/acre
Schedule and Remarks** Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin are strobilurins with the same mode of action. Make no more than 2 sequential applications and no more than 5 applications of a strobilurin per crop year. In 2009, we have documented reduced activity with azoxystrobin (Abound) with certain strains of the anthracnose ripe fruit (ARF) rot pathogen. Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio/Pristine) has offered better control of AFR in recent research efforts. Do not apply more than 28 lb a.i. per year.
See label 1.5 to 3 lb a.i. 3.5 to 5.25 lb/acre See label
1 1 1
BACTERIAL ANGULAR LEAFSPOT BOTRYTIS CROWN ROT BOTRYTIS FRUIT ROT, GRAY MOLD
copper hydroxide (various formulations) iprodione (Rovral) 50 W captan (Captan) various formulations cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch) 62.5 WG fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG fenhexamide + captan (CaptEvate) 60WDG iprodione (Rovral) 50 W pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38% pyrimethanil (Scala) SC thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M) 70 W or WSB thiram (Thiram) 65 WP
Avoid overhead irrigation/frost protection. Begin 7- to 10-day schedule when plants are established. Discontinue at first sign of crop injury. Immerse plants for 5 min, drain, and plant. Do not apply more than 28 lb a.i. per year.
2 lb/100 gal See label 1.5 to 3 lb a.i. 11 to 14 oz/acre
NA 1 0
Do not plant rotation crops other than strawberries or onions for 12 months following the last application of Switch. Do not exceed 56 oz per acre per year. Avoid making more than two consecutive applications. Use other Botryticides for two applications before reapplying fenhexamid.
1.5 lb/acre 3.5 to 5.25 lb/acre 1.5 to 2 lb/acre 18.3 to 23 oz/acre 9 or 18 fl oz/acre 0.75 to 1 lb/acre 2 to 2.5 lb/100 gal See label 1.5 to 2 lb/acre 2.5 to 5 oz/acre 12 to 14 oz/acre 18.3 to 23 oz/acre 0.75 to 1 lb/acre 2 to 2.5 lb/100 gal 15 to 22 oz per 1,000 ft of row
0 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 NA
Do not apply after first fruiting flower, and do not make more than one application of Rovral per season. Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin. Make no more than 2 sequential applications and no more than 5 per crop year. Use lower rate for tank mix; use higher rate if used alone.
LEAF BLIGHT (DENDROPHOMA), LEAF SCORCH (DIPLOCARPON), LEAF SPOT (MYCOSPHAERELLA)
captan (Captan) various formulations iprodione (Rovral) 50 WP myclobutanil (Rally) pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) 20% EG pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38% thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M) 70 W or WSB thiram (Thiram) 65 WP
Do not apply after first fruiting flower, and make more than one application of Rovral per season. Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin. Make no more than 2 sequential applications and no more than 5 applications of a strobilurin per crop year.
NEMATODE
fenamiphos (Nemacur) 15 G
Apply in a 12- to 18-in. band over rows. Incorporate immediately before transplanting. Minimum days to harvest is 110. Liquid formulation available.
NEMATODE, RED STELE, Use preplant fumigation combined with plastic mulches. For details see the Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Management Guide, which is online BLACK ROOT ROT, AND at http://www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide or contact a local extension office. OTHER SOIL-BORNE DISEASES
314
TABLE 7-13. STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL

Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Disease POWDERY MILDEW, FRUIT RUSSET
Product myclobutanil (Rally) pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) 20% EG pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38% sulfur triflumizole (Procure) 50 WS, 480 SC
Rate* 2.5 to 5 oz/acre 12 to 14 oz/acre 18.3 to 23 oz/acre 5 to 10 lb/acre 4 to 8 oz/acre 2.5 lb/100 gal 2.5 to 5 lb/acre
Schedule and Remarks** Powdery mildew is of limited importance in N.C. Begin applications when disease first appears. Repeat applications after 14 to 21 days. Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin. Make no more than 2 sequential applications and no more than 5 per crop year. Spray as needed. See label. See label for plantback restrictions. Dip transplants 15 to 30 min and plant within 24 hr. Spray 14 to 21 days after transplanting and continue on a 30- to 60day schedule. DO NOT EXCEED 30 LB OF PRODUCT PER ACRE PER SEASON.
RED STELE
fosetyl-Al (Aliette) 80 W
RED STELE, LEATHER ROT, CROWN ROT
mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) EC SL
See label 1 pt/acre
NA Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide into the root zone. Use proportionately less Ridomil Gold EC for band treatments (e.g. for drip applications) DO NOT EXCEED 1.5 QT/YEAR. NA Begin application 2 to 3 weeks after planting and repeat on 30- to 60day intervals while conditions favor disease.
phosphite (Phostrol, Prophyt, others) 53.6%
2.5 to 5 pt/acre
* Based on broadcast rates and should be adjusted for directed and band applications. ** Check labels for maximum number of sprays permissible per season and limitations on succeeding crops. Other formulations of fungicides may be available. For a more comprehensive guide, open the Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Management Guide at www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide.
SUMMARY OF FUNGICIDE USE IN STRAWBERRIES FOR BOTRYTIS AND ANTHRACNOSE CONTROL IN THE SPRING
The primary diseases of concern at early bloom and into harvest are botrytis fruit rot and anthracnose ripe fruit rot. Most growers do not experience anthracnose problems and may not need an anthracnose management program. Several key principles should be kept in mind: Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine belong to the same family of chemicals (QoI; Group 11 chemistry). In 2009, we have documented reduced activity with azoxystrobin (Abound) with certain strains of the anthracnose ripe fruit (ARF) rot pathogen. Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio/Pristine) has offered better control of AFR in recent research efforts. No more than 2 sequential applications of a Group 11 fungicide should be made before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. Do not apply a Group 11 fungicide more than 1/3 the total number of sprays, if used alone, and no more than 50% of the total applications if mixed with a partner (for example, Captan). Typically this number is 3 and 4 applications, respectively. Pristine also has a second chemical (boscalid) that has good broad spectrum activity against a number of diseases, especially those caused by botrytis. 2. Captan, Thiram, and Switch offer a broad spectrum of disease control. 3. Elevate may be not be used in more than 2 consecutive sprays. It is very good against Botrytis but nothing else. 4. CaptEvate is a premix of Captan and Elevate and when combined has good broad-spectrum activity. 5. Bloom sprays are the most important for managing botrytis because 90% of fruit infection occurs through the flower at bloom. Recent research suggests bloom sprays are also critical for anthracnose ripe fruit rot control. Fruit rot diseases develop rapidly during wet periods or in poorly ventilated locations. Control is easier when initiated before the problem develops. Spray coverage is important and dependent on nozzle condition, tractor speed, pressure, and plant density. Spray coverage can be checked with water sensitive cards. 1.
TABLE 7-14. SUMMARY OF FUNGICIDE USE IN STRAWBERRIES FOR BOTRYTIS AND ANTHRACNOSE CONTROL IN THE SPRING
Growers who adopt a conservative (low-risk) fungicide program should apply sprays every 7 to 10 days according to ONE of the following suggested schedules. SCHEDULE 1. For cases when there is no risk of anthracnose and growers need to focus on gray mold control (most fields): Application 1: At 10 % bloom apply Captan + Topsin-M OR Switch Application 2: Apply Elevate OR Pristine. Application 3: Same as Application 1 if there is a full-bloom situation. Application 4 and weekly: Rotate two or more of the following: Captan; CaptEvate; Elevate; Switch; Pristine. Options: For a reduced fungicide program, initiate applications at 10% bloom as above but apply subsequent sprays before predicted wet weather that favors Botrytis; and end applications about 26-30 days before expected final harvests. Increase the time between spray applications when dry weather persists. Research trials have documented that 4 sprays during bloom are sufficient to offer season-long botrytis fruit rot control. SCHEDULE 2. For cases where anthracnose fruit rot risk is high and gray mold control is also needed: Application 1: At 10 % bloom apply Pristine. Application 2: Apply ONE of these three alternatives: (1) CaptEvate OR (2) Switch OR (3) Captan Application 3: Same as Application 1. Application 4 and weekly: Rotate two or more of the following: Captan; Elevate + (Abound or Cabrio); Pristine; Switch + (Abound or Cabrio). In other words, there should be continuous coverage with Captan or a QoI, or the combination. Follow key principle 1 above. During periods of cool wet weather and during bloom, incorporate Elevate or Switch for better Botrytis control.
315
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS FOR STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL

