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ecognition techniques are now being combined with CCTV technology providing antion based on monochrome
and full colour technology is available from as. Manufacturers early results with full colour systems seem encouragingr, the
Aided DesignFluid
Dynamic sControl SystemGas and Smoke detecto rSafety and Environmen tProtective Functio
GAS AND SMOKE DETECTOR SELECTION own Fire & Gas Mapping software has been used widely by Shell and Contractors to
Shell,are may not be required for all designs. For example, where designs (point) monitoring e data transmission (typically 0 20 mA)
absorption type;
gas turbines:on thresholds for
gas turbine protection should be set to 15 % LFL and 40 % LF Lngress/egress thresholds for gas turbine protection vary widely
term and longterm drift. Short-term drift may resultetectors also suffer from both shortterm and longterm drift, but this is small whens.s
detectors are used, 20 % LFL and 60 % LFL should be set as respective Low/High
gas detection
of open path gas detectors
monitoring
path gas monitors : recommended) minimum alarm level setting of 0.5 LFLm (50 % LFL extended foring
high flowrates and hightools operating off instrument air;valves and relief
ultrasound ,acoustic leak detection is employed, a high-pass frequency threshold in the 25KHz
MIST DETECTION
GAS DETECTOR SELECTION be fast and reliable and preference shall be given to speed of
responseof HSE shall be included in the design study. shall be reliable and precise;limit values for
an 8 hour working day) shall be monitored ;aspects shall be included in the design
study ;control system with capabilities such as statistical analysis and a data base to
monoxide is sometimes measured with infrared type instruments. Point detectors are gas detection thresholds
Time Weighted Average (TWA) for an 8 hour day, 40 hour week as 5 mL/m
Short Term Exposure Limit ((4) x 10 minutes exposures per day) as 10 mL/m
American Conference of
by persons (with manual call points);(IR) flame detectors ;flame detectors ;detectors,
detectorsfire detectors
type fire detectors have an upper ambient temperature limit of 75 C. d flame detectors have
flame detector s
visual alarms/mess
ages in the control centre and/or in the plant. Additiona lemergency situations to local
community services, e.g. fire brigades, etc.;fire fighting equipment, e.g. fire water
pumps, water spray and fog systems,of safeguardin g and depressurisi ng (blowdown
for specific plant equipment, such as a turbine which video display units; andif
the Fire & Gas IPF is SIL 1 or higher, and the confirmed fire or INTERFACE (HMI)
mimic panels
push button to test all indication lights on the mimic.nonlatching push button to change all alarm
lights (except for the plant non-latching push button to reset all visual and audible alarms,
provided that allnonlatching push button to initiate an all-clear signal in the buildings and innon-
latching push button to manually initiate a fire alarm with effect sAlarm: a non-latching push button
to manually initiate a toxic gas alarm in theAlarm: a non-latching push button to manually initiate a
flammable gasPumps: one or more non-latching push buttons to manually start the fire
Dampers: latching push buttons to manually close the dampers .valves: three-
position switches with the positions and related text: open,valve reset: nonlatching
plants as a simplified plot plan. If Displays One plant overview display shall be provided for each
plant.splays - A unit detailed display shall be available for each process unit,
STANDARDS
of certification
purpose) detectors may be used only for fire, toxic gas and smokend gas
detectors for use in process areas shall be certified for use in zonefor use in all areas shall be
certified for use in zone 1 areas as MODULE Sloop detection (input and output)
;circuit (input and output) ; fault(s) ;supply failure, e.g. low battery
voltage (of UPS);unit failure; LEVEL SETTINGSas minimum for point detectors, see (2.2.2.1)
for recommend ed alarmpically for open path detectors, see (2.2.3.2) for
control module or to the FGS IPS.initiators may be applied in buildings. Zoned circuitry
requirements
elevation as the potential source ofs are generally the preferred technology for detecting gas leaks in open areas.tioned so that they are easily
accessible for calibration andply and electronic measuring circuits shall be located in a non-hazardous area, e.g. the definitions
(fire detection) The probability that an assigned set of(gas detection) The
probability that an assigned set oftarget The minimum acceptable performance of atolerance
Ability of a fire or gas detection system todegree of fault tolerance If the minimum
requirements for F&G systems requirement for establishing the performance of a set of detectors
air compressors ;to furnaces in gas plants;to air compressors in gas plants;to
conditioning ;diluting effects of air conditioning and ventilation systems .type detector
sfloors in computer rooms, auxiliary rooms, and inside electrical andcable trays in
below the ceiling ;patterns in the building/roo m;blocking the heat flow to the detector,
2002Page 36resistant to ultraviolet light; for example, Polyflo 44PF. Such tubing is supplied
roval by the Principal.Th e instrument air in the tubing shall be maintained at an appropriate
pressure, typically 1.5bar (ga), for the transmitter it is to operate, as this relates to rupture
temperature .