( = ineffective; +++ = very effective; ? = efficacy unknown) TABLE 7-15. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS FOR STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL
Relative Control Rating Phytophthora Crown Rot Anthracnose (crown rot)
Anthracnose (fruit rot)
Common Leaf Spot
leaf blight and fruit rot
Pesticide Strobilurins: azoxystrobin (Abound) pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) captan (Captan) copper cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch) fenhexamide (Elevate) fenhexamide + captan (CaptEvate) fosetyl-Al (Aliette) iprodione (Rovral) mefenoxam (Ridomil) myclobutanil (Nova) phosphites (Phostrol and others) pyrimethanil (Scala) sulfur thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) thiram (Thiram) triflumizole (Procure)
R P
+++ +++ +++ ++ + + +R ++
+ +++ +++ ++ + + ++
+ + +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++R ++ ++R ++ ?
+ + + ? +++R ++P +R +++R
+ + + +++ +P +? ++ ++ ++R ++ + ?
+ +? + ++R ++ + ?
+ +P + ++ +++R ++ +
? + ? + X X +
? + ? + +
+P ?
++ +++ ++
+++ ++
= not effective if pathogen is resistant to the fungicide = phytotoxicity could occur X = chemical use increases problem
316
Red Stele Root Rot ++
Angular Leaf Spot
Powdery Mildew
Mucor Fruit Rot
Rhizopus Rot
Leather Rot
Gray Mold
STRAWBERRY INSECT CONTROL

H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension
Examine strawberry plants for insects and mites prior to and following transplant. Consider treating if damaging populations of early season pests (cutworms and spider mites) are present. Initiate a weekly insect sampling program in early spring, prior to flowering. Base insecticide treatments on comparison of field counts to treatment thresholds, when available. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) mode of action groupings are listed following insecticide names. Materials in the same IRAC grouping have the same mode of action. When selecting insecticides, avoid successive applications of materials in the same IRAC group to minimize potential resistance development. Organically acceptable materials (OMRI listed) are noted under Precautions and Remarks. Many insecticide active ingredients are available in generic formulations. For brevity, these formulations are not generally listed. Trade names are listed to aid in identifying products and not intended to promote this use of these products or to discourage use of generic products. Generic products generally work similarly to their brand name counterparts, but formulation changes can impact efficacy and plant response. As with any new chemical, read and follow all label instructions. Chemical names are subject to change; please check the active ingredient for all materials. Note: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions.
TABLE 7-16. STRAWBERRY INSECT CONTROL
Amount of Formulation per Acre Reentry Interval (hours) Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks
Time of Year POST TRANSPLANT
Insect Cyclamen mite
Insecticide, Formulation, and MOA Group
Cyclamen mites are rare in North Carolina strawberries and are introduced on infested plants. dicofol, MOA Unknown (Dicofol 4 E) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Admire Pro) 4 pt 10.3 to 14 fl oz 31 days 12 2 14 Apply in transplant water or through irrigation. Do not apply when bees are foraging or within 10 days of bloom.
Cricket
carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin 80 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5 D) fenproparthrin, MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, MOA 1B (numerous products) 57 EC
12 2.5 lb 1 to 2 qt 40 lb 10.67 to 21.33 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 24 12 12 2.5 lb 4 lb 1 to 3 qt 40 lb max single application 10.67 to 21.33 fl oz 6 to 12 fl oz 24 4 4 1 to 1.25 oz
2 3 7
Do not make more than 2 total applications. Apply in at least 100 gal of water per acre.
Cutworm
carbaryl, MOA 1A (80 WSP) (Sevin 50 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5% Bait) fenproparthrin, MOA 3A (Danitol) methoxyfenozide, MOA 18 (Intrepid) spinosad, MOA 5 (Entrust)
Foliar applications for carbaryl can flare spider mites. Apply late in afternoon when plants clipped at the base are first noticed. Sevin 5% bait should be applied near the base of plants where damage is observed. Do not make more than 2 total applications.
2 3 1
Rotate to a different class of insect control products after 2 successive applications of spinosad. Do not apply more than 9 oz of Entrust (0.45 AI of spinosad) per acre per crop. Entrust is OMRI listed. Malathion 8 Flowable can be applied via drip lines, allowing treatment under plastic where cutworms hide. Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
malathion, MOA 1B (Malation 8 Flowable) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), MOA 11B2 (numerous products) Slug and snail metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets) iron phosphate (Sluggo)
1.5 to 2 pt
12
rates vary
0.4 to 1.6 lb 10 to 44 lb
NA NA
See label 1
Repeated applications may be necessary. Many commercial baits are available. Soil should be moist with no standing water when product is applied. Reapply as bait is consumed or every two weeks. Sluggo is OMRI listed.
317

Time of Year PREHARVEST and HARVEST
Insect Aphids
Aphids do not typically reach damaging levels in strawberries. Parasitiods are present and can keep aphids below economically significant levels. When scouting for aphids, distinguish between live aphids and aphid mummies. NC thresholds are not known, but CA data suggests that treatment should be initiated if there are greater than 10 aphids per newly expanded leaflet (sample 10 leaflets per acre) or if sooty mold is developing on leaves or berries. bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) diazinon, MOA 1A (Diazinon AG 500) (Diazinon 50 W) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Admire Pro) (Provado 1.6F) 6.4 to 32 oz 12 3 1 pt 1 lb 10.5 to 14 fl oz 3.8 fl oz 12 12 14 7 Admire Pro should be applied via drip irrigation, in transplant water, or as a directed spray immediately washed down into the root zone. Admire should be used early in the season, before blooms which will be exposed to bees have developed. The residual activity of soil applications of imidacloprid is not known in strawberry. Provado is a foliar applied formulation. See resistance management restrictions on product labels. DO NOT apply either material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging. Rate is per 100 gal of water. Test for phytotoxicity effects on a limited area before widespread use. OMRI listed. 0 5 Rates are per 100 gallons of water.
insecticidal soap (M-pede) malathion, MOA 1B (numerous products) 57 EC (Malathion 57 EC) (numerous products) 5E (Malathion) 5 EC thiamethoxam, MOA 4A (Actara)
2.5 fl oz
12
12 See label 1.5 pt See label 1.5 lb 1.5 to 3 oz 12
See resistance management restrictions on product label. DO NOT apply material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging.
Flower thrips
Treatment may be justified when greater than 10 thrips are found per blossom when shaken against a white surface, and thrips injury is present on berries. Thrips injury, which resembles bronzing on the stem end of berries, will typically not be present until the end of the season, if at all. malathion, MOA 1B (numerous products) 57 EC or 5 EC (Malathion 57 EC or 5 EC) pyrethrins MOA 3A (Pyganic 1.4 EC) (Pyganic 5.0 EC) spinosad, MOA 5 (Entrust) spinetoram, MOA 5 (Radiant SC) 12 See label 1.5 to 3 pt 12 16 to 64 fl oz 4.5 to 18 fl oz 4 1.25 to 2.5 fl oz 6 to 10 fl oz 4 1 1 0 Data on Pyganic for thrips management are limited. Pyganic is OMRI listed. Entrust is OMRI listed. 3
Spittlebug
Spittlebugs are occasional pests in strawberries and should only be treated if present on plants. bifenthrin, MOA 3 (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, MOA (Danitol 2.4 EC) imidacloprid, MOA 4A (Provado 1.6) 6.4 to 32 oz 10.67 oz 3.8 fl oz 12 0.2 lb 12 0 2 7 Do not make more than two applications. DO NOT apply during bloom, within 10 days of bloom, or when bees are foraging.
Strawberry weevil (clipper)
Preventative treatments for strawberry clipper are not generally recommended. bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin 50 WP) (Sevin 80 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5 D) chlorpyrifos, MOA 1B (Lorsban 4 E) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) 6.4 to 32 oz 12 12 2 to 4 lb 1.25 to 2.5 lb 1 to 2 qt 20 to 40 lb 1 qt 24 21 Preblooom only. Do not make more than two applications. Do not apply during high temperatures and drought stress. 0 1 Sevin XLR is relatively bee safe when dry.
16 to 21.66 fl oz
24
318

Time of Year PREHARVEST and HARVEST (continued)
Insect Two-spotted spider mite
Under leaf coverage is very important for spider mite management. Materials should generally be used at the high label rate, in high volumes of water (200 gal/acre recommended), and applied using high pressure or air assist equipment. abamectin, MOA 6 (numerous products) 0.15 EC (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) 12 See label 16 oz 3 Make two applications 7 to 10 days apart when mites first appear. Do not exceed 64 fl oz per acre in a growing season. Do not apply in less than 100 gal of water per acre. Do not repeat treatment within 21days of second application. Do not use in strawberry nurseries.
acequinocyl, MOA 20B (Kanemite 15 SC) bifenazate, MOA Unknown (Acarmite 50WP) bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB)
31 oz 1 lb 6.4 to 32 oz
12 12 12
1 1 0 Synthetic pyrethriods, including Brigade and Danitol, are broad spectrum insecticides/miticides and can impact beneficial predators, potentially flaring spider mite populations. Avoid using pyrethriods as miticides unless other materials are unavailable.
dicofol, MOA Unknown (Dicofol 4 EC) etoxazole, MOA 10B (Zeal) rosemary & peppermint oils (Ecotec) (Ecotrol) fenpyroximate MOA 21 (Portal) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC)
2 pt
31
3 oz 32 to 64% by volume 2 pt 21 oz
12 0
1 0
Zeal is an ovicide/larvicide and should be applied early in the life cycle of mites. Because oils lack the residual activity of conventional insecticides, they may need to be applied repeatedly for control. Ecotec and Ecotrol are OMRI listed.
12 12
1 2 Do not make more than two applications. Synthetic pyrethriods, including Brigade and Danitol, are broad spectrum insecticides/miticides and can impact beneficial predators, potentially flaring spider mite populations. Avoid using pyrethriods as miticides unless other materials are unavailable.
fenbutatin-oxide, MOA 12B (Vendex 50WP) hexythiazox, MOA 10A (Savey 50 WP) spiromesifen, MOA 23 (Oberon 2SC) mineral/petroleum oils (numerous products) (JMS Stylet Oil, Organic JMS Stylet Oil) (Omni Supreme Spray) (Saf T Side) sucrose octanoate (SucraShield) predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis and others)
3 lb 7 oz 16 fl oz
48 12 12 4
1 3 3 4 hours One application per season. Will control eggs and suppress small mites. Do not use in nurseries. Do not apply more than 48 fl oz or make more than three applications per season. Oils should not be applied 48 hours or less before freezing temperature, at temperatures over 90F, or to water stressed plants. Use sufficient water to achieve coverage. Because oils lack the residual activity of conventional insecticides, they may need to be applied repeatedly to control mites. Organic JMS Stylet Oil and Saf T Side are OMRI listed. Data on SucraShield for spider mite management are limited. Apply in a volume of 100 to 200 gal per acre. SucraShield is OMRI listed. Release 2 to 3 mites per plant when mite populations are low. Predatory mite releases must be initiated at or before Twospotted spider mites reach threshold levels (2 to 5 mites/leaflet), and spider mite populations must be followed closely after predatory mite releases. Consult commercial insectaries for predatory mite release rate and species recommendations. Other predatory mite species may also provide good control of twospotted spider mites in NC strawberries. Do not apply more than 48 fl oz or make more than three applications per season. See resistance management restrictions on product label. DO NOT apply material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging.
See label 0.75% by volume 1 to 2% by volume 1.25 to 2.5 fl oz 0.8 to 1.0% v/v 48 0
NA
30,000 to 60,000
NA
Whitefly
spiromesifen, MOA 23 (Oberon 2SC) thiamethoxam, MOA 4A (Actara)
12 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 oz
12 12
3 3
319

Amount of Formulation per Acre Reentry Interval (hours) Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks Cultural control is the most effective form of sap beetle management. Sap beetles are attracted to the odor of overripe fruit. Thorough picking will reduce sap beetle populations and can eliminate the need for treatment. Culls should be disposed of offsite or buried. Bucket traps baited with rotting fruit or bread dough placed outside the field will attract sap beetles and can be used to determine when populations are present or to lure insects from field. Buckets should be checked and emptied at least weekly. Baits should be disposed of offsite or buried. 12 fl oz 6.4 to 32 oz 16 to 21.33 fl oz 12 12 24 1 0 2 DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. DO NOT apply when bees are foraging.
Time of Year HARVEST
Insect Sap beetle
Insecticide, Formulation, and MOA Group Bait buckets and fruit removal
novaluron MOA 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) Corn earworm European corn borer
Corn earworm and European corn borer larvae can feed on strawberry fruit. This damage is most common in warm years. Watch for eggs on strawberry fruit near the stem end. Adult moths can also be monitored using pheromone traps. chlorantraniliprole MOA 28 (Coragen) novaluron MOA 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) 3.5 to 5 fl oz 9 to 12 fl oz 4 12 1 1
Tarnished plant Lygus bugs are typically only present in North Carolina strawberries at the end of the spring season, although they may be more problematic in bugs or Lygus day neutral, ever-bearing, or other season extension systems. Lygus bug feeding results in malformed fruit that resemble poor pollination. Lygus injury can be distinguished from poor pollination based on seed size (the seed of Lygus damaged fruit are all the same size, while poor pollination bugs results in varied seed sizes). novaluron MOA 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) bifenthrin, MOA 3A (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, MOA 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) thiamethoxam, MOA 4A (Actara) 9 to 12 fl oz 6.4 to 32 oz 16 to 21.33 fl oz 1.5 to 3 oz 12 12 24 12 1 0 2 3 DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. See resistance management restrictions on product label. DO NOT apply material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging. Apply when nymphs are present in first blossoms.
malathion, MOA 1B (numerous products) 57 EC (Malathion 57 EC) POSTHARVEST (PERENIAL PRODUCTION ONLY) Crown borer carbaryl, MOA 1A (Sevin 50 WP) (Sevin 80 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5 D)
12 see label 1.5 to 3 pt 12 4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt 40 lb
Make two or three applications at 2-week intervals after harvest. Crown borers are not typically pests in annual strawberry production.
Further Information Strawberry Diseases and Their Control. Plant Pathology Information Note 199, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/oldnotes/fd5.htm Spray Guide for Disease and Insect Control in the Home Orchard. Plant Pathology Information Note 238, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Fruit/fdin002/fdin002.htm Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
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The 2011 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual is published by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College

VII INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL OF FRUITS

APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM

Do not follow oil with captan for 14 days.

Chapter VIIInsect and Disease Control of Fruits

RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR APPLE DISEASE CONTROL

Scab ++++ +++++

Bitter Rot +++ ++++

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+ +++ +++ +++++ +

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+++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++

++ +++ +++ +++? ++++

+++++ +++++ +++++ ? ++++

+ +++ +++ +++ +++++

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Chapter VIIInsect and Disease Control of Fruits

++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++

+++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++

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+ +++ +++ +++++

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Chapter VIIInsect and Disease Control of Fruits

Oriental Fruit Moth

European Red Mite

San Jose Scale

Spotted Tentiform Leafminer

Tarnished Plant Bug

Woolly Apple Aphid

Fruit Finish Ratings

Days Between Last Spray and Harvest >100 7 21 0 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14 14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35

Use prebloom only.

Chapter VIIInsect and Disease Control of Fruits