NOTE: The instrument air lines for interconnections and for connecting the tubing to the instrument
Drawings S 88.020 andS 88.021.Syst ems based on fire detection tubing are vulnerable and prone to
detectors in AISI 316 tee fittings interconnect ed by AISI 316 tubing andmounted at twometre
intervals. Fusible plugs may be used instead of frangible bulbs.3) Optical type fire
detectorsOp tical type fire detectors are line-ofsight devices and shall therefore be
positioned so thatthey can see the entire section to be protected. They shall be mounted
so that they are freefrom the effects of vibration and shock, and spaced in accordance with the
detectionobj ectives, see (Appendix IV).Infrared (IR) lenses shall be protected against the effects of
possible fouling of their windows / lensesbut such protection shall not impair their
operation.O ptical type fire detectors provide rapid response and good space
so that they will be visible in the area for which they are toprovide a warning, but they should
80.47.10.30Gen) so that they stand outagainst the background, i.e. they shall be clearly
recognisable from a distance. If necessaryth ey shall be provided with signs to enhance their
visibility from access roads.Manu al call points should be positioned as follows:along roads in the plant
area at intervals not exceeding 100 m, preferably at or near tolamp posts;along roads
in storage / tank areas not exceeding intervals of 200 m; near or at locations having a
-
higher risk such as remote pump floors, oil catchers,ma nifolds, motor control
centres, jetty heads; on offshore locations, at escape routes (entrance to bridges and staircases);-
DETECTOR VOTINGDete ctor voting is one method of ensuring that fire or gas detector configuratio
ns are robustagain st failure and robust against spurious alarms. But detector voting may
not berequired; for example, where detectors or detector systems themselves are robust,
orwhere appropriate actions are taken by experienced operators.Cl early, combining detectors to
vote logically in any configuratio n requires additionalde tectors to provide the same
degree of coverage. Generally, the number of detectorsreq uired increases as the voting
architecture finding widespread use is that referred to as 1oo2D. This strategy requires2
detectors for confirmed Fire or Gas as with 2ooN, except that under detector faultconditio
ns, e.g. if a detector has failed, the logic reverts to 1ooN (i.e. the logic considersfail ed detectors as alarms,
which is the equivalent of voting High on detector fault). Thishas the major advantage
that detection coverage is not lost if a detector has failed, as with2ooN in fact coverage is
increased. The concept, however, is slightly less robust againstspuri ous trips when alarms
are produced from F&G zones that have failed detectors, butthis lower robustness
does not affect the entire facility. Furthermore , modern detectorsha ve a typical MTBF of 10
against the improvemen t in safety performance . Nevertheles s, this highlightsth e need for
prompt action to repair faulty instruments. The main reason for adopting 1oo2D detector
voting is that the required performance (coverage) is delivered with the minimum number of
safety or economic needs, but suchconfigu rations will require a greater number of detectors